Semba Handbook of Nutrition and Ophthalmology

2007
ISBN: 978-1-59259-979-0
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 496 Seiten

Reihe: Nutrition and Health

The Handbook of Nutrition in Ophthalmology is the first general text on nutrition and eye health created for physicians, nutritionists, and researchers. The author provides important links between the epidemic of obesity and implications it has for eye disease and blindness. The volume also includes chapters addressing nutritional aspects of preventing eye disease in diabetes mellitus and other optical neuropathies, making this a unique book.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Semba, Richard David

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Series Editor Introduction;8
2;Foreword;11
3;Preface;13
4;Contents;15
5;1 Nutritional Blindness ( Vitamin A Deficiency Disorders);16
5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;16
5.2;2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND;16
5.2.1;2.1. Early Perspectives on Xerophthalmia;17
5.2.2;2.2. Characterization of Vitamin A;19
5.2.3;2.3. Vitamin A Deficiency and Increased Mortality in Children: Lessons From Denmark;20
5.2.4;2.4. Ellison’s Landmark Trial and Other Therapeutic Trials of Vitamin A, the “ Anti- Infective” Vitamin, 1920 – 1940;21
5.2.5;2.5. Public Health Measures to Improve Vitamin A Status in the United States and Europe;24
5.2.6;2.6. Vitamin A Deficiency, Infection, and Mortality in Developing Countries— A Recurring Theme;24
5.2.7;2.7. Initiation of National Programs of Vitamin A Supplementation in the Early 1970s;27
5.2.8;2.8. Further Investigations of the Relationship Between Vitamin A Deficiency and Child Mortality;28
5.3;3. BIOCHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM OF VITAMIN A 3.1. Structure and Characteristics of Vitamin A;29
5.3.1;3.1. Structure and Characteristics of Vitamin A;29
5.3.2;3.2. Dietary Sources and Metabolism of Vitamin A;29
5.3.3;3.3. Retinoic Acid Receptors and Gene Regulation;34
5.3.4;3.4. Dietary Requirements for Vitamin A;35
5.4;4. CLINICAL FEATURES;36
5.4.1;4.1. Xerophthalmia and Keratomalacia;36
5.4.2;4.2. Immune Suppression and Inflammation;49
5.4.3;4.3. Increased Infectious Disease Morbidity and Mortality;54
5.4.4;4.4. Growth Retardation;56
5.4.5;4.5. Anemia;57
5.4.6;4.6. Other;62
5.5;5. EPIDEMIOLOGY ;63
5.5.1;5.1. Prevalence and Incidence;63
5.5.2;5.2. Global Distribution;63
5.5.3;5.3. Risk Factors for Vitamin A Deficiency;72
5.6;6. DIAGNOSIS OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY;84
5.6.1;6.1. Clinical Diagnosis;84
5.6.2;6.2. Assessment of Vitamin A Status;85
5.7;7. TREATMENT OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY ;90
5.7.1;7.1. Vitamin A Capsules;90
5.7.2;7.2. Adjunct Treatments;91
5.8;8. PREVENTION OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY;91
5.8.1;8.1. Dietary Modification;91
5.8.2;8.2. Food Fortification;91
5.8.3;8.3. Control of Infectious Diseases;92
5.8.4;8.4. Breastfeeding Practices;92
5.8.5;8.5. Plant Breeding;92
5.8.6;8.6. Vitamin A Capsule Distribution;92
5.9;9. CONCLUSIONS;93
5.10;REFERENCES;93
6;2 Cataract;135
6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;135
