Shah Emerging Environmental Technologies, Volume II

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-3352-9
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 247 Seiten

Within the span of last couple of years, the increasing human interference with v- ious natural ecosystems and higher discharge of pollutants has presented numerous challenges to the society related to preserving the nature for a better tomorrow. The challenges also mount pressure on the scienti?c community to invent technologies that would provide solutions to the problems that are man made and also decrease the negative consequences that we are facing because of our own actions. This edited book attempts to present eight technological innovations that have shown potential to provide answers to a few challenges. Like the previous collection, the described innovations in the current volume also cover a range of areas including water and soil pollution, bio-sensors and energy. However, it is to be realized that no combination of technology can be enough to make a sizeable difference. As I said in my last collection, technological advances have to be integrated with a change in social behavior. The philosophy of sustainable development has to be the principle of future planning and growth. In this collection, I am pleased to include an article on noise pollution. Noise is a pollutant of our own behavior and can only be solved by a behavioral change. The change that is either voluntary or enforced by laws. As an environmental scientist noise is not normally a pollutant that would come in mind as a leading pollutant.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Shah, Vishal

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Emerging Environmental Technologies;1
2;Preface;4
3;Contents;5
4;Contributors;6
5;1 Immobilization of Uranium in Groundwater Using Biofilms;9
5.1;1.1 Introduction;10
5.2;1.2 Remediation Technologies;11
5.2.1;1.2.1 Physical and Chemical Remediation of Uranium;12
5.2.2;1.2.2 Bioremediation of Uranium;13
5.2.2.1;1.2.2.1 Uranium Bioimmobilization Mechanisms;13
5.2.2.2;1.2.2.2 Bioremediation Principles: From the Laboratory to the Field;19
5.2.2.3;1.2.2.3 Redox, Abiotic and Biotic Reactions;20
5.3;1.3 Biofilms Immobilizing Uranium;23
5.3.1;1.3.1 Definition of Biofilms;23
5.3.2;1.3.2 Uranium Immobilization Mechanisms Using Sulfate-Reducing Biofilms;24
5.3.3;1.3.3 Uranium Immobilization Mechanisms Using DIRB Biofilms;25
5.3.4;1.3.4 Biofilm Reactors for Studying Uranium Immobilization;26
5.3.4.1;1.3.4.1 Flat Plate Reactor;26
5.3.4.2;1.3.4.2 Fixed Bed Column Reactor;27
5.3.5;1.3.5 Uranium Immobilization Using Biofilms Grown on Various Surfaces;29
5.3.5.1;1.3.5.1 Biofilms Grown on Redox-Insensitive Surfaces;29
5.4;1.4 Conclusion;36
5.5;References;37
6;2 Encapsulation of Potassium Permanganate Oxidant in Biodegradable Polymers to Develop a Novel Form of Controlled-Release Remediation;46
6.1;2.1 Introduction;46
6.2;2.2 Controlled Release Chemical Oxidation and Literature Review;48
6.3;2.3 Experimental Discussion;51
6.3.1;2.3.1 Materials;52
6.3.2;2.3.2 Stability of KMnO4 ;53
6.3.3;2.3.3 Release Studies for Encapsulated KMnO4 ;53
6.3.3.1;2.3.3.1 Replacement Media Study;55
6.3.3.2;2.3.3.2 Continuous Release Study;55
6.3.4;2.3.4 Reaction with Trichloroethylene;58
6.3.5;2.3.5 Potential Challenges for CRBP KMnO4 Remediation ;58
6.4;2.4 Future Considerations and Conclusion;59
6.5;References;60
7;3 Decontaminating Heavy Metals from Water Using Photosynthetic Microbes;63
7.1;3.1 Introduction;63
7.2;3.2 Membrane Transport of Heavy Metals;65
7.3;3.3 Uptake and Assimilation of Sulfate;65
