Scott Survey of Progress in Chemistry

Volume 4
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-2509-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 302 Seiten, Web PDF

Survey of Progress in Chemistry, Volume 4 considers the principles common to all chemistry that undergo major developments and modifications, including aqueous solutions, carbanions, stable isotopes, nitrogen fixation, ionizing radiation, and organic compound luminescence. This volume is organized into six chapters. The first chapter surveys first the theories of water and aqueous solutions structure, followed by the evaluation of temperature, pressure, and electrolytes on water. This chapter emphasizes the role of water structure in biological systems. The second chapter covers the generation, capture, mechanism of stabilization, and isomerization of carbanions, while the separation and practical applications of isotopes are examined in the third chapter. The following chapter describes the mechanism of nitrogen fixation by those cells capable of fixing nitrogen. The concluding chapters explore some aspects of the energy transfer process and the formation of intermediate molecular species. These chapters also evaluate the luminescence of organic systems. This book is of value to college chemistry teachers and students.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Scott, Arthur F.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Survey of Progress in Chemistry;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;12
5;Contributors;6
6;Preface;8
7;Editor's Notes to Volume 4;10
8;Chapter 1. The Structure of Water and Aqueous Solutions;14
8.1;I. INTRODUCTION;15
8.2;II. THE CLASSICAL THEORY OF BERNAL AND FOWLER;17
8.3;III. THE THEORY OF FRANK AND WEN;21
8.4;IV. OTHER THEORIES OF WATER STRUCTURE;28
8.5;V. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE STRUCTURE OF WATER;32
8.6;VI. EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON THE STRUCTURE OF WATER;37
8.7;VII. EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTES ON THE STRUCTURE OF WATER;39
8.8;VIII. ICE, HEAVY WATER, AND WATER STRUCTURE AT INTERFACES;46
8.9;IX. THE ROLE OF WATER STRUCTURE IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS5;52
8.10;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;54
8.11;REFERENCES;54
9;Chapter 2. Carbanions;58
9.1;I. CARBANION GENERATION AND CAPTURE;58
9.2;II. ORDERS OF CARBANION STABILITY;60
9.3;III. MECHANISM OF CARBANION STABILIZATION;63
9.4;IV. CARBANION STEREOCHEMISTRY;70
9.5;V. CARBANIONIC ISOMERIZATION REACTIONS;76
9.6;REFERENCES;80
10;Chapter 3. Stable Isotope Preparation and Applications;82
10.1;I. INTRODUCTION;82
10.2;II. ISOTOPE SEPARATION METHODS;83
10.3;III. STABLE ISOTOPE APPLICATIONS;120
10.4;IV. THE FUTURE OF STABLE ISOTOPES;127
10.5;REFERENCES;128
11;Chapter 4. Nitrogen Fixation;140
11.1;I. INTRODUCTION;140
11.2;II. STUDY OF ENZYMES INVOLVED;145
11.3;III. MECHANISM OF N2 FIXATION BASED ON PRESENT RESULTS;173
11.4;REFERENCES;175
12;Chapter 5. Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Molecular Systems;178
12.1;I. HISTORY OF IONIZING RADIATION;179
12.2;II. DOSIMETRY;180
12.3;III. THE FRICKE DOSIMETER;181
12.4;IV. TRANSFER OF ELECTRON ENERGY TO MATTER;183
12.5;V. PASSAGE OF HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLES THROUGH MATTER;187
12.6;VI. MEAN ENERGY PER ION PAIR;188
12.7;VII. ABSORPTION OF PHOTON ENERGY;189
12.8;VIII. INITIAL EFFECTS OF INTERACTION;189
12.9;IX. EXCITATION OF MOLECULES;191
12.10;X. RECOMBINATION;195
12.11;XI. RELAXATION PROCESSES THROUGH COLLISION;196
12.12;XII. SECONDARY PROCESSES INVOLVING FREE RADICALS4;198
12.13;XIII. TIME SCALE OF EVENTS;200
12.14;XIV. REACTIONS IN GASEOUS SYSTEMS;202
12.15;XV. EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON PURE WATER AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS;206
12.16;XVI. SOLVATED ELECTRONS;211
12.17;XVII. IN CONCLUSION;215
12.18;REFERENCES;216
13;Chapter 6. Luminescence in Organic Systems;218
13.1;I. INTRODUCTION;219
13.2;II. ELECTRONIC EXCITATION AND THE BEHAVIOR OF EXCITED STATES;221
13.3;III. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES;243
13.4;IV. FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING;250
13.5;V. ENERGY TRANSFER;255
13.6;VI. DELAYED FLUORESCENCE AND EXCIMERS;260
13.7;VII. INTER- AND INTRAMOLECULAR PROTON TRANSFER IN THE EXCITED STATE;270
13.8;VIII. LUMINESCENCE POLARIZATION;275
13.9;IX. CHEMILUMINESCENCE;277
13.10;REFERENCES;281
14;Author Index;284
15;Subject Index;294