Buch, Englisch, 856 Seiten, Format (B × H): 155 mm x 239 mm, Gewicht: 1089 g
Buch, Englisch, 856 Seiten, Format (B × H): 155 mm x 239 mm, Gewicht: 1089 g
ISBN: 978-0-19-807805-0
Verlag: OXFORD UNIV PR
Communication Systems is a textbook designed for a one-semester course on the subject providing an overview of various communication medium, which has its foundation in the principles of analog and digital communication.
Starting from the basic principles of analog and digital communication, the book in subsequent chapters talks about various media such as the transmission lines, waveguides, microwave, optical, and satellite communication followed by discussion on data communication and its equipment's. The last chapter is devoted to the understanding of spread spectrum modulation, a recent technique in which information is transmitted through multiple frequencies ensuring greater security.
Providing a balance between theory and the applications, the book features review questions, case-studies, appendices on AT commands for modem and standard tables, numerical solved problems, numerical exercises, and MATLAB codes.
Zielgruppe
Primary: Core for CSE, IT. Secondary: Diploma.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
1: Introduction 1
1.1 What is Communication? 1
1.2 Modulation and its Types 1
1.2.1 Need for Modulation 2
1.2.2 Frequency Translation 2
1.2.3 Types of Modulation 2
1.3 Transmitter 3
1.4 Receiver 3
1.5 Digital Communication System 4
1.6 Multiplexing of Signals 5
1.6.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing 5
1.6.2 Time Division Multiplexing 5
2: Signals: An Introduction 6
2.1 Basic Concepts 6
2.2 Classification of Signals 7
2.2.1 Continuous and Discrete Time Signals 7
2.2.2 Periodic and Non-periodic Signals 8
2.2.3 Causal and Non-causal Signals 8
2.2.4 Even and Odd Signals 8
2.2.5 Deterministic and Random Signals 9
2.2.6 Real and Complex Signals 10
2.2.7 Energy-Type and Power-Type Signals 10
2.3 Typical Signals and Their Properties 11
2.3.1 Sinusoidal Signal 11
2.3.2 Complex Exponential Signal 11
2.3.3 Unit-Step Signal 12
2.3.4 Rectangular Pulse 12
2.3.5 Triangular Signal 13
2.3.6 The Sinc Signal 13
2.3.7 Sign or Signum Signal 13
2.3.8 Impulse or Delta Signal 14
2.3.9 Singular Function 16
2.3.10 Shifting, Inversion, Scaling, and Convolution of Signal 16
2.4 Classification of Systems 17
2.4.1 Discrete Time and Continuous Time Systems 18
2.4.2 Linear and Non-linear Systems 18
2.4.3 Time Invariant and Time Varying Systems 18
2.4.4 Causal and Non-causal Systems 19
2.4.5 Instantaneous and Dynamic Systems 20
2.4.6 Stable and Unstable Systems 20
2.5 Delta Function and Convolution 20
2.5.1 Delta Function 20
2.5.2 Convolution 22
2.6 Fourier Series and Transform 24
2.6.1 Fourier Series 24
2.6.2 Fourier Transform 29
2.7 Laplace Transform 32
2.8 The z-Transform 36
2.9 Signal Energy and Energy Spectral Density 39
2.10 Energy Spectral Density 41
2.11 Essential Bandwidth of a Signal 42
2.12 Energy of Modulated Signal 42
2.13 Signal Power and Power Spectral Density 43
2.13.1 Power Spectral Density (PSD) 44
3: Amplitude Modulation 58
3.1 Baseband Communication 58
3.2 Theory of AM 59
3.3 Frequency Spectrum of Sinusoidal AM 60
3.4 Amplitude Modulation Index 62
3.5 Average Power for Sinusoidal AM 64
3.6 Modulation by Several Sine Waves 66
3.7 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) 67
3.8 Single Sideband (SSB) Systems 68
3.8.1 Single Sideband with Carrier 68
3.8.2 Single Sideband with Suppressed Carrier 71
3.8.3 Single Sideband with Reduced Carrier 71
3.9 Independent Sideband Amplitude Modulation 72
