Shahnia / Rajakaruna / Ghosh Static Compensators (STATCOMs) in Power Systems

2015
ISBN: 978-981-287-281-4
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 741 Seiten

Reihe: Power Systems

A static compensator (STATCOM), also known as static synchronous compensator, is a member of the flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices. It is a power-electronics based regulating device which is composed of a voltage source converter (VSC) and is shunt-connected to alternating current electricity transmission and distribution networks. The voltage source is created from a DC capacitor and the STATCOM can exchange reactive power with the network. It can also supply some active power to the network, if a DC source of power is connected across the capacitor. A STATCOM is usually installed in the electric networks with poor power factor or poor voltage regulation to improve these problems. In addition, it is used to improve the voltage stability of a network.This book covers STATCOMs from different aspects. Different converter topologies, output filters and modulation techniques utilized within STATCOMs are reviewed. Mathematical modeling of STATCOM is presented in detail and different STATCOM control strategies and algorithms are discussed. Modified load flow calculations for a power system in the presence of STATCOMs are presented. Several applications of STATCOMs in transmission and distribution networks are discussed in different examples and optimization techniques for defining the optimal location and ratings of the STATCOMs in power systems are reviewed. Finally, the performance of the network protection scheme in the presence of STATCOMs is described. This book will be an excellent resource for postgraduate students and researchers interested in grasping the knowledge on STATCOMs.

Dr. Farhad Shahnia received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. He is currently a Lecturer in Curtin University, Perth, Australia. His professional experience includes three years at Research Office-Eastern Azerbaijan Electric Power Distribution Company, Tabriz, Iran. Prior to joining Curtin University, he was a research fellow in Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. He has published 5 book chapters, 8 journal papers and 55 conference papers.Dr. Sumedha Rajakaruna received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He was a Lecturer at University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka until 2000 and then an Assistant Professor at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore until 2007. Since 2007, he is at Curtin University, Perth, Australia. He is the founding Director and Lead Designer of Green Electric Energy Park at Curtin University, a state of the art renewable energy laboratory built at the cost of over $1.2 million in 2012. He is the supervisor of more than 10 PhD graduates and has published 2 book chapters and over 40 research articles.Dr. Arindam Ghosh received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from University of Calgary, Canada in 1983. Currently, he is a Professor of Power Engineering at Curtin University, Perth, Australia. Prior to joining the Curtin in 2013, he was with Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia from 2006 to 2012 and with the Department of Electrical Engineering at IIT Kanpur, India, for 21 years. He is a fellow of INAE and IEEE. He has published 1 book, 6 book chapters and more than 350 papers in international conferences and journals.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Shahnia, Farhad

