Schröder / Collins Organic Xenobiotics and Plants

From Mode of Action to Ecophysiology
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-9852-8
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 8, 311 Seiten

Reihe: Plant Ecophysiology

Natural and agro-ecosystems are frequently exposed to natural or synthetic substances, which, while they have no direct nutritional value or significance in metabolism, may negatively affect plant functioning. These, xenobiotics, may originate from both natural (fires, volcano eruptions, soil or rock erosion, biodegradation) and anthropogenic (air and soil pollution, herbicides) sources. And, while affected plants have only a limited number of possibilities for avoiding accumulation of these compounds, they do exhibit several enzymatic reactions for detoxification including oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis and conjugation reactions. In agro-ecosystems in particular these mechanisms have great significance in relation to herbicide detoxification and tolerance. In this volume an international group of experts present an overview of the nature and distribution of organic xenobiotics, including their uptake, effects on plant functioning and detoxification mechanisms. The particular significance of glutathione S-transferases in bio-indication and bio-monitoring, and in the detoxification of volatile organic air pollutants and herbicides is evaluated, and their potential significance in phytoremediation and bioaccumulation will be discussed. This volume will be of interest to a wide audience, from graduate students to senior researchers in a wide range of disciplines including plant ecology, plant biochemistry, agriculture and environmental management. It will also be of practical interest to environmentalists, policy makers and resource managers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Schröder, Peter

Collins, Christopher D.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Part I:Principles of Transport,Deposition and Uptake;10
3.1;Plant Uptake of Xenobiotics;11
3.1.1;Introduction;11
3.1.2;Root Uptake;12
3.1.2.1;Soil-Root Interactions;12
3.1.2.2;Transfer from Roots to Other Plant Parts;14
3.1.2.3;Soil-Root Interactions for Ionic Chemicals;15
3.1.3;Leaf Uptake;16
3.1.3.1;Vapour or Gas Uptake from Ambient Air;16
3.1.3.2;Particulate Deposition on Plant Surfaces;17
3.1.3.3;Other Factors Controlling Plant Uptake of Organic Chemicals;18
3.1.3.3.1;Accumulating Species;19
3.1.3.3.2;Lipid Composition;19
3.1.3.3.3;Foliage;19
3.1.3.3.4;Plant Metabolism;20
3.1.3.3.5;Growth Dilution;20
3.1.4;Conclusion;21
3.1.5;References;21
3.2;Haloorganics in Temperate Forest Ecosystems: Sources, Transport and Degradation;25
3.2.1;Introduction;26
3.2.2;Sources;27
3.2.2.1;Sea Salt;27
3.2.2.2;Erosion and Weathering;28
3.2.2.3;Fires;28
3.2.2.4;Volcanoes;28
3.2.2.5;Other Natural Abiotic Sources;29
3.2.2.6;Production by Organisms;29
3.2.2.7;Intentional Biotic Production;30
3.2.2.7.1;Antibiotics;30
3.2.2.7.2;The Role of Chlorinated Organic Compounds in Microbial Metabolism;31
3.2.2.8;Unintentional Biotic Production;32
3.2.2.9;De-icing Salt;33
3.2.3;Other Anthropogenic Sources;33
3.2.3.1;Transport Within the Ecosystem;34
3.2.3.2;Leaching;35
3.2.3.3;Volatilisation;36
3.2.3.4;Role of Fire;38
3.2.3.5;Plant Litter;38
3.2.4;Degradation;39
3.2.4.1;Abiotic Degradation;39
3.2.4.2;Biotic Degradation;39
3.2.5;Site Budgets;44
3.2.6;Gaps in Knowledge;45
3.2.7;References;46
3.3;Semivolatiles in the Forest Environment: The Case of PAHs;54
3.3.1;Introduction to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons;54
3.3.2;Properties of PAHs;56
3.3.3;Sources of PAHs;58
3.3.4;Spatial Patterns and Trends of PAH Emissions and Advection;59