3.10 Comparison of SSB and AM 72
3.11 Single Sideband: Advantages and Disadvantages 74
3.12 Single Sideband Generation 75
3.13 Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Transmission and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 76
3.13.1 Vestigial Sideband Transmission 76
3.13.2 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 78
3.14 AM Modulators 78
3.14.1 Square Law Modulation (Power Law Modulation) 79
3.14.2 Switching Modulator 80
3.14.3 Transistor Modulators 81
3.14.4 Balanced Modulators 86
3.15 SSB Generation 94
3.15.1 The Filter Method 94
3.15.2 The Phase Shift Method 98
3.15.3 The Third Method 98
3.16 Independent Sideband Transmitter 101
3.17 AM Demodulators 102
3.17.1 Rectifier Detector 102
3.17.2 Envelope Detector 103
3.17.3 Detector Distortion 105
3.17.4 Diagonal Peak Clipping 106
3.17.5 Negative Peak Clipping 108
3.18 SSB Reception 109
3.18.1 Coherent Detection 109
3.18.2 SSB Reception with Pilot Carrier 109
3.19 Demodulation of VSB Signals 110
3.20 Detection of ISB Signals 110
3.21 Transmitters 110
3.21.1 AM Transmitters 111
3.21.2 SSB Transmitters 113
3.22 Trapezoidal Patterns 113
3.23 Receivers 115
3.23.1 AM Receivers 115
3.23.2 SSB Receiver with Pilot Carrier 120
3.23.3 Communication Receivers 120
3.23.4 Receiver Parameters 120
3.24 Automatic Gain and Volume Control Circuits 123
3.24.1 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) 123
3.24.2 Automatic Volume Control (AVC) 126
3.24.3 Squelch Circuit 127
3.25 Comparison and Applications of Various AM Systems 128
3.26 Frequency Translation 129
3.27 Costas Loop 129
3.27.1 Carrier Recovery 129
3.27.2 Digital Implementation 130
3.27.3 Traditional Design Method 131
3.27.4 Detailed Description 132
3.27.5 Costas versus Conventional Loop 134
3.27.6 Design Considerations for Costas Loop 137
3.27.7 Analysis of a Costas Loop for a Typical Received Signal 138
4: Angle Modulation 164
4.1 Introduction 164
4.2 Instantaneous Frequency 165
4.3 FM and PM Signals 166
4.3.1 Spectrum of an FM Signal 167
4.3.2 Concept of Angle Modulation 168
4.4 Modulation Index 170
4.4.1 Deviation Sensitivity 170
4.4.2 Frequency Deviation 172
4.4.3 Percentage Modulation 174
4.5 Bandwidth Requirements for Angle Modulated Waves 174
4.6 Sinusoidal FM: Narrowband and Wideband 175
4.6.1 Narrowband FM 175
4.6.2 Wideband FM 178
4.7 Spectral Characteristic of a Sinusoidal Modulated FM Signal 181
4.7.1 Spectrum of Constant Bandwidth FM 182
4.8 Average Power in Sinusoidal FM 183
4.9 Deviation Ratio for Non-sinusoidal Frequency Modulation 184
4.10 Phase Modulation 184
4.10.1 Sinusoidal Phase Modulation 185
4.10.2 Digital Phase Modulation 186
4.11 Comparison of FM and PM 186
4.12 FM Generation 187
4.12.1 Direct Method 188
4.12.2 Indirect Method 196
4.13 Phase Modulators 197
4.13.1 Varactor Diode Direct PM Modulators 197
4.13.2 PM Modulator: Direct Method with Transistor 198
4.14 FM Detectors 198
4.14.1 Bandpass Limiter 199
4.14.2 Practical Frequency Demodulators 201
4.14.3 Slope Detector 202
4.14.4 Balanced Slope Detector 203
4.14.5 Foster-Seeley Discriminator 204
4.14.6 Ratio Detector 206
4.14.7 FM Demodulator Using a PLL 207
4.14.8 Practical PLL Circuit 208
4.14.9 Quadrature Detectors 209
4.14.10 Zero Crossing Detector 210
4.14.11 Bias Distortion in FM Demodulation Using Zero Crossing Detectors 212
4.14.12 Amplitude Limiters 212
4.15 FM Transmitters and Receivers 214
4.15.1 Direct FM Transmitters 214
4.15.2 Indirect FM Transmitters 216
4.15.3 FM Stereo Broadcasting 218
4.15.4 FM in TV Broadcasting 219
4.15.5 FM Receivers 219
4.15.6 Single-Chip FM Radio Circuit 222