Rajakaruna, Sumedha

Ghosh, Arindam

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;9
3;About the Editors;12
4;Reviewers;13
5;Abbreviations;14
6;1 Converter and Output Filter Topologies for STATCOMs;19
6.1;Abstract;19
6.2;1.1 Introduction;20
6.3;1.2 Multi-pulse Converters;23
6.3.1;1.2.1 Six-Pulse Converter;23
6.3.2;1.2.2 12-Pulse Converter;26
6.3.3;1.2.3 24-Pulse Converter;28
6.3.4;1.2.4 48-Pulse Converter;29
6.4;1.3 Multilevel Converters;31
6.4.1;1.3.1 Diode Clamped MLC;32
6.4.2;1.3.2 Flying Capacitor MLC;33
6.4.3;1.3.3 Cascaded H-Bridge MLC;35
6.5;1.4 Filter Topologies;36
6.5.1;1.4.1 Passive Filters;37
6.5.1.1;1.4.1.1 L Filters;37
6.5.1.2;1.4.1.2 LC Filters;39
6.5.1.3;1.4.1.3 LCL Filters;41
6.5.2;1.4.2 Active Power Filters;42
6.6;1.5 Control Methods of STATCOM Converters;44
6.6.1;1.5.1 Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM);44
6.6.2;1.5.2 Space Vector PWM (SVM);46
6.6.3;1.5.3 Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM (SHE-PWM);47
6.6.4;1.5.4 Hysteresis Band PWM (HB-PWM);48
6.7;References;49
7;2 Multilevel Converter Topologies for STATCOMs;53
7.1;Abstract;53
7.2;2.1 Introduction;54
7.2.1;2.1.1 Multilevel Converters: Basic Concepts and Features;59
7.3;2.2 Monolithic Multilevel Converters;62
7.3.1;2.2.1 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Converter (DCMC);62
7.3.1.1;2.2.1.1 DCMC;63
7.3.1.2;2.2.1.2 Dual CSC Structure of DCMC;70
7.3.2;2.2.2 Flying Capacitor Multilevel (FCM) Converter;72
7.3.2.1;2.2.2.1 FCM VSC;72
7.3.2.2;2.2.2.2 Dual CSC Structure of FCMC;79
7.4;2.3 Modular Multilevel Converters;81
7.4.1;2.3.1 Chain-Link Multilevel Converters Based on Bipolar Cells;81
7.4.2;2.3.2 Modular Multilevel Converters Based on Half-Bridge Cells;88
7.4.2.1;2.3.2.1 Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) with DC Connection;88
7.4.2.2;2.3.2.2 Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) with AC Connection;90
7.4.3;2.3.3 Modular Current Source Converters (MCSC);92
7.4.3.1;2.3.3.1 Modular CSCs Using H-Bridge Cells;93
7.4.3.2;2.3.3.2 Modular CSCs Using Cells with Common DC Connection;94
7.4.3.3;2.3.3.3 Current Source M2LC with Half or Full-Bridge Cells;94
7.5;2.4 Future Trends in Multilevel Converter Topologies;96
7.6;References;98
8;3 Analysis and Implementation of an 84-Pulse STATCOM;101
8.1;Abstract;101
8.2;3.1 Introduction;102
8.3;3.2 84-Pulses STATCOM;104
8.3.1;3.2.1 Reinjection Configuration;104
8.3.2;3.2.2 Total Harmonic Distortion;106
8.3.3;3.2.3 STATCOM Arrangement;109
8.3.4;3.2.4 Phase-Locked-Loop;110
8.3.5;3.2.5 Firing Sequence;111
8.3.6;3.2.6 Seven-Level Generator;111
8.3.7;3.2.7 Angle Control Circuit;111
8.4;3.3 Control Strategy;113
8.4.1;3.3.1 Segmented PI Controller;113
8.4.2;3.3.2 Study Case;116
8.5;3.4 Experimental Results;117
8.5.1;3.4.1 VSC Based on Multi-pulse Strategy;118
8.5.2;3.4.2 STATCOM Synchronized to the Grid;119
8.5.3;3.4.3 STATCOM Based on Energy Storage and Capacitors on the DC-Link;120
8.5.3.1;3.4.3.1 Notching;121
8.5.3.2;3.4.3.2 Harmonics;121
8.5.4;3.4.4 STATCOM Reference Voltage Tracking Through a PI Controller;124
8.5.5;3.4.5 Load Imbalance;124
8.6;References;126
9;4 Mathematical Modeling and Control Algorithms of STATCOMs;129
9.1;Abstract;129
9.2;4.1 Introduction;129
9.3;4.2 STATCOM Mathematical Model;130
