Schreiter / Jordan Reconstructive Urethral Surgery

1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-3-540-29385-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 216 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Medicine

This textbook seeks to determine the current state-of-the-art of reconstructive urethral surgery and to identify new trends in this subspecialty of reconstructive urology. To this end, inter- tionally known experts and opinion leaders in the field were invited to Hamburg, Germany to discuss and demonstrate today’s commonly used surgical techniques. Dialogues that took place during this convention, held in the spring of 2001 at the General Hospital in Hamburg-Harburg, are presented in book chapter format in this volume. The text is rounded out by live recordings of the most important of the surgical procedures. (DVD included with this compendium. ) Our desire was to publish, in close collaboration with Springer, a surgical textbook that p- sents the most important basic and modern techniques in urethral surgery. These techniques are underscored with simple and instructive drawings and »live surgery« video clips. We consciously chose not to make the text an all-inclusive surgical text. Thus the techniques included reflect a deliberate subjective selection on the part of the editors. We focused on the »renaissance« of graft techniques. Much of the material is concentrated on buccal mucosal and preputial grafts Two-stage surgical techniques, particularly for complex cases or patients who have undergone multiple previous operations, are also included. This book is written for all urologists.

Zielgruppe

Professional/practitioner

Autoren/Hrsg.

Schreiter, F.

Jordan, G.H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Fundamentals.- Historical Highlights in the Development of Urethral Surgery.- Anatomy and Blood Supply of the Urethra and Penis.- Fundamentals and Principles of Tissue Transfer.- Tissue Engineering — The Future of Urethral Reconstructive Surgery?.- Hypospadia Repair: The Past and the Present — Also the Future?.- Urethral Reconstruction in Women.- A Current Overview of the Treatment of Urethral Strictures: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Classification, and Principles of Repair.- Therapy, Principles.- The Acute Posterior Urethral Injury.- The Endoscopic Treatment of Post-Traumatic Membranous Urethral Strictures.- Endoscopic Realignment of Post-Traumatic Membranous Urethral Disruption.- The Role of Bouginage, Visual Urethrotomy, and Stents Today.- Alternative Endourological Techniques in the Treatment of Urethral Strictures — Review of the Current Literature.- One-Stage Procedures.- Reconstruction of the Bulbar and Membranous Urethra.- The Sagittal Posterior (Transcoccygeal Transrectal Transsphincteric) Approach for Reconstruction of the Posterior Urethra.- The Use of Flaps in Urethral Reconstructive Surgery.- Reconstruction of the Fossa Navicularis.- Penile Circular Fasciocutaneous Flaps for Complex Anterior Urethral Strictures.- Selective Use of the Perineal Artery Fasciocutaneous Flap (Singapore) in Urethral Reconstruction.- Anterior Urethral Stricture Repair and Reconstruction in Hypospadias Cripples.- The Use of Free Grafts for Urethroplasty.- Repair of Bulbar Urethra Using the Barbagli Technique.- Indications and Limitations of Buccal Mucosa Reconstructive Urethral Surgery in Hypospadias Repair.- Indications and Limits for the Use of Buccal Mucosa for Urethral Reconstruction.- Two-Stage Procedures.- Two-Stage Mesh-graft Urethroplasty.

Leseproben

9 The Acute Posterior Urethral Injury (p. 69-71)

Posterior urethral disruption and distraction injuries present the most devastating and formidable challenges to the reconstructive urologic surgeon dealing with urinary tract trauma. Subprostatic pelvic fracture urethral distraction defects represent a traumatic disruption in continuity with minimal loss of urethra but with displacement of the two ends in the anteroposterior or cephalocaudal planes. Historical reports of surgical care of this injury are replete with management techniques resulting in lifelong sequelae of recurrent stricture, incontinence, and erectile dysfunction.

The development and refinement of anastomotic techniques to restore continuity to the urethra, magnetic resonance imaging to identify and define the injury, duplex ultrasound to avoid and understand the vascular injuries, and a revised classification have impacted and affected the successful outcomes now achieved in resolving this injury. The long-standing controversy surrounding initial management by early intervention with primary realignment vs delayed surgical repair after preliminary cystotomy diversion remains a contentious debatable issue, with reported success with alignment over a stenting catheter varying between 15% and 94% [1]. Advocates of either approach to surgical care of this injury have traditionally focused on the development of impotence and incontinence as a potential complication of the surgical technique. However, it is increasingly evident that the length of the distraction defect and subsequent development of incontinence and impotence are related more to the severity of the injury and the extent of the anatomical disruption, both bony and soft tissue, rather than the surgical approach itself [2, 3].

9.1 Anatomy and Pathogenesis of the Urethral Injury

Pelvic fractures are the major source and etiology of posterior urethral distraction injuries, occurring at a rate of 20 per 100,000 population. Motor vehicle and motorcycle injuries are associated with the highest incidence of pelvic fractures (15.5%) followed by pedestrian injuries (13.8%), falls from heights greater than 15 ft (13%), car occupants (10.2%), and occupational crush trauma (6%). The majority of injuries occur in the first four decades, with a mean age of 33 years including an 8% pediatric occurrence (<,12 years). Pelvic fractures are a marker of severe post-traumatic injury and are associated with intra-abdominal and urogenital injuries in 15%–20% of patients. The most commonly injured organ in pelvic fractures is the posterior urethra (5.8%–14.6%), followed closely by the liver (6.1%–10.2%) and the spleen (5.2%–5.8%) [4].

The bladder and bladder neck are frequently involved, and injury to these structures needs to be identified and included in the equation of the surgical strategy. Associated perforation injury of the rectum is critical to identify but rarely seen with pelvic fracture trauma [17]. The life-threatening injuries take precedence in diagnosis and management over the urethral injury, but in those patients who survive, the urethral injury will be the source of chronic complex disability and morbidity. Urinary incontinence in the male depends on the bladder neck proximally and the external sphincter distally. The distal external sphincter mechanism may be destroyed by this posterior urethral injury or during subsequent reconstruction and continence will, therefore, be dependent on bladder neck function alone. Most men, however, are continent following repair of this injury and will reveal a closed bladder neck on preoperative cystography and cystoscopy. A few patients will be noted to have a persistently open, funneled bladder neck or a bladder neck quadrant scar seen on transvesical cystoscopy, which support the potential of a concomitant bladder neck injury.