4.15.7 Capture Effect 223
4.16 Phase Locked Loop (PLL) 224
4.16.1 PLL Basics 225
4.16.2 PLL Operation 225
4.16.3 Lock and Capture Ranges 226
4.16.4 Phase Comparator 231
4.16.5 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators (VCOs) 236
4.16.6 Loop Filter 236
4.16.7 Applications of PLL 237
4.17 PLL Frequency Synthesizer: A Case Study 245
4.18 Comparison of Angle Modulation with Amplitude Modulation 249
5: Pulse Modulation 265
5.1 Introduction 265
5.2 Sampling Theorem 267
5.2.1 Occurrence of Aliasing Error 268
5.3 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) 274
5.3.1 Channel Bandwidth for PAM 274
5.3.2 Natural Sampling 275
5.3.3 Flat Top Sampling 277
5.3.4 Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
5.3.5 Signal Recovery 280
5.4 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) 283
5.4.1 Uses of PWM 283
5.4.2 Why the PWM Frequency is Important 285
5.5 Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) 285
5.6 Generation of PAM 285
5.7 Generation of PWM 286
5.8 Generation of PPM 286
5.9 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 287
5.9.1 PCM Basics 288
5.10 PCM Transmitter and Receiver 289
5.10.1 Quantization 289
5.11 Delta Modulation 290
5.11.1 Principle 291
5.11.2 Adaptive DM 293
5.11.3 Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) 294
5.11.4 Quantization of Signals 294
5.11.5 Quantization Error 296
5.12 Noise Consideration in PCM System 297
5.13 FDM and TDM 298
5.14 Frequency Division Multiplexing Transmitter 299
5.14.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing Receiver 299
5.15 Analog Carrier System 301
5.16 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 302
5.17 Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing Transmitter 304
5.18 Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing Receiver 304
5.19 TDM Digital Carrier System 305
6: Noise 316
6.1 Introduction 316
6.2 External Noise 317
6.2.1 Atmospheric Noise 317
6.2.2 Extraterrestrial Noise 318
6.2.3 Industrial Noise (Man-made Noise) 318
6.3 Internal Noise 319
6.3.1 Thermal Noise (Johnson Noise) 319
6.3.2 Noise Voltage 320
6.3.3 Equivalent Sources for Thermal Noise 321
6.3.4 Noise Voltage for Resistors Connected in Series 321
6.3.5 Resistors in Parallel 322
6.3.6 Thermal Noise Power in a Reactance Circuit 322
6.3.7 Spectral Densities 323
6.3.8 Power Spectral Response 323
6.3.9 Noise Equivalent Bandwidth 324
6.3.10 Shot Noise 328
6.3.11 Partition Noise 328
6.3.12 Flicker Noise 328
6.3.13 Burst Noise 329
6.3.14 Transit Time Noise 329
6.3.15 Avalanche Noise 329
6.3.16 Transistor Noise 329
6.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 330
6.4.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio of a Cascaded System 330
6.5 Noise Figure 332
6.5.1 Input Noise of Amplifier in Terms of F 334
6.5.2 Noise Factor of Amplifiers in Cascade 334
6.6 Noise Temperature 335
6.7 Measurement of Noise Factor and Noise Temperature 336
6.8 Noise in a Bandpass System 337
6.9 Noise in AM Systems 338
6.9.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio for SSB 342
6.9.2 Single Sideband Companding 343
6.10 Effect of Noise on Angle Modulation 343
6.11 Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Circuits 351
6.12 Threshold Effect in Angle Modulation 354
6.13 Narrowband Noise 363
6.13.1 Representation of Narrowband Noise in Terms of In-Phase and Quadrature Components
6.13.2 Representation of Narrowband Noise in Terms of Envelope and Phase Components 366
6.13.3 Sine Wave plus Narrowband Noise 368
7: Introduction to Digital Communication 385
7.1 Introduction 385