9.3.1;4.2.1 Three-Phase Mathematical Model;131
9.3.2;4.2.2 Mathematical Model in the alpha - beta Coordinate System;132
9.3.3;4.2.3 Mathematical Model in the d-q Coordinate System---Balanced Conditions;134
9.3.4;4.2.4 Mathematical Model in the d-q Coordinate System - Unbalanced Conditions;136
9.3.4.1;4.2.4.1 Harmonics Compensation Due to the Unbalanced Switching Function;138
9.4;4.3 STATCOM Control Algorithms;140
9.4.1;4.3.1 Frequency Domain: d-q Control Algorithm for Balanced Conditions;140
9.4.2;4.3.2 Frequency Domain: d-q Control Algorithm for Unbalanced Conditions;142
9.4.2.1;4.3.2.1 Control Algorithm Simulation;144
9.4.3;4.3.3 Time-Domain: Predictive Control Algorithms (PC);145
9.4.3.1;4.3.3.1 STATCOM Model---Discretization;147
9.4.3.2;4.3.3.2 Current, Voltage Predictions;149
9.4.3.3;4.3.3.3 TOCC---Time-Optimal Current Control;151
9.4.4;4.3.4 Resonant Controller;155
9.4.4.1;4.3.4.1 PR-Controller Transfer Function;156
9.4.4.2;4.3.4.2 Control Algorithm;158
9.4.4.3;4.3.4.3 DC-Bus Voltage Control;159
9.5;A.0. Appendix;160
9.6;References;162
10;5 STATCOM Control Strategies;164
10.1;Abstract;164
10.2;5.1 Introduction;165
10.3;5.2 Space Vector Model of a VSC Connected to the Grid;165
10.4;5.3 Power Delivered by the VSC to the Grid;168
10.5;5.4 Block Diagram of the Control System;170
10.5.1;5.4.1 Determination of the PI Regulator Constants;171
10.5.2;5.4.2 Space Vector Modulation;174
10.5.3;5.4.3 Synchronization with the Grid: PLL Algorithm;175
10.6;5.5 STATCOMs Operating as Nonlinear Current Source;176
10.6.1;5.5.1 Variable Switching Frequency Controllers with Two-Level and Multilevel Converters;179
10.6.2;5.5.2 Constant Switching Frequency Controllers;182
10.7;5.6 Advanced Functions of STATCOM Systems;182
10.7.1;5.6.1 Selective Harmonic Compensation;183
10.7.2;5.6.2 Active Power Filter;186
10.8;5.7 The Unbalanced Case;194
10.8.1;5.7.1 Grid Voltage Decomposition into Symmetrical Components;194
10.8.2;5.7.2 Calculation of the Power Delivered to the Electrical Grid;197
10.9;5.8 DC Voltage Determination;198
10.10;References;201
11;6 Robust Nonlinear Control of STATCOMs;204
11.1;Abstract;204
11.2;6.1 Introduction;205
11.3;6.2 STATCOM Mathematical Model;206
11.4;6.3 Feedback Linearization;210
11.4.1;6.3.1 Input--Output Feedback Linearization for Single-Input Single-Output Systems;210
11.4.2;6.3.2 Input--Output Linearization of STATCOM System;213
11.4.3;6.3.3 Input--Output Linearization with Damping Controller;215
11.4.4;6.3.4 Input--Output Linearization with Modified Damping Controller;217
11.4.5;6.3.5 Controllability and Observability Analysis for STATCOM System;220
11.4.6;6.3.6 Stability Analysis Based on Lyapunov Theorem;222
11.4.7;6.3.7 Performance of the Nonlinear Feedback Controller;224
11.5;6.4 Passivity-Based Control;226
11.5.1;6.4.1 Euler-Lagrange Formulation;227
11.5.2;6.4.2 Passivity-Based Controller for STATCOM;228
11.5.3;6.4.3 Additional Nonlinear Damping-Based PBC;230
11.5.4;6.4.4 Numerical Approximation of Desired Dynamics;231
11.5.5;6.4.5 Performance of the PBCND Method;232
11.6;6.5 Advanced Control Strategy;233
11.6.1;6.5.1 Dynamic Extension of STATCOM System;234
11.6.2;6.5.2 Desired Control Input;236
11.6.3;6.5.3 Port-Controlled Hamiltonian Method;237
11.6.4;6.5.4 Performance of PCH Method;238
11.7;References;239
12;7 Versatile Control of STATCOMs Using Multiple Reference Frames;241
12.1;Abstract;241
12.2;7.1 Introduction;242