6.2;2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND;135
6.3;3. EPIDEMIOLOGY ;135
6.3.1;3.1. Definitions;135
6.3.2;3.2. Grading of Lens Opacities;136
6.3.3;3.2. Prevalence and Incidence;136
6.3.4;3.3. Nutritional Risk Factors for Cataract;138
6.3.5;3.4. Other Risk Factors for Cataract;155
6.3.6;3.5. Cataract and Mortality;159
6.4;4. CLINCAL FEATURES;160
6.5;5. PATHOGENESIS OF CATARACT;160
6.5.1;5.1. Nuclear Cataract;162
6.5.2;5.2. Cortical Cataract;163
6.5.3;5.3. Posterior Subcapsular Cataract;164
6.6;5. TREATMENT OF CATARACT;164
6.7;6. PREVENTION OF CATARACT;164
6.8;7. CONCLUSIONS;168
6.9;REFERENCES;169
7;3 Age-Related Macular Degeneration;176
7.1;1. INTRODUCTION;176
7.2;2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND;176
7.3;3. EPIDEMIOLOGY ;177
7.3.1;3.1. Definitions;177
7.3.2;3.2. Incidence and Prevalence;177
7.3.3;3.3. Risk Factors;178
7.4;4. CLINICAL FEATURES;190
7.5;5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ;192
7.5.1;5.1. Pathological Features of Age-Related Macular Degeneration;192
7.5.2;5.2. Oxidative Stress;194
7.5.3;5.3. Carotenoids;197
7.5.4;5.4. Vitamin E;207
7.5.5;5.5. Zinc;215
7.6;6. DIAGNOSIS;215
7.7;7. TREATMENT;215
7.8;8. PREVENTION;215
7.9;9. CONCLUSIONS;216
7.10;REFERENCES;218
8;4 The Obesity Epidemic;231
8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;231
8.2;2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND;231
8.3;3. Patterns of the Nutrition Transition;232
8.4;4. DEFINITIONS;232
8.5;5. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE GLOBAL OBESITY EPIDEMIC ;233
8.5.1;5.1. Prevalence and Incidence in Adults;233
8.5.2;5.2. Prevalence and Incidence in Children;233
8.5.3;5.3. Regions of the World;234
8.6;6. PATHOGENESIS ;238
8.6.1;6.1. High Fat Intake;238
8.6.2;6.3. Television;238
8.6.3;6.4. Low Physical Activity;239
8.6.4;6.5. Poor Community Design;240
8.6.5;6.6. Childhood Obesity as a Predictor of Adult Obesity;241
8.7;7. IMPLICATIONS OF THE OBESITY EPIDEMIC FOR EYE HEALTH;241
8.7.1;7.1. The Obesity Epidemic and Diabetes Mellitus;241
8.7.2;7.2. The Changing Epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy;242
8.7.3;7.3. Economic Impact;242
8.7.4;7.4. Obesity and Other Eye Conditions;244
8.8;8. PREVENTION;245
8.8.1;8.1. Prevention in the Perinatal Period;245
8.8.2;8.2. Promotion of Breastfeeding;245
8.8.3;8.3. Reduction of Sedentary Behavior and Increased Physical Activity;245
8.8.4;8.4. Diet;247
8.9;9. CONCLUSION;248
8.10;REFERENCES;248
9;5 Nutrition and Diabetic Retinopathy;253
9.1;1. INTRODUCTION;253
9.2;2. EPIDEMIOLOGY ;253
9.2.1;2.1. Prevalence and Incidence;253
9.2.2;2.2. Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy;254
9.3;3. NUTRITION AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY ;256
9.3.1;3.1. Vitamin C;256
9.3.2;3.2. Vitamin E;256
9.3.3;3.3. Zinc;257
9.3.4;3.4. Healthy Dietary Pattern;257
9.4;4. CLINICAL FEATURES;258
9.5;5. PATHOGENESIS ;258
9.5.1;5.1. Diabetic Retinopathy;258
9.5.2;5.2. Systemic Diabetes Mellitus;262
9.6;6. TREATMENT;262
9.7;7. PREVENTION ;263
9.7.1;7.1. Prevention of Diabetic Retinopathy in Diabetics;263
9.7.2;7.2 Prevention of Diabetes in People at High Risk;263
9.8;8. CONCLUSIONS;264
9.9;REFERENCES;265
10;6 Retinal Vascular Disease;269
10.1;1. INTRODUCTION;269
