Sessions Forest Road Operations in the Tropics

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-3-540-46393-1
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 170 Seiten

Forest road operations include all the activities to plan, design, construct, and maintain the infrastructure needed to move forest products from the ro- side to the mill or port destination. Poor road management can jeopardize the economics of the forestry enterprise and can impact water quality and wildlife habitat. Sustainable forest management is concerned with management of the tra- portation infrastructure in such a way that efficient transportation is provided while controlling adverse environmental impacts. Much of the direct impact of forest roads can be reduced through proper planning and control of road location, design, construction, and maintenance using principles, systems, and techniques common to temperate forests. However, many areas of the tropics pose unique operating conditions: p- longed wet periods, high-intensity precipitation, swamps, and lack of rock for suitable road surfacing. The purpose of this book is to bring together information on road planning, location, design, construction, and maintenance to support environmentally acceptable operations in tropical forests. It highlights the challenges of road operations in the tropics, includes techniques that have been shown to be successful, and discusses newer technologies. It is intended as a reference book for the forest engineer and others interested in the planning and management of tropical forests. Numerical examples, where appropriate, are included to provide clarity for interpreting graphs, procedures, and formulas. The book is divided into 11 chapters which cover the various facets of road management from design objectives through practices to control environm- tal impacts.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sessions, John

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;List of Authors;13
4;Forest Roads in the Tropics;14
4.1;What Are the Issues?;14
4.2;Overview of the Tropics;16
4.3;Road Building Challenges in the Tropics;18
4.4;Traffic Characteristics;18
4.5;Design Vehicle;19
4.6;Design Objectives;20
4.7;Direct Environmental Impacts;20
4.8;Best Management Practices;21
5;Road Standards;22
5.1;Basic Terminology;22
5.2;Forest Road Classification;23
5.3;Geometric Design Specifications;24
5.4;Cut and Fill Slope Design;35
5.5;Cross Slope;36
5.6;Terrain Truck Roads;36
6;Economic Basis for Forest Road Construction;37
6.1;Determination of Truck Costs;37
6.2;Truck Travel Times;39
6.3;Determination of Road Construction and Maintenance Costs;39
6.4;Selection of Road Spacing;46
6.5;Selection of Most Economical Road Standard;51
6.6;Seasonal Timing of Transport;55
6.7;Variable Tire Inflation;55
7;Route Selection;58
7.1;Examination of Documents;58
7.2;Preliminary Alignment;61
7.3;Special Reconnaissance on the Ground;70
7.4;Selection of the Final Alignment;72
7.5;Staking out the Alignment on the Ground;73
8;Road Building Materials;84
8.1;General Road Structure;84
8.2;Aggregate Surface Design;88
8.3;Locating Road Building Materials;90
8.4;Improving Local Materials;91
8.5;Gravel Recycling;92
9;Forest Road Construction;94
9.1;Clearing and Grubbing;94
9.2;Earthwork;96
9.3;Surfacing;102
9.4;Drainage;103
10;Crossing Swamps and Wetspots;118
10.1;Buried Corduroy;118
10.2;Surface Corduroy;120
10.3;Plank Roads;120
10.4;Geotextiles;120
11;Stream Crossings;122
11.1;Stream Flow;122
11.2;Culverts;123
11.3;Low Water Crossings;124
11.4;Permanent Bridges;127
11.5;Portable Bridges;134
12;Forest Road Maintenance;135
12.1;Ditch and Culvert Maintenance;136
12.2;Restoring Camber;137
12.3;Washboarding;138
12.4;Wheel Ruts;139
12.5;Mudholes;139
12.6;Dust Abatement;140
12.7;Cut and Fill Slopes;140
12.8;Gullies;141
12.9;Bridges;142
12.10;Control of Truck Transport;143
12.11;Supervision and Control of Maintenance;143
12.12;Maintenance Frequency;144
13;Road Equipment and Machinery;148
13.1;Considerations in Selection;148
13.2;Types of Equipment;150
14;Environmental Protection;151
14.1;Design;151
14.2;Construction;152
14.3;Bridges and Culverts;153
14.4;Road Maintenance;154
15;Concluding Comments;155
16;Appendix: Forest Road Measurements in the Tropics;156
16.1;A.1 Analog Location Measurement Tools;157
16.2;A.2 Digital Location Measurement Tools;159
16.3;A.3 Soil Measurement Tools;165
17;References;167
18;Further Reading;169
19;Index;171