12.3;7.2 Fundamentals of the Control of a STATCOM;244
12.3.1;7.2.1 Park's Transformation;244
12.3.2;7.2.2 Active and Reactive Power Control in a STATCOM;246
12.3.2.1;7.2.2.1 Decoupled Control of P and Q in a STATCOM;248
12.3.2.2;7.2.2.2 DC-Voltage Control;250
12.3.2.3;7.2.2.3 More Complex Connection Filters;252
12.4;7.3 Harmonic Control in a STATCOM;253
12.4.1;7.3.1 Selective Harmonic Control;255
12.4.2;7.3.2 Repetitive Control;256
12.4.3;7.3.3 Grid-Frequency Variations;258
12.5;7.4 Efficient Use of Multiple Reference Frames in STATCOM Control;259
12.5.1;7.4.1 Design and Stability Analysis;261
12.5.2;7.4.2 Description of a Case Study;264
12.5.3;7.4.3 Investigating the Computational Burden of the Proposed Algorithm;266
12.5.4;7.4.4 Experimental Results Using an EMRF Controller for a STATCOM;268
12.6;7.5 Voltage Support in Unbalanced Power Systems;272
12.6.1;7.5.1 Problem Description;272
12.6.2;7.5.2 Voltage Unbalance Compensation Using EMRF Controller;274
12.6.3;7.5.3 Experimental Results of Voltage Unbalance Compensation;275
12.7;References;276
13;8 Control of Multilevel STATCOMs;280
13.1;Abstract;280
13.2;8.1 Introduction;281
13.3;8.2 Multilevel STATCOMs Modeling;282
13.3.1;8.2.1 Cascade H-Bridge Topology;282
13.3.1.1;8.2.1.1 Steady State Analysis;284
13.3.2;8.2.2 Neutral Point Clamped Topology;288
13.3.2.1;8.2.2.1 Steady State Analysis;291
13.3.3;8.2.3 Multilevel Current Source Topology;294
13.3.3.1;8.2.3.1 Steady State Analysis;296
13.4;8.3 Control Requirements for Multilevel STATCOM Topologies;298
13.4.1;8.3.1 Cascade H-Bridge;300
13.4.2;8.3.2 Neutral Point Clamped;300
13.4.3;8.3.3 Multilevel Current Source Converter;301
13.5;8.4 Linear Control Strategies;302
13.5.1;8.4.1 p-q Theory Based Control;302
13.5.2;8.4.2 dq Frame Based Control;304
13.5.3;8.4.3 Power Distribution Strategies;306
13.5.3.1;8.4.3.1 Power Distribution Strategy for the dq Frame;307
13.5.3.2;8.4.3.2 Power Distribution Strategy for the abc Frame;308
13.6;8.5 Non-Linear Control Strategies;313
13.6.1;8.5.1 Input/Output Linearizing Control;313
13.6.2;8.5.2 Hysteresis Control;317
13.6.3;8.5.3 Predictive Control;318
13.7;References;324
14;9 Adaptive Observer for Capacitor Voltages in Multilevel STATCOMs;327
14.1;Abstract;327
14.2;9.1 Introduction;328
14.3;9.2 System Description and Modeling;328
14.3.1;9.2.1 Modeling of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converters;329
14.3.2;9.2.2 Modeling of Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter;331
14.4;9.3 Observer Design;333
14.4.1;9.3.1 Interconnected Observer for the Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter;336
14.4.2;9.3.2 Adaptive Interconnected Observer for a Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter;337
14.4.3;9.3.3 Extended Adaptive Interconnected Observer for a Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter;339
14.5;9.4 Simulation and Experimental Results;341
14.5.1;9.4.1 Validation of the Interconnected Observer Using Simulation Experiments;341
14.5.2;9.4.2 Validation of the Extended Adaptive Interconnected Observer for a Flying Capacitor Converter Using Experimental Data;343
14.6;References;350
15;10 Modeling and Control of STATCOMs;352
15.1;Abstract;352
15.2;10.1 Introduction;353
15.3;10.2 STATCOM Implementations and Models;354
15.3.1;10.2.1 Angle and Magnitude Controlled Converters;354
15.3.2;10.2.2 Current Controlled Converters;356
15.3.2.1;10.2.2.1 Active and Reactive Current Control;357