10.2;2. HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA 2.1. Historical Background;269
10.2.1;2.1. Historical Background;269
10.2.2;2.2. Homocysteine Metabolism;269
10.2.3;2.3. Relationship Between Folate Status and Homocysteine;271
10.2.4;2.4. Relationship Between Vitamin B6 Status and Homocysteine;273
10.2.5;2.5. Relationship Between Vitamin B12 Status and Homocysteine;274
10.2.6;2.6. Epidemiology of Hyperhomocysteinemia;274
10.2.7;2.7. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Cardiovascular Disease;274
10.2.8;2.8. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Peripheral Vascular Disease;277
10.2.9;2.9. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Cerebrovascular Disease;277
10.2.10;2.10. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Retinal Vascular Disease;277
10.2.11;2.11. Prevention of Hyperhomocysteinemia;279
10.3;3. DISORDERS OF IRON METABOLISM;279
10.3.1;3.1. Iron Deficiency;279
10.3.2;3.2. Excess Iron Stores;282
10.4;4. ANOREXIA NERVOSA;284
10.5;5. HYPERLIPIDEMIAS AND LIPEMIA RETINALIS;284
10.5.1;5.1. Hyperlipidemias;284
10.5.2;5.2. Historical Background;285
10.5.3;5.3. Clinical Presentation;285
10.5.4;5.4. Laboratory Findings;286
10.5.5;5.5. Management of Hyperlipidemias;286
10.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;286
10.7;REFERENCES;287
11;7 Nutritional Amblyopia and B Complex Vitamin Deficiencies;293
11.1;1. INTRODUCTION;293
11.2;2. PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE;293
11.3;3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND;293
11.4;4. EPIDEMIOLOGY;294
11.5;5. CLINICAL FEATURES;294
11.6;6. PATHOGENESIS;295
11.6.1;6.1. Thiamin Deficiency;295
11.6.2;6.2. Niacin Deficiency;306
11.6.3;6.3. Folate Deficiency;314
11.6.4;6.4. Vitamin B12 Deficiency;318
11.6.5;6.5. So-Called “Tobacco-Alcohol Amblyopia”;323
11.6.6;6.6. Nutritional Amblyopia During Times of War;325
11.6.7;6.7. Case Study: The Cuban Neuropathy Epidemic;332
11.7;7. DIAGNOSIS OF NUTRITIONAL AMBLYOPIA;341
11.8;8. TREATMENT OF NUTRITIONAL AMBLYOPIA;342
11.9;9. RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY;342
11.9.1;9.1. Historical Background;342
11.9.2;9.2. Biochemistry of Riboflavin;343
11.9.3;9.3. Dietary Sources of Riboflavin;343
11.9.4;9.4. Absorption, Storage, and Metabolism of Riboflavin;344
11.9.5;9.5. Functions of Riboflavin;344
11.9.6;9.6. Requirements for Riboflavin;345
11.9.7;9.7. Epidemiology of Riboflavin Deficiency;345
11.9.8;9.8. Assessment of Riboflavin Deficiency;346
11.9.9;9.9. Clinical Manifestations of Riboflavin Deficiency;346
11.9.10;9.10. Treatment of Riboflavin Deficiency;350
11.10;10. CONCLUSIONS;350
11.11;REFERENCES;351
12;8 Zinc and Eye Health;367
12.1;1. INTRODUCTION;367
12.2;2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND;367
12.3;3. BIOCHEMISTRY OF ZINC;368
12.4;4. DIETARY SOURCES OF ZINC;368
12.5;5. ABSORPTION, METABOLISM, AND STORAGE OF ZINC;369
12.6;6. FUNCTIONS OF ZINC;370
12.7;7. REQUIREMENTS FOR ZINC;373
12.8;8. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ZINC DEFICIENCY;373
12.9;9. ASSESSMENT OF ZINC DEFICIENCY;373
12.10;10. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ZINC DEFICIENCY ;374
12.10.1;10.1. General Clinical Manifestations;374
