Shryock The Methods and Materials of Demography

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8910-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 577 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Studies in Population

Like the original two-volume work, this work attempts to present a systematic and comprehensive exposition, with illustrations, of the methods used by technicians and research workers in dealing with demographic data. The book is concerned with how data on population are gathered, classified, and treated to produce tabulations and various summarizing measures that reveal the significant aspects of the composition and dynamics of populations. It sets forth the sources, limitations, underlying definitions, and bases of classification, as well as the techniques and methods that have been developed for summarizing and analyzing the data.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Shryock, Henry S.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;A Research Primer for the Social and Behavioral Sciences;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;14
6;Acknowledgments;16
7;Introduction;18
7.1;Appendix: Decision Trees;22
7.2;Notes;24
8;Chapter 1. Preliminaries;26
8.1;Introduction;26
8.2;Methods of Acquiring Knowledge;27
8.3;The Scientific Method;28
8.4;Classification of Research;35
8.5;Notes;38
8.6;Additional Reading;39
9;Chapter
2. Choosing the Research Problem and Stating the Problem-Question;42
9.1;The Importance of a Well-Chosen Problem;42
9.2;Sources of Problems;42
9.3;The Role of Curiosity;45
9.4;A Theoretical Basis for the Study;46
9.5;Originality;51
9.6;Amenability to Replication;51
9.7;Practical Aspects of Problem Formulation;52
9.8;Stating the Problem-Question:
Avoiding Common Errors in Formulation;59
9.9;A Research Plan;61
9.10;Appendix: Difficulties Nobody Mentions Because They Figure You Shouldn't Have To Be Told (Maybe You Don't!);63
9.11;Notes;65
9.12;Additional Reading;66
10;Chapter
3. The Background of the Problem: Review of the Litera;68
10.1;Introduction;68
10.2;Locating Reference Materials: Bibliographic;69
10.3;Reviewing and Abstracting;71
10.4;Locating Reference Materials: Other Researchers;73
10.5;Format: Notes and Bibliography;74
10.6;Recording and Storing Bibliographical Material;74
10.7;When to Stop;75
10.8;Common Errors;77
10.9;Outcome of the Background Search;77
10.10;Appendix: Research Indexes;78
10.11;Notes;78
10.12;Additional Reading;79
11;Chapter
4. Definitions and Major Research Hypotheses;80
11.1;Introduction: The Relationship between
Theory-Building and Hypothesis-Testing;80
11.2;Role of Definitions in Hypothesis Formulation;81
11.3;Selection of Variables and Identification of Their Role in the Hypothesis;84
11.4;The Hypothesis: What Is It?;86
11.5;Stating the Expected Relationships;88
11.6;Operationalizing Definitions and Hypotheses;90
11.7;The Logic of Hypothesis Testing;92
11.8;The Null Hypothesis;94
11.9;Level of Significance, Region of Rejection,and lype I or
a-Error;95
11.10;Type II or
ß-Error;96
11.11;One-Tailed versus Two-Tailed Tests
(Directional versus Nondirectional Effects);97
11.12;When Significance Tests Are Not Appropriate or Useful;99
11.13;A Final Word;100
11.14;Notes;100
11.15;Additional Reading;102
12;Chapter
5. Evaluating Method and Design;104
12.1;Introduction;104
12.2;Classification of Research;105
12.3;Control;108
12.4;Internal and External Validity;110
12.5;Control of Variance;112
12.6;Common Sources of Invalidity in Practice21;116
12.7;Notes;118
12.8;Additional Reading;119
13;Chapter
6. Research Types;120
13.1;Introduction;120
13.2;Nonexperimental Research Types: Historical;121
13.3;Nonexperimental Research Types: Descriptive;126
13.4;Experimental Research Types;136
13.5;Overlapping Research Types;142
13.6;Pilot Studies;144
13.7;Summary;145
13.8;Notes;145
13.9;Additional Reading;147
14;Chapter 7. Procedure: Measurement, Instrumentation, and Data Collection;150
14.1;Introduction;150
14.2;Measurement;150
14.3;Stevens' Classification of Scales;151
14.4;Other Ways to Classify Scales;154
14.5;Scales and Statistics;155
14.6;Instruments;157
14.7;Some Vocabulary35;168
14.8;Criteria for Evaluating Instruments;173
14.9;Problems of Developing Your Own Instrument;179
14.10;Notes;181
14.11;Additional Reading;183
15;Chapter
8. The Study Population: Sampling;186
15.1;Introduction;186
15.2;Sampling: Advantages and Disadvantages;189
15.3;Nonprobability Sample Types;189