15.3.2.2;10.2.2.2 Resonant Controller;357
15.3.2.3;10.2.2.3 Unbalance Mitigation;358
15.4;10.3 STATCOM Control Requirements;358
15.4.1;10.3.1 Transmission Level Applications;359
15.4.1.1;10.3.1.1 Power Transfer Capability Enhancement;359
15.4.1.2;10.3.1.2 Transient (Angle) Stability Enhancement;359
15.4.1.3;10.3.1.3 Small Signal (Dynamic) Stability Enhancement;360
15.4.1.4;10.3.1.4 Voltage Stability;361
15.4.2;10.3.2 Distribution Level Applications;362
15.4.2.1;10.3.2.1 Similarities and Differences Compared with Transmission;362
15.4.2.2;10.3.2.2 Customer Site Location of STATCOMs;363
15.5;10.4 Distribution System Modeling for Instantaneous Control;364
15.5.1;10.4.1 Model Derivation;365
15.5.2;10.4.2 Application to Sub-cycle Control;367
15.5.3;10.4.3 Scalability to Large Systems;368
15.6;10.5 Sub-cycle Voltage Regulation;368
15.6.1;10.5.1 Non-minimum Phase Nature of the Voltage Regulation Problem;369
15.6.2;10.5.2 Linear Control Design;370
15.6.3;10.5.3 Non-linear Control Design;371
15.6.4;10.5.4 Controller Comparison via Simulation;372
15.6.5;10.5.5 STATCOM Control Design;373
15.6.6;10.5.6 Integrated System Performance;377
15.7;10.6 Conclusion;379
15.8;A.0. Appendix: Stability of the Zero Dynamics;380
15.9;References;381
16;11 Study of STATCOM in abc Framework;383
16.1;Abstract;383
16.2;11.1 Introduction;384
16.2.1;11.1.1 PV-Curves;386
16.2.2;11.1.2 Voltage Stability Margin;388
16.3;11.2 STATCOM at Steady State;390
16.4;11.3 Embedding a STATCOM into the Power Flow Formulation;392
16.5;11.4 Case Study;395
16.5.1;11.4.1 Analysis of the Reference Case;396
16.5.2;11.4.2 Analysis of Three-Phase Unbalanced Cases;399
16.5.3;11.4.3 Results;401
16.5.3.1;11.4.3.1 Single-Phase Analysis;401
16.5.3.2;11.4.3.2 Voltage Stability Margin Calculation;401
16.5.3.3;11.4.3.3 Modal Analysis;403
16.5.3.4;11.4.3.4 Unbalanced Three-Phase Cases;409
16.6;References;414
17;12 Modeling of STATCOM in Load Flow Formulation;416
17.1;Abstract;416
17.2;12.1 Introduction;417
17.3;12.2 Operation Principles and Equivalent Circuit of STATCOM;419
17.3.1;12.2.1 STATCOM;419
17.3.2;12.2.2 The Shunt Compensation Concept on STATCOM;420
17.3.3;12.2.3 STATCOM Equivalent Circuit;422
17.3.3.1;12.2.3.1 Power Equations;422
17.4;12.3 NR Load Flow Formulations;423
17.4.1;12.3.1 NR Current Injection Load Flow Formulation (Version-1);423
17.4.2;12.3.2 NR Current Injection Load Flow Formulation (Version-2);425
17.5;12.4 Recent NR Power-Current Injection Load Flow Formulation;426
17.5.1;12.4.1 Representation of PQ Buses;427
17.5.2;12.4.2 Improved Representation of PV Buses;430
17.5.3;12.4.3 Current Mismatches for PQ Buses;432
17.5.4;12.4.4 Power Mismatches for PV Buses;433
17.5.5;12.4.5 Bus Voltage Corrections;433
17.6;12.5 Developed STATCOM Model;434
17.7;12.6 Load Flow Solution Process with Developed STATCOM Model;437
17.8;12.7 Numerical Examples;437
17.8.1;12.7.1 IEEE 14 Bus Test System;437
17.8.2;12.7.2 Performance Characteristics;439
17.8.3;12.7.3 Robustness of the Developed STATCOM Model in Many IEEE Test Systems;439
17.8.4;12.7.4 Execution Time and Numbers of Iterations;441
17.9;A.0. Appendix;441
17.10;References;445
18;13 Optimal Placement and Sizing of STATCOM in Power Systems Using Heuristic Optimization Techniques;447
18.1;Abstract;447
18.2;13.1 Introduction;448
18.3;13.2 STATCOM Placement and Sizing Using Optimization Techniques;449
18.3.1;13.2.1 Evolution Strategies (ES);450
18.3.2;13.2.2 Genetic Algorithm (GA);450