7.2 Digital Amplitude Modulation 387
7.3 I/Q Modulation 388
7.3.1 The Concept of I and Q Channels 389
7.3.2 Application of I/Q Modulation 390
7.3.3 Need for Using I and Q 391
7.4 Some Important Terms 391
7.4.1 Information Capacity, Bits, and Bit Rate 391
7.4.2 M-ary Encoding 392
7.4.3 Baud and Minimum Bandwidth 392
7.5 Frequency Shift Keying 393
7.5.1 FSK Baud and Bandwidth 394
7.6 Phase Shift Keying 396
7.6.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying 396
7.6.2 M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) 399
7.6.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 400
7.6.4 PSK Modulation 404
7.6.5 Modulation Index of a QPSK signal 405
7.6.6 Offset QPSK 406
7.7 Minimum Shift Keying 407
7.8 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 411
7.8.1 Types of QAM 411
7.9 Bandwidth Efficiency 414
7.9.1 Comparison of Modulation Methods 415
7.9.2 Effects of Going through the Origin 415
7.10 Digital Modulation Types 416
7.10.1 I/Q Offset Modulation 416
7.10.2 Differential Modulation 417
7.10.3 Constant-Amplitude Modulation 418
7.11 Spectral Efficiency versus Power Consumption 419
7.12 Time and Frequency Domain View of Digitally Modulated Signal 419
7.12.1 Power and Frequency View 420
7.13 Digital Transmitters and Receivers 421
7.13.1 Digital Receiver 421
8: Information Theory 431
8.1 Introduction 431
8.2 Measure of Information 432
8.3 Joint and Conditional Entropy 434
8.3.1 Joint Entropy 434
8.3.2 Conditional Entropy 435
8.3.3 Entropy Rate 435
8.3.4 Mutual Information 436
8.4 Differential Entropy 436
8.4.1 Information Rate 437
8.4.2 Source Coding to Increase Average Information per Bit 438
8.8 Shannon-Fano Coding 445
8.9 The Huffman Source Coding Algorithm 446
8.9.1 Huffman Coding Algorithm 446
8.11 Capacity of Gaussian Channel 451
8.11.1 Bandwidth S/N Trade-off 453
9: Introduction to Probability, Random Variable, and Random Processes
9.1 Introduction to Probability 495
9.1.1 The Classical Approach 496
9.1.2 The Relative Frequency Approach 496
9.1.3 The Axiomatic Approach 496
9.2 Elementary Set Theory 497
9.3 The Axiomatic Approach 498
9.3.1 Implications of the Axioms of Probability 500
9.4 Conditional Probability 500
9.4.1 Total Probability Theorem: Discrete Version 501
9.4.2 Bayes' Theorem 502
9.4.3 Independence 503
9.5 Random Variable 504
9.5.1 Discrete Random Variable 504
9.5.2 Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) 504
9.5.3 Types of Random Variables 505
9.5.4 Functions of a Random Variable 508
9.5.5 Statistical Averages 509
9.5.6 Multiple Random Variables 510
9.5.7 Multiple Functions of Multiple Random Variables 510
9.5.8 Sums of Random Variables 511
9.5.9 Jointly Gaussian Random Variables 511
9.6 Gaussian Process 520
9.6.1 Central Limit Theorem 522
9.6.2 Properties of Gaussian Process 522
10: Transmission Lines:
Introduction
Types of transmission lines
Primary and secondary constants
Characteristic impedance
Propagation constant
Phase and group velocity
Lossless line
Reflection coefficient
Voltage standing wave ratio
Transmission line as circuit elements
Transmission line input impedance
Slotted line measurement at Radio Frequencies
Telephone lines and cables
Micro-strip and Strip-line transmission line
11: Waveguides
Introduction
Rectangular waveguide
Circular Waveguide
Ridged waveguide
Flexible Waveguide
12: Antennas
Introduction
Antenna Types
Antenna Characteristics
Terminologies and Definitions
Antenna Loading
Antenna Arrays
Antenna Array -types
Special Purpose Antennas
VHF and UHF Antennas
Antennas - lens types
13: Microwave systems
Introduction
Advantages
Types