15.4;Estimation Based on Probabilistic Sampling;191
15.5;Determining a Sampling Procedure: Initial Steps;192
15.6;Sampling Types;193
15.7;Determining Sample Size;198
15.8;Sampling Errors To Avoid;202
15.9;Sampling and Studying Human Populations;203
15.10;Sampling and External Validity: A Concluding Note;204
15.11;Notes;205
15.12;Additional Reading;206
16;Chapter
9. Role of Computer in Research;208
16.1;Computer Processing of Data;208
16.2;Some Basic Computer Terminology;209
16.3;Access to Computing Facilities;209
16.4;Who Processes Your Data?;211
16.5;Computer Costs;212
16.6;Timely Processing;212
16.7;Coding and Documentation;214
16.8;Computerizing Input Information;215
16.9;Verification of Input Information;216
16.10;Security of Machine-Readable Information;216
16.11;Automated Data Acquisition and Process Control;217
16.12;Data-Base-Management (Management Information) Systems and
Computer Simulation (Automated Data Generation);217
16.13;Your Own Software;219
16.14;Computer Packages for the Social Sciences;219
16.15;Computer Graphics;221
16.16;Text Editors;221
16.17;Keeping Data Records (Archiving);222
16.18;Notes;223
16.19;Additional Reading;223
17;Chapter
10. Techniques for Analysis of Data;224
17.1;Introduction;224
17.2;A Note on Word Usage;225
17.3;Questions That Data Analysis Can and Cannot Answer;225
17.4;Experts;227
17.5;Classification of Data Analysis or Statistical Techniques;230
17.6;Evaluating Competing Procedures;234
17.7;Computer Use;235
17.8;Decision Trees for Choosing Statistical Procedures;236
17.9;Notes;237
17.10;Additional Reading;238
18;Chapter
11. Probabilistic Methods: Univariate and Bivariate Statistics;240
18.1;Introduction;240
18.2;Graphs and Charts;240
18.3;Tables;247
18.4;Percentages;250
18.5;Cross Sorts and Cross Breaks;250
18.6;Univariate
Measures and Techniques;252
18.7;The Measurement of Difference;263
18.8;Measurement of Relationships
and Strength of Association;273
18.9;Nonparametric Relationships;281
18.10;Afterword;283
18.11;Notes;284
18.12;Additional Reading;285
19;Chapter 12. Probabilistic Methods: Multivariate Statistics I
Basic Strategies;288
19.1;Introduction;288
19.2;Charts and Tables for Three or More Variables3;289
19.3;Multiple Causality;293
19.4;Partial and Semipartial (Part) Correlation9;299
19.5;Multiple Regression Analysis;301
19.6;The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA);309
19.7;Notes;321
19.8;Additional Reading;323
20;Chapter 13. Probabilistic Methods: Multivariate Statistics II
Clustering and Classification Techniques;326
20.1;Introduction;326
20.2;Factor Analysis;326
20.3;Discriminant Analysis;334
20.4;Canonical Correlation Analysis15;343
20.5;Multivariate Linear Methods: Some Comparisons;348
20.6;Notes;352
20.7;Additional Reading;354
21;Chapter
14. Probabilistic Methods: Multivariate Statistics III Techniques Free of Linear Assumptions;356
21.1;Introduction;356
21.2;Time Series: Special Issues
in Bivariate and Multivariate Analyses;356
21.3;Nonparametric4 Multivariate Methods;359
21.4;The Chi-Square Tests13;365
21.5;Partialling Procedures22;369
21.6;Some Last Thoughts on
Multivariate Statistical Techniques;370
21.7;Notes;370
21.8;Additional Reading;371
22;Chapter
15. Deterministic Problem Analysis Techniques;374
22.1;Introduction;374
22.2;Elementary Mathematical Techniques;375
22.3;Calculus Based Techniques6;376
22.4;Mathematical Programming;378
22.5;Network
Models19;383
22.6;Decision Theory;386
22.7;Finite Markov Chain Processes30;390
22.8;Inventory Models31;391
22.9;Waiting Line (Queueing) Models;392
22.10;Afterword;393
22.11;Notes;393
22.12;Additional Reading;395
23;Chapter
16. Endgame;396
23.1;Evaluating the Design of Your Study;396
23.2;The Overall Structure of the Report;398
23.3;Review of Related Literature:
Suggesting the Importance of the Study;398
23.4;Presentation of Design and Methodology;399
23.5;What To Make of It;400
23.6;The Statement of Findings;403
23.7;Your Conclusions;407
23.8;Critical Comment: Implications and (General) Discussion;408
23.9;Resolution of Contradictions;409
23.10;Negative Results;410
23.11;Your Summary;411
23.12;Journal Articles: Special Considerations;411
23.13;Evaluation Reports: Special Considerations;412
23.14;Pitfalls in Presentation of Conclusions11;413
23.15;The Research Report:12
Recapitulation;414
23.16;Developing a Readable Style;414
23.17;Afterword;416
23.18;Appendix: Dissertation Checklist;417
23.19;Notes;418
23.20;Additional Reading;419
24;References;422
25;Index;442