7.4;3.4 Metallothioneins;66
7.4.1;3.4.1 Class II Metallothioneins;67
7.4.2;3.4.2 Class III Metallothioneins;68
7.4.3;3.4.3 Labile and Non-labile Phases of Metals;68
7.4.4;3.4.4 Sequestration and Compartmentalization of Phytochelatins;69
7.4.5;3.4.5 Cellular Exportation of Phytochelatins;69
7.5;3.5 Toxicity of Heavy Metals;70
7.6;3.6 Genetic Transformation Studies;70
7.7;3.7 Metal Sulfide Biotransformation;71
7.7.1;3.7.1 Anaerobic Metal-Sulfide Production;71
7.7.2;3.7.2 Aerobic Metal-Sulfide Biotransformation;71
7.8;3.8 Metal Bioremediation;72
7.8.1;3.8.1 Packed-Bed Bioreactor;73
7.8.2;3.8.2 Other Metal Bioremediation Systems;73
7.8.3;3.8.3 Potential Aerobic Metal-Sulfide Bioremediation;74
7.9;3.9 Future Considerations;75
7.10; References ;75
8;4 Noise: The Invisible Pollutant that Cannot Be Ignored;80
8.1;4.1 Introduction;80
8.2;4.2 Defining Sound and Noise;81
8.3;4.3 Effects of Noise on Hearing;82
8.4;4.4 Noise and Annoyance;84
8.5;4.5 Effects of Noise on Physical Health and Well-Being;86
8.6;4.6 Effects of Noise on Childrens Language, Cognition and Learning;88
8.7;4.7 Noise and Sleep;89
8.8;4.8 Mental and Social Effects of Noise;90
8.9;4.9 Lessening the Noise: Legislation, Technology, and Education;91
8.9.1;4.9.1 The Role of Legislation in Noise Mitigation;91
8.9.2;4.9.2 The Role of Technology in Noise Mitigation;93
8.9.2.1;4.9.2.1 Noise Mitigation at the Source;93
8.9.2.2;4.9.2.2 Noise Mitigation Along the Path of Transmission;95
8.9.2.3;4.9.2.3 Noise Mitigation at the Receiver;95
8.10;4.10 Education;96
8.11;4.11 Concluding Comments;97
8.12;References;98
9;5 Energy Production from Food Industry Wastewaters Using Bioelectrochemical Cells;102
9.1;5.1 Introduction;103
9.2;5.2 Materials and Methods;105
9.2.1;5.2.1 Calculations to Determine Electricity Production Potential;105
9.2.2;5.2.2 Calculations to Determine Hydrogen Production Potential;107
9.2.3;5.2.3 MFC Application in a Dairy Industry -- an Experimental Study;107
9.2.4;5.2.4 Wastewater Collection and Use;108
9.2.5;5.2.5 Electrical and Analytical Measurements;108
9.3;5.3 Results and Discussion;109
9.3.1;5.3.1 Electricity Production Potential from Food Industry Wastewaters;109
9.3.2;5.3.2 Hydrogen Production Potential From Food Industry Wastewaters;109
9.3.3;5.3.3 Electricity Production from Dairy Wastewater;109
9.3.4;5.3.4 Complex Organic Matter in Dairy Processing Wastewater;111
9.3.5;5.3.5 Assessment of MFC/MEC Application for Food Industry Wastewater Treatment;111
9.3.5.1;5.3.5.1 Deriving Energy from Complex Organic Matter;111
9.3.5.2;5.3.5.2 Potential for Enabling Higher Power Densities and Practical Applications;113
9.3.5.3;5.3.5.3 Potential for Water Reuse and Recycle;114
9.4;5.4 Conclusions;115
9.5;References;116
10;6 Needle-Type Multi-Analyte MEMS Sensor Arrays for In Situ Measurements in Biofilms;119
10.1;6.1 Introduction;120
10.1.1;6.1.1 Industrial Applications of Biofilms;122
10.1.2;6.1.2 Biofilms in Environmental Systems;122
10.2;6.2 Needle-Type Microelectrode Array (MEA) Sensor;123
10.2.1;6.2.1 Overview and Rationale;123
10.2.2;6.2.2 MEA Fabrication;126
10.2.3;6.2.3 ORP MEA Sensor;131
10.2.4;6.2.4 DO MEA Sensor;133
10.3;6.3 Phosphate MEA Sensor;135
10.3.1;6.3.1 DO and ORP Microprofile Measurements in Biofilms ;139
10.3.2;6.3.2 Phosphate Microprofile Measurements in Biofilms ;142
10.4;6.4 Conclusions;144
10.5;References;145
11;7 Fundamentals and Applications of Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation for Contaminant Removal;150
11.1;7.1 Introduction;150
11.2;7.2 Cell Entrapment;151
11.2.1;7.2.1 General Principles of Cell Entrapment;152
11.2.2;7.2.2 Widely Used Cell Entrapment Matrices and Procedures;154