3.3.5;The Fate of PAHs in Forests;63
3.3.6;Interaction of Air Masses with the Forest Canopy;65
3.3.6.1;Deposition of PAHs;65
3.3.6.2;Levels of PAHs in Leaves and Needles;68
3.3.7;PAHs in the Litter and the Soil;70
3.3.7.1;Deposition of PAHs;70
3.3.7.2;Levels of PAHs in Soils;72
3.3.8;Effects of PAHs on Ecosystems;74
3.3.9;References;77
4;Part II:Case Studies;81
4.1;A Case Study: Uptake and Accumulation of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Cucurbitaceae Species;82
4.1.1;Introduction;82
4.1.2;The Cucurbitaceae Family;84
4.1.3;POPs and Cucurbita Species;85
4.1.3.1;DDT/DDE/DDD;85
4.1.3.2;Dieldrin and Endrin;85
4.1.3.3;Heptachlor;86
4.1.3.4;Chlordane;86
4.1.3.5;Polychlorinated Biphenyls;86
4.1.3.6;Dioxins and Furans;87
4.1.4;Conclusions;87
4.1.5;References;88
4.2;Trichloroacetic Acid in the Forest Ecosystem;91
4.2.1;Introduction;91
4.2.2;Properties of Trichloroacetic Acid and Its Occurrence in the Environment;92
4.2.3;Plants and TCA;93
4.2.3.1;Physiological Effects;96
4.2.4;The Role of the Rhizosphere;99
4.2.5;Conclusions;101
4.2.6;References;102
4.3;Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Switzerland Related to Long-Range Transboundary Transport – Results of a Case Study with Special Emphasis on the Spatial Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic and Chlorinated Air Borne Pollutants;108
4.3.1;Introduction;109
4.3.2;Material and Methods;109
4.3.3;Results and Discussion;111
4.3.3.1;Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffin’s (CFCs);111
4.3.3.2;Chlorobenzenes;111
4.3.3.3;Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH);111
4.3.3.4;Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs);111
4.3.3.5;Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs);117
4.3.3.6;Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Furans (PCDDs/PCDFs);117
4.3.3.7;Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs);120
4.3.4;Conclusion;121
4.3.5;References;123
5;Part III:Pollutant Degradationand Ecosystem Remediation fromEnzymes to Whole Plants;125
5.1;New Perspectives on the Metabolism and Detoxification of Synthetic Compounds in Plants;126
5.1.1;Introduction;126
5.1.2;The Plant Xenome and Its Organization;128
5.1.3;Detoxifying Enzymes;130
5.1.3.1;Phase 1 Enzymes – Oxido-Reductases;130
5.1.3.2;Phase 1 Enzymes – Hydrolases;132
5.1.3.3;Phase 2 Enzymes – Glutathione Transferases (Gsts);133
5.1.3.4;Phase 2 Enzymes – Glycosyltransferases;136
5.1.3.5;Phase 2 Enzymes – Malonyltransferases;138
5.1.3.6;Phase 3 Transport Processes – ABC Transporter Proteins;139
5.1.3.7;Phase 4 – Further Processing of Xenobiotics;140
5.1.4;Up-Regulation of the Xenome and Xenobiotic Resistance;142
5.1.5;Conclusion;144
5.1.6;References;144
5.2;Using Plants to Remove Foreign Compounds from Contaminated Water and Soil;150
5.2.1;Introduction;151
5.2.1.1;Phytoremediation of Organics;151
5.2.1.2;Selection of Plants for Phytoremediation;151
5.2.1.3;The Applicability of Phytoremediation;152
5.2.2;Sulphonated Aromatic Compounds in Wastewater;154
5.2.2.1;Limits of Microbial Degradability;155
5.2.2.2;Potential of Phytotreatment;156
5.2.3;Azo Dyes in Industrial Effluents;161
5.2.3.1;Conventional Dye Treatments;166
5.2.3.2;Azo-Dyes Phytoremediation;167
5.2.3.2.1;Rhizodegradation;168
5.2.3.2.2;Phytodegradation;168
5.2.4;Hydrophobic Compounds: Phytoremediation of PCB-Contaminated Soils;172
5.2.4.1;Phytoextraction;175
5.2.4.2;Phytodegradation;176
5.2.4.3;Rhizoremediation;177
5.2.4.4;Bioaugmentation by Rhizosphere Colonising Strains;178
5.2.4.5;Use of Activated Carbon;179
5.2.5;Conclusions: Phytoremediation Trends for the Near Future;181
5.2.6;References;182
5.3;Biodegradation of Organic Xenobiotic Pollutants in the Rhizosphere;191