18.3.3;13.2.3 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO);452
18.3.4;13.2.4 Harmony Search (HS) Algorithm;453
18.3.5;13.2.5 Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Techniques;454
18.3.6;13.2.6 Comparison of Various Heuristic Optimization Techniques;455
18.4;13.3 Optimal Placement and Sizing of STATCOM Using GHS Algorithm;456
18.4.1;13.3.1 STATCOM Modelling;456
18.4.2;13.3.2 Modal Analysis for Determining STATCOM Placement;458
18.4.3;13.3.3 Problem Formulation for Optimal Sizing of STATCOM;460
18.4.4;13.3.4 Global Harmony Search Algorithm;463
18.4.5;13.3.5 Application of GHS Algorithm for Optimal Placement and Sizing of STATCOM;467
18.4.6;13.3.6 Case Studies and Results;470
18.5;A.0. Appendix 1;474
18.6;A.0. Appendix 2;476
18.7;References;485
19;14 Optimal Placement of STATCOMs Against Short-Term Voltage Instability;487
19.1;Abstract;487
19.2;14.1 Introduction;488
19.3;14.2 Problem Descriptions;490
19.3.1;14.2.1 Basics of STATCOM;490
19.3.2;14.2.2 Load Modeling;492
19.3.3;14.2.3 Transient Voltage Severity Index;493
19.3.4;14.2.4 Risk-Based Criterion;494
19.3.5;14.2.5 Candidate Bus Selection;494
19.4;14.3 Mathematical Model;495
19.4.1;14.3.1 Objectives;495
19.4.2;14.3.2 Steady-State Constraints;496
19.4.2.1;14.3.2.1 Dynamic Constraints;496
19.5;14.4 Solution Method;497
19.5.1;14.4.1 Pareto Optimality;497
19.5.2;14.4.2 Decomposition-Based MOEA;498
19.5.2.1;14.4.2.1 Step (A) Initialization;499
19.5.2.2;14.4.2.2 Step (B) Updating;499
19.5.2.3;14.4.2.3 Step (C) Termination;499
19.5.3;14.4.3 Coding Rule;499
19.5.4;14.4.4 Computation Process;500
19.6;14.5 Numerical Results;501
19.6.1;14.5.1 Parameter Settings;502
19.6.2;14.5.2 Short-Term Voltage Stability Assessment;503
19.6.3;14.5.3 Candidate Bus Selection;505
19.6.4;14.5.4 STATCOM Placement Results;506
19.7;A.0. Appendix 1;509
19.8;A.0. Appendix 2;509
19.9;A.0. Appendix 3;511
19.10;References;512
20;15 STATCOM Application for Enhancement of Available Power Transfer Capability in Transmission Networks;514
20.1;Abstract;514
20.2;15.1 Introduction;515
20.3;15.2 Available Transfer Capability;516
20.4;15.3 Modeling of Power System Components;518
20.4.1;15.3.1 Generator Model;518
20.4.2;15.3.2 Excitation System;520
20.4.3;15.3.3 Network Equations;521
20.4.4;15.3.4 Load Model;522
20.4.5;15.3.5 STATCOM;523
20.5;15.4 Optimal Placement of STATCOM;525
20.5.1;15.4.1 Structure Preserving Energy Function;526
20.5.2;15.4.2 Computation of Energy Margin;529
20.5.3;15.4.3 Energy Margin Sensitivity;530
20.6;15.5 Evaluation of Dynamic ATC;530
20.7;15.6 Case Studies;535
20.8;References;539
21;16 STATCOM Application for Decentralized Secondary Voltage Control of Transmission Networks;540
21.1;Abstract;540
21.2;16.1 Introduction;541
21.3;16.2 Partitioning Based on Graph Theory;544
21.3.1;16.2.1 Spectral K-Way Partitioning;544
21.3.2;16.2.2 Case Study I (Graph Partitioning for IEEE 39-Bus);546
21.3.3;16.2.3 Case Study II (Graph Partitioning for IEEE 118-Bus);548
21.4;16.3 Location of STATCOM;551
21.5;16.4 Controller Design Using STATCOM;555
21.5.1;16.4.1 Partitioning Model Estimation;555
21.5.2;16.4.2 Decentralized Voltage Control Design by STATCOMs;558
21.5.3;16.4.3 Decentralized Voltage Control Design;560
21.6;References;564
22;17 Analysis and Damping of Subsynchronous Oscillations Using STATCOM;566
22.1;Abstract;566
22.2;17.1 Introduction;566
22.3;17.2 SSR Phenomenon;567
22.4;17.3 Modelling of Electomechanical System;569