12.10.2;10.2. Ocular Findings in Acrodermatitis Enteropathica;374
12.10.3;10.3. Acquired Zinc Deficiency;375
12.10.4;10.4. Zinc Deficiency and Impaired Dark Adaptation;376
12.11;11. TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF ZINC DEFICIENCY;376
12.12;12. CONCLUSIONS;376
12.13;REFERENCES;377
13;9 Vitamin C and Eye Health;383
13.1;1. INTRODUCTION;383
13.2;2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND;383
13.3;3. BIOCHEMISTRY OF VITAMIN C;384
13.4;4. DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN C;384
13.5;5. ABSORPTION, STORAGE, AND METABOLISM OF VITAMIN C;384
13.6;6. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN C;385
13.7;7. REQUIREMENT FOR VITAMIN C;386
13.8;8. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY;386
13.9;9. ASSESSMENT OF VITAMIN C STATUS;387
13.10;10. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY ;388
13.10.1;10.1. General Systemic Manifestations of Scurvy;388
13.10.2;10.2. Ophthalmological Findings During Scurvy;388
13.10.3;10.3. Vitamin C and Corneal Wound Healing;390
13.10.4;10.4. Vitamin C and Cataracts;392
13.10.5;10.5. Vitamin C and the Retina;394
13.10.6;10.6. Vitamin C in Human Tears;395
13.11;11. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF MARGINAL VITAMIN C STATUS AND DEFICIENCY;395
13.12;12. CONCLUSIONS;396
13.13;REFERENCES;396
14;10 The Age-Related Proinflammatory State and Eye Disease;403
14.1;1. INTRODUCTION;403
14.2;2. BIOMARKERS IN THE PROINFLAMMATORY STATE;403
14.2.1;2.1. Interleukin-1;404
14.2.2;2.2. Tumor Necrosis Factor-;404
14.2.3;2.3. Interleukin-6;404
14.2.4;2.4. Interleukin-18;405
14.2.5;2.5. C-Reactive Protein;405
14.2.6;2.6. Fibrinogen;406
14.2.7;2.7. Transforming Growth Factor-ß1;406
14.2.8;2.8. IL-1 Receptor Antagonist;406
14.2.9;2.9. Interleukin-10;407
14.3;3. THE CYTOKINE NETWORK IN THE PROINFLAMMATORY STATE;407
14.4;4. UPREGULATION OF THE PROINFLAMMATORY STATE;407
14.5;5. ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE MECHANISMS;410
14.5.1;5.1. Antioxidant Enzymes;410
14.5.2;5.2. Carotenoids;410
14.5.3;5.3. Vitamin E;411
14.5.4;5.4. Selenium;411
14.5.5;5.5. Ascorbate;411
14.5.6;5.6. Plant Polyphenols;411
14.6;6. ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTS VS A HEALTHY DIET;412
14.7;7. ROLE OF REDOX SIGNALING IN THE EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES;413
14.8;8. CONCLUSIONS;417
14.9;REFERENCES;417
15;11 Essential Fatty Acids and Visual Development in Infants;427
15.1;1. INTRODUCTION;427
15.2;2. PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE;427
15.3;3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND;428
15.4;4. BIOCHEMISTRY OF FATTY ACIDS;429
15.5;5. ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS;429
15.6;6. DIETARY SOURCES OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS;432
15.7;7. ASSESSMENT OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID STATUS;433
15.8;8. DIETARY REQUIREMENTS FOR ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS;434
15.9;9. OVERVIEW OF INFANT VISUAL DEVELOPMENT;435
15.10;10. ROLE OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS IN RETINAL FUNCTION ;435
15.10.1;10.1. Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Retina;435