11.2.2.1;7.2.2.1 Calcium Alginate;154
11.2.2.2;7.2.2.2 Carrageenan;156
11.2.2.3;7.2.2.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol;157
11.2.2.4;7.2.2.4 Cellulose Triacetate;159
11.2.3;7.2.3 Advantages and Drawbacks of Entrapped Cells;159
11.3;7.3 Applications of Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation;160
11.3.1;7.3.1 Wastewater Treatment;160
11.3.1.1;7.3.1.1 Calcium Alginate Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation;160
11.3.1.2;7.3.1.2 Carrageenan Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation;163
11.3.1.3;7.3.1.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation;164
11.3.1.4;7.3.1.4 Cellulose Triacetate Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation;165
11.3.2;7.3.2 Site Remediation;166
11.3.2.1;7.3.2.1 Calcium Alginate Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation;166
11.3.2.2;7.3.2.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation;166
11.3.2.3;7.3.2.3 Carragenan and Cellulose Triacetate Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation;167
11.4;7.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;168
11.5;References;169
12;8 Biofuels for Transport: Prospects and Challenges;173
12.1;8.1 Introduction;173
12.2;8.2 Biofuels: Processes and Technologies;176
12.2.1;8.2.1 First Generation Biofuels;176
12.2.1.1;8.2.1.1 Biofuels Produced by Chemical Conversion;176
12.2.1.2;8.2.1.2 Biofuels Produced by Biological Conversion;179
12.2.2;8.2.2 Second Generation Biofuels;181
12.2.2.1;8.2.2.1 Biofuels Prepared by Chemical Conversion;182
12.2.2.2;8.2.2.2 Biofuels Produced by Thermo-(Chemical) Conversion;184
12.2.2.3;8.2.2.3 Biofuels Produced by Biological Conversion;189
12.3;8.3 Engine Performance of Biofuels;191
12.3.1;8.3.1 Diesel Engines Performance Using Biodiesel;191
12.3.1.1;8.3.1.1 Effect of Biodiesel on Engine Performance Properties;192
12.3.1.2;8.3.1.2 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions Using Biodiesel;194
12.3.2;8.3.2 Spark Ignition Engines Performance Using Bioethanol;195
12.3.2.1;8.3.2.1 Effect of Bioethanol on Diesel Engines Performance Properties;196
12.3.2.2;8.3.2.2 Effect of Bioethanol on Spark Ignition Engines Performance Properties;197
12.3.2.3;8.3.2.3 Engine Exhaust Emissions Using Bioethanol;198
12.3.3;8.3.3 Effect of Ethers as Biofuels in Spark Ignition Engine Performance Properties;199
12.4;8.4 Future Prospects and Challenges;199
12.4.1;8.4.1 Future Prospects: 1st Vs 2nd Generation Biofuels;199
12.4.1.1;8.4.1.1 Second Generation Biodiesel;200
12.4.1.2;8.4.1.2 Second Generation Bioalcohols;201
12.4.1.3;8.4.1.3 Biogas;202
12.4.1.4;8.4.1.4 Biohydrogen;202
12.4.1.5;8.4.1.5 Bio-SNG;202
12.4.1.6;8.4.1.6 Synthetic Biofuels;203
12.5;8.5 Conclusions;203
12.6;References;204
13;9 Floating Vegetated Mats for Improving Surface Water Quality;213
13.1;9.1 Introduction;214
13.1.1;9.1.1 Nitrogen;214
13.1.2;9.1.2 Phosphorus;215
13.1.3;9.1.3 Wastewater Lagoons;215
13.2;9.2 Methods of Addressing Water and Wastewater Concerns;216
13.2.1;9.2.1 Land Application;216
13.2.2;9.2.2 Constructed Wetlands;217
13.2.3;9.2.3 Hydroponics;219
13.3;9.3 Floating Vegetated Mats;221
13.3.1;9.3.1 Concept;221
13.3.2;9.3.2 Water Improvement Processes;222
13.3.3;9.3.3 Requirements for Successful Use of Floating Vegetated Mats;222
13.3.4;9.3.4 Small Scale Study Using Secondary Stage Swine Lagoon Wastewater;223
13.3.5;9.3.5 Floating Vegetated Mat Study on a Single Anaerobic Wastewater Lagoon at a Commercial Hog Farm;231
13.3.6;9.3.6 New Research;237
13.3.7;9.3.7 Research Needs;238
13.4;9.4 Conclusions;240
13.5;References;241
14;Index;247