22.4.1;17.3.1 Synchronous Generator;570
22.4.2;17.3.2 Modeling of Excitation Control System;572
22.4.3;17.3.3 Power System Stabilizer (PSS);573
22.4.4;17.3.4 Electrical Network;573
22.4.5;17.3.5 Turbine Generator Mechanical System;574
22.5;17.4 Analytical Tools for SSR Study;576
22.5.1;17.4.1 Damping Torque Analysis;577
22.5.2;17.4.2 Eigenvalue Analysis;580
22.5.3;17.4.3 Transient Simulation;580
22.6;17.5 A Case Study;581
22.6.1;17.5.1 Results of Damping Torque Analysis;582
22.6.2;17.5.2 Eigenvalue Analysis;582
22.6.3;17.5.3 Transient Simulation;584
22.7;17.6 Modelling of STATCOM;584
22.7.1;17.6.1 Modelling of a 2-Level Converter Based STATCOM;587
22.7.2;17.6.2 Equations in D-Q Reference Frame;588
22.8;17.7 Controller Structures for STATCOM;589
22.8.1;17.7.1 Type-2 Controller;589
22.9;17.8 Case Study with STATCOM;590
22.9.1;17.8.1 Damping Torque Analysis;591
22.9.2;17.8.2 Eigenvalue Analysis;592
22.9.3;17.8.3 Transient Simulation;593
22.10;17.9 Design of SubSynchronous Damping Controller (SSDC);595
22.11;17.10 Analysis with SSDC;596
22.11.1;17.10.1 Damping Torque Analysis with SSDC;596
22.11.2;17.10.2 Eigenvalue Analysis;597
22.11.3;17.10.3 Transient Simulation;598
22.12;A.0. Appendix;599
22.13;A.0. IEEE FBM;599
22.14;References;601
23;18 STATCOM Application for Mitigation of Subsynchronous Resonance in Wind Farms Connected to Series-Compensated Transmission Lines;603
23.1;Abstract;603
23.2;18.1 Introduction;604
23.2.1;18.1.1 SSR in Wind Farms;604
23.2.2;18.1.2 Subsynchronous Resonance;607
23.2.3;18.1.3 Subsynchronous Resonance Study Techniques;608
23.2.3.1;18.1.3.1 Frequency Scanning;608
23.2.3.2;18.1.3.2 Eigenvalue Analysis;608
23.2.3.3;18.1.3.3 Transient Torque Analysis;609
23.3;18.2 System Modelling;609
23.3.1;18.2.1 Wind Farm;610
23.3.1.1;18.2.1.1 Drive-Train System;610
23.3.1.2;18.2.1.2 Aggregation of Drive Train System;612
23.3.1.3;18.2.1.3 Induction Generator;613
23.3.1.4;18.2.1.4 Aggregation of Induction Generators;617
23.3.1.5;18.2.1.5 Shunt Capacitor at Generator Terminal;619
23.3.2;18.2.2 AC Network;619
23.3.3;18.2.3 Complete System Model;621
23.4;18.3 SSR Analysis;622
23.4.1;18.3.1 Small-Signal Stability Analysis;622
23.4.1.1;18.3.1.1 Eigenvalue Analysis;622
23.4.1.2;18.3.1.2 Participation Factor Analysis;627
23.4.2;18.3.2 Electromagnetic Transient Analysis;631
23.4.2.1;18.3.2.1 Steady State SSR;631
23.4.2.2;18.3.2.2 Transient SSR;634
23.5;18.4 SSR Mitigation Using STATCOM;640
23.5.1;18.4.1 Power Circuit Modeling;642
23.5.2;18.4.2 Steady State Performance of the STATCOM;645
23.5.3;18.4.3 Modeling of STATCOM Controller;645
23.5.3.1;18.4.3.1 Controller-I;646
23.5.3.2;18.4.3.2 Controller-II;647
23.5.4;18.4.4 Complete System Model;649
23.5.4.1;18.4.4.1 Complete System Model with Controller-I;649
23.5.4.2;18.4.4.2 Complete System Model with Controller-II;651
23.6;18.5 Small-signal Stability Analysis;651
23.7;18.6 Electromagnetic Transient Analysis;653
23.7.1;18.6.1 Steady State SSR;653
23.7.2;18.6.2 Transient SSR;656
23.7.2.1;18.6.2.1 Variation in Wind Farm Size;656
23.7.2.2;18.6.2.2 Variation in Wind Farm Output;660
23.8;18.7 Discussion;662
23.9;A.0. Appendix;663
23.10;References;664
24;19 STATCOM on the Mexican Power Systems: Two Case Studies;668
24.1;Abstract;668
24.2;19.1 Introduction;669
24.3;19.2 Mexican Electrical System Features;669
24.3.1;19.2.1 Electric Generation;670
24.3.2;19.2.2 The Mexican Network;671