15.10.2;10.2. Animal Studies of DHA Depletion and Retinal Function;436
15.10.3;10.3. Potential Functions for DHA in the Retina;437
15.11;11. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS IN VISUAL DEVELOPMENT OF INFANTS ;438
15.11.1;11.1. Methods Used for Assessing Visual Development of Infants;438
15.11.2;11.2. Observational Studies;439
15.11.3;11.3. Clinical Trials in Preterm Infants;441
15.11.4;11.4. Clinical Trials in Term Infants;443
15.11.5;11.5. Implications of the Clinical Trials;446
15.12;12. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS;448
15.13;REFERENCES;448
16;12 Inborn Errors of Metabolism;454
16.1;1. INTRODUCTION;454
16.2;2. ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA (BASSEN-KORNZWEIG SYNDROME) ;454
16.2.1;2.1. Historical Background;454
16.2.2;2.2. Clinical Features;455
16.2.3;2.3. Metabolic Aspects;456
16.2.4;2.4. Nutritional Approaches to the Treatment of Abetalipoproteinemia;457
16.2.5;2.5. Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia;458
16.3;3. GYRATE ATROPHY 3.1. Clinical Features;458
16.3.1;3.1. Clinical Features;458
16.3.2;3.2. Metabolic Aspects;459
16.3.3;3.3. Experimental Animal Studies;460
16.3.4;3.4. Nutritional Approaches to the Treatment of Gyrate Atrophy;461
16.4;4. REFSUM DISEASE ;462
16.4.1;4.1. Clinical Features;462
16.4.2;4.2. Metabolic Aspects;463
16.4.3;4.3. Nutritional Approaches to the Treatment of Refsum Disease;465
16.5;5. GALACTOSEMIA ;465
16.5.1;5.1. Clinical Features;465
16.5.2;5.2. Metabolic Aspects;465
16.5.3;5.3. Nutritional Approaches to the Treatment of Galactosemia;466
16.6;6. OCULOCUTANEOUS TYROSINEMIA ( TYROSINEMIA TYPE II, RICHNER- HANHART SYNDROME);468
16.6.1;6.1. Clinical Features;468
16.6.2;6.2. Metabolic Aspects;468
16.6.3;6.3. Nutritional Approaches to the Treatment of Oculocutaneous Tyrosinemia;469
16.7;7. X-LINKED ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY ;469
16.7.1;7.1. Clinical Features;469
16.7.2;7.2. Metabolic Aspects;470
16.7.3;7.3. Nutritional Approaches to the Treatment of Adrenoleukodystrophy;471
16.8;8. HOMOCYSTINURIA (CYSTATHIONINE ß-SYNTHETASE DEFICIENCY);471
16.8.1;8.1. Clinical Features;471
16.8.2;8.2. Metabolic Aspects;472
16.8.3;8.3. Nutritional Approaches to the Treatment of Homocystinuria;473
16.9;9. WILSON DISEASE (HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION) ;475
16.9.1;9.1. Clinical Features;475
16.9.2;9.2. Metabolic Aspects;476
16.9.3;9.3. Nutritional Approaches to the Treatment of Wilson Disease;478
16.10;10. MENKES DISEASE;478
16.11;11. SORSBY FUNDUS DYSTROPHY ;479
16.11.1;11.1. Clinical Features;479
16.11.2;11.2. Genetic and Metabolic Aspects;479
16.11.3;11.3. Treatment of Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy With Vitamin A;480
16.12;12. RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA ;480
16.12.1;12.1. Clinical Features;480
16.12.2;12.2. Metabolic Aspects;480
16.12.3;12.3. Nutritional Intervention for Retinitis Pigmentosa;480
16.13;13. MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE;481
16.14;14. MOLYBDENUM COFACTOR DEFICIENCY AND ISOLATED SULFITE OXIDASE DEFICIENCY;481
16.15;15. OTHER;482
16.16;16. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS;482
16.17;REFERENCES;482
17;Index;495