Frequency Modulated Microwave radio system
Transmitter
Receiver
FM Microwave Radio repeaters Diversity
Frequency diversity
Space Diversity
Polarization diversity
Hybrid diversity
Quad diversity
Switching arrangement
Hot standby
Diversity
Reliability
FM Microwave Radio stations
Terminal station
Repeater station
Propagation paths
Fading
System gain
Free space path loss
Fade margin
Receiver threshold
Signal to noise versus carrier to noise ratio
Noise factor and Noise figure
Typical Microwave radio link
14: Optical Fiber communications
Introduction
History
Optical Fibers over metallic cable
Advantages of Optical Fiber systems
Disadvantages of Optical Fiber systems
Electromagnetic spectrum
System Block diagram
Fiber types
Fiber construction
The Physics of Light
Velocity of propagation
Refraction
Refractive index
Critical angle
Propagation of Light through an optical fiber cable
Optical Fiber modes and classification
Optical Fiber comparison
Acceptance angle and acceptance cone
Numerical aperture
Losses in Fiber optic cables
Light sources
Optical power
Optical sources
Light detectors
Lasers
Typical Optical communication system
15: Satellite Communications
Introduction
History
Kepler's laws
Orbits
Geostationary satellites
Drifts in Geostationary satellites
Power systems
Altitude control
Antenna Look Angles
Satellite Station keeping
Limits of visibility
Frequency Plans and polarization
Satellite Antenna radiation patterns
Satellite System link models
Satellite system parameters
Satellite system link equations
Link Budget
Satellite radio navigation
16: Data Communication
Introduction
History
Architecture, Protocols and Standards
Standards organization for Data communication
Data Communication circuits
Data Communication circuit arrangement
Data Communication codes
Error control
Synchronization
Line control unit
Interfaces
Data communication Networks
Layered Network Architecture
Open system interconnection
Alternate Protocol suite
Data Transmission Modes
Asynchronous protocols
Synchronous protocols
17: Data Communication equipment
Introduction
Digital service unit and channel service unit
Modems
Introduction
Low speed Modems
Medium and high speed modems
Bell System compatible voice-band Modems
Voice-band Modem block diagram
Voice-band Modem classification
Asynchronous voice-band Modems
Synchronous voice-band Modems
Modem Synchronization
ITU-T Voice-band Modem specifications
56K Modems
The AT command set for modem control
Cable Modems
Probability of error and bit error
18: Television and Introduction to Radar
History
Basics TV system and scanning principles
Scanning
Composite Video Signal
Channel Bandwidth
Vestigial Sideband (VSB) transmission in video signals
Complete channel bandwidth
Reception of VSB signal
TV camera tubes
Picture tube
Television transmitter and receiver
Effect of noise
Peak power available from transmitter
Use of AGC circuits in the receiver
Sound signal transmission
Preference of FM over AM in sound transmission
Merits of frequency modulation
Antenna System
Transmission Line
Colour Television
Introduction to Radar
19: Spread Spectrum Modulation
Introduction
The concept of frequency hopping
Spread spectrum techniques
Types of spread spectrum
Error rate performance of the decoder
Process gain and performance
Pseudo-Noise (PN) Sequences
Kasami Sequences
Barker code
Hadamard-Walsh code
Frequency hopping
Synchronization of spread signal systems
Jamming
Time hopping (TH) spread spectrum systems
Hybrid spread spectrum
Commercial application
Multi-path channels
Direct sequence Vs Frequency hopping
MATLAB Programs
Other Appendices