24.3.3;19.2.3 Operating Conditions of the MES;672
24.4;19.3 Benefits of FACTS Devices;673
24.4.1;19.3.1 FACTS Applications in Mexico;674
24.5;19.4 STATCOM Projects;675
24.5.1;19.4.1 STATCOM Model Description;677
24.6;19.5 STATCOM Application in the MES;680
24.6.1;19.5.1 STATCOM Application in Northeast Region;681
24.6.1.1;19.5.1.1 Consideration of Various Values of the Coupling Transformer;684
24.6.2;19.5.2 STATCOM Application in the Southeast Region;687
24.6.2.1;19.5.2.1 Considerations of STATCOM Simulations;688
24.7;References;691
25;20 Stability Analysis of STATCOM in Distribution Networks;693
25.1;Abstract;693
25.2;20.1 Introduction;694
25.3;20.2 DSTATCOM;694
25.3.1;20.2.1 Simplified Representation of the DSTATCOM;697
25.3.1.1;20.2.1.1 Ideal Sources;697
25.3.1.2;20.2.1.2 Smooth Hysteresis Band Approach;697
25.3.2;20.2.2 DSTATCOM Operating in Current Control Mode;698
25.3.2.1;20.2.2.1 Compensation Algorithm and Control;699
25.3.2.2;20.2.2.2 Simplified DSTATCOM Model;700
25.3.2.3;20.2.2.3 Comparative Analysis of Models for the DSTATCOM in Current Mode;701
25.3.3;20.2.3 DSTATCOM Operating in Voltage Control Mode;702
25.3.3.1;20.2.3.1 Simplified DSTATCOM Model;703
25.3.3.2;20.2.3.2 Comparative Analysis of Models for the DSTATCOM in Voltage Control Mode;705
25.3.4;20.2.4 Comparison of the Simplified Modeling Approaches;706
25.3.4.1;20.2.4.1 DSTATCOM Operating in Current Mode;706
25.3.4.2;20.2.4.2 DSTATCOM Operating in Voltage Mode;708
25.4;20.3 Stability Analysis of Periodic Steady State Solutions;709
25.4.1;20.3.1 Stability Analysis of the DSTATCOM in Current Control Mode;710
25.4.1.1;20.3.1.1 Stability Regions in the Ls-Rs Plane;710
25.4.1.2;20.3.1.2 Stability Regions in the Gains Plane;711
25.4.1.3;20.3.1.3 DC Capacitor Impact on the Stability;713
25.4.1.4;20.3.1.4 AC Capacitor Impact on the Stability;713
25.4.2;20.3.2 Bifurcation Analysis for DSTATCOM in Voltage Control Mode;714
25.4.2.1;20.3.2.1 Stability Regions in the Rs -- Ls Plane;714
25.4.2.2;20.3.2.2 Stability Regions in the Gains Plane;715
25.4.2.3;20.3.2.3 DC Capacitor Impact on the Stability Region;718
25.4.2.4;20.3.2.4 AC Capacitor Filter Impact on the Stability Region;719
25.5;References;719
26;21 Network Protection Systems Considering the Presence of STATCOMs;721
26.1;Abstract;721
26.2;21.1 Introduction;721
26.3;21.2 The Power System;723
26.3.1;21.2.1 The STATCOM;723
26.4;21.3 Analytical Study of Impedance Seen by Distance Relay;726
26.5;21.4 The Simulation Results;728
26.5.1;21.4.1 Performance of IDMT Overcurrent Relay;728
26.5.2;21.4.2 Performance of Mho Relay;729
26.5.2.1;21.4.2.1 Performance During Balanced Fault;730
26.5.2.2;21.4.2.2 Performance During Unbalanced Fault;730
26.5.2.3;21.4.2.3 Performance of Mho relay with fault location;731
26.5.2.4;21.4.2.4 Performance During High Resistance Fault;733
26.5.2.5;21.4.2.5 Performance with fault location variation;734
26.5.3;21.4.3 Performance of Distance Relay with Quadrilateral Characteristic;734
26.5.3.1;21.4.3.1 Performance during unbalanced fault;735
26.5.3.2;21.4.3.2 Performance with variation in fault location;735
26.5.3.3;21.4.3.3 Performance with close-in fault and load angle variation;736
26.5.3.4;21.4.3.4 Performance with STATCOM located at the end of line I;737
26.6;21.5 The Adaptive Distance Relaying Scheme;738
26.7;A.0. Appendix 1;739
26.8;A.0. Appendix 2;740
26.8.1;A.0.0 System Data;740
26.8.2;A.0.0 STATCOM Specifications;741
26.9;References;741