5.3.1;Introduction;192
5.3.2;Biodegradation and Rhizoremediation of Xenobiotics Using Rhizospheric Bacteria;194
5.3.2.1;Biodegradation in the Rhizosphere and Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria;194
5.3.2.2;Rhizoremediation of Organic Pollutants;196
5.3.3;Biodegradation of Xenobiotics with the Help of Mycorrhizal Fungi;202
5.3.4;Practical Implementation of Plant-Microbial Systems in PAHs Biodegradation;204
5.3.5;References;208
5.4;Bioindicators and Biomonitors: Use of Organisms to Observe the Influence of Chemicals on the Environment*;216
5.4.1;Introduction;217
5.4.2;General Information on the Environment;220
5.4.3;Specific Information on the Environment;221
5.4.4;Definitions;223
5.4.5;Further Studies and Outlook: MMBC and Teaching Guidelines;226
5.4.6;References;230
5.5;SAR Based Computational Models as Decision Making Tools in Bioremediation;236
5.5.1;Introduction;237
5.5.1.1;Computational Models Based on QSAR;238
5.5.1.2;Target Level;238
5.5.1.3;Chemical Structures;239
5.5.1.4;Molecular Descriptors;240
5.5.1.5;Data Analysis and Model Construction;241
5.5.1.6;Expert Systems;242
5.5.2;QSAR and Expert Systems in Bioremediation;244
5.5.2.1;Chemical Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity;244
5.5.2.2;Prediction of Persistence/Biodegradation;245
5.5.2.2.1;BIOWIN;245
5.5.2.2.2;TOPKAT;246
5.5.2.2.3;MULTICASE;246
5.5.2.2.4;CATABOL;246
5.5.2.2.5;TOXTREE;246
5.5.2.2.6;PBT Profiler;247
5.5.2.2.7;AMBIT XT;247
5.5.2.3;OECD QSAR Toolbox;248
5.5.3;Prediction of Bioaccumulation;249
5.5.4;BCF Prediction Tools;249
5.5.5;Accumulation/Concentration in Soil;250
5.5.6;Prediction of Toxicity;250
5.5.7;Biotransformation;252
5.5.7.1;Microbial Metabolism;252
5.5.8;Software Tools;253
5.5.9;Commercial Systems for Biotranformation;254
5.5.10;Phytoremediation;255
5.5.11;Conclusions;256
5.5.12;References;257
5.6;State-of-the-Art Chemical Analyses: Xenobiotics, Plant Proteomics, and Residues in Plant Based Products;259
5.6.1;Complex Sample Analyses and System Biology;259
5.6.1.1;Metabolic Profiling of Xenobiotics;262
5.6.1.2;Proteomics: An Overview;262
5.6.1.3;Proteomics in Plants;263
5.6.1.3.1;Experimental Design of Plant Developmental Proteome Analyses;264
5.6.1.4;Plant Proteome Analysis;266
5.6.1.5;Protein Profiling in Plants;266
5.6.1.6;Analytical Techniques;269
5.6.1.6.1;Chromatography;269
5.6.1.6.2;Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR);269
5.6.1.6.3;Spectroscopy;270
5.6.1.6.4;Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Ion Mobility (IMS);270
5.6.1.6.5;Mass Spectrometry;270
5.6.1.6.6;Ion Mobility Spectrometry;272
5.6.1.7;Quantitative Plant Proteomics;273
5.6.1.8;Analysis of Post Translational Modifications in Plant Proteins;273
5.6.2;Phosphorylation;275
5.6.3;Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) Modification;276
5.6.4;Ubiquitination;276
5.6.5;Proteomics in Plant Stress Response;277
5.6.5.1;Abiotic Stresses;277
5.6.5.2;Biotic Stresses;279
5.6.5.3;Oxidative Stresses;279
5.6.6;Protection of Tissues from Oxidative Damage;280
5.6.7;Proteomics Analysis in Symbionts Plants with Soil Microbes;281
5.6.8;Emerging Technologies for Sensitive Metabolic Flux Analysis;282
5.6.9;Plant Proteomics as a Tool to Identify Xenobiotics;283
5.6.10;Mass Spectrometry in “X-omics” Studies;284
5.6.10.1;Top-down and Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry;284
5.6.10.2;Ion Fragmentation Techniques for Biomolecular Sequencing in MSn;285
5.6.10.3;Performance Characteristics of Various Mass Spectrometers;287
5.6.10.3.1;Components of Mass Spectrometers;287
5.6.10.3.2;Data Related Parameters (MRP, MMA, LOD);289
5.6.11;Future Directions and Challenges;291
5.6.12;References;292
6;Index;305