Shukla / Ravichandran Dynamic Failure of Materials and Structures

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-4419-0446-1
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 194 Seiten

Dynamic Failure of Materials and Structures discusses the topic of dynamic loadings and their effect on material and structural failure. Since dynamic loading problems are very difficult as compared to their static counterpart, very little information is currently available about dynamic behavior of materials and structures. Topics covered include the response of both metallic as well as polymeric composite materials to blast loading and shock loadings, impact loadings and failure of novel materials under more controlled dynamic loads. These include response of soft materials that are important in practical use but have very limited information available on their dynamic response. Dynamic fragmentation, which has re-emerged in recent years has also been included. Both experimental as well as numerical aspects of material and structural response to dynamic loads are discussed. Written by several key experts in the field, Dynamic Failure of Materials and Structures will appeal to graduate students and researchers studying dynamic loadings within mechanical and civil engineering, as well as in physics and materials science.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Shukla, Arun

Ravichandran, Guruswami

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Dynamic Failure of Materials and Structures;1
1.1;1 Dynamic Characterization of Soft Materials;14
1.1.1;1.1 Introduction;14
1.1.2;1.2 Conventional Kolsky Bar;15
1.1.3;1.3 Modified Kolsky Bar for Characterizing Soft Materials;19
1.1.3.1;1.3.1 Weak Transmitted Signal Measurement;19
1.1.3.2;1.3.2 Inertia Effects;21
1.1.3.2.1;1.3.2.1 Axial Inertia (Dynamic Stress Equilibrium);22
1.1.3.2.2;1.3.2.2 Radial Inertia Effects;25
1.1.3.3;1.3.3 Pulse-Shaping Technique for Kolsky-Bar Experiments on Soft Specimens;26
1.1.3.3.1;1.3.3.1 Introduction to Pulse Shaping Technique;26
1.1.3.3.2;1.3.3.2 Pulse-Shaping Design for Testing Soft Materials;27
1.1.4;1.4 Upper Limit in Strain Rates;32
1.1.5;1.5 Single-Loading Feature;33
1.1.6;1.6 Experiments at Intermediate Strain Rates;36
1.1.7;1.7 Summary;37
1.1.8;References;38
1.2;2 Dynamic Shear Failure of Materials;42
1.2.1;2.1 Introduction;42
1.2.2;2.2 Dynamic Shear Testing;43
1.2.2.1;2.2.1 Experimental Considerations;43
1.2.2.2;2.2.2 Selected Dynamic Shear Studies Using the SCS;46
1.2.3;2.3 Dynamic Shear Failure;50
1.2.3.1;2.3.1 Some Facts on Adiabatic Shear Failure;50
1.2.3.1.1;2.3.1.1 On the Role of Thermal Softening and the Critical Strain Criterion;51
1.2.3.1.2;2.3.1.2 On Geometrical Imperfections and ASB Formation;56
1.2.3.1.3;2.3.1.3 On the Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on ASB Formation;61
1.2.3.1.4;2.3.1.4 On Thermal Effects and Identification of a Fully Formed ASB by Thermal Means;68
1.2.4;2.4 Conclusions;71
1.2.5;References;72
1.3;3 Dynamic Response of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Under Shock Wave Loading;75
1.3.1;3.1 Introduction;76
1.3.2;3.2 Analytical Analysis;78
1.3.2.1;3.2.1 Wave Propagation in Elastic--Viscoelastic Bilaminates;78
1.3.2.2;3.2.2 Solution at Wave Front: Elastic Precursor Decay;80
1.3.2.3;3.2.3 Late-Time Asymptotic Solution;81
1.3.3;3.3 Plate Impact Experiments on GRP Composites;87
1.3.3.1;3.3.1 Material: GRP Composites;87
1.3.3.2;3.3.2 Plate Impact Shock Compression Experiments: Experimental Configuration;88
1.3.3.3;3.3.3 Plate Impact Spall Experiments: Experimental Configuration;89
1.3.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 t--x Diagram (Time vs Distance) and S--V Diagram (Stress vs Velocity) for Plate Impact Spall Experiments;89
1.3.3.4;3.3.4 Shock--Reshock and Shock Release Experiments: Experimental Configuration;91
1.3.3.4.1;3.3.4.1 t--x Diagram for Shock--Reshock and Shock Release Experiments;92
1.3.4;3.4 Target Assembly;93
1.3.5;3.5 Experimental Results and Discussion;93
1.3.5.1;3.5.1 Plate Impact Shock Compression Experiments;93
1.3.5.1.1;3.5.1.1 Structure of Shock Waves in the GRP;94
1.3.5.1.2;3.5.1.2 EOS for the S2-Glass GRP;97
1.3.5.1.3;3.5.1.3 Hugoniot Stress Versus Hugoniot Strain (Hugoniot);98
1.3.5.1.4;3.5.1.4 Hugoniot Stress Versus Particle Velocity;99
1.3.5.2;3.5.2 Plate Impact Spall Experiments;101
1.3.5.2.1;3.5.2.1 Spall Strength Following Normal Shock Compression;102
1.3.5.2.2;3.5.2.2 Spall Strength of GRP Following Combined Shock Compression and Shear Loading;103
1.3.5.3;3.5.3 Shock--Reshock and Shock Release Experiments on S2-Glass GRP;105
1.3.5.3.1;3.5.3.1 Self-Consistent Dynamic Shear Yield Strength Determination Method;107
1.3.5.3.2;3.5.3.2 Calculation of Off-Hugoniot States for Reshock/Release Loading;110
1.3.5.3.3;3.5.3.3 Determination of the Critical Shear Strength in the Shocked State for S2-Glass GRP;112
1.3.6;3.6 Summary;114
1.3.7;References;116
1.4;4 Dynamic Compressive Strengths of Polymeric Composites: Testing and Modeling;119
1.4.1;4.1 Introduction;119
1.4.2;4.2 Models for Predicting Compressive Failure;121
1.4.2.1;4.2.1 The Kink Band Model;121
1.4.2.2;4.2.2 Microbuckling Model;123
1.4.3;4.3 Dynamic Microbuckling Model;124
1.4.3.1;4.3.1 Derivation of Rate-Dependent Tangent Shear Modulus;124
1.4.3.2;4.3.2 Dynamic Microbuckling Model for Off-Axis Specimens;126
1.4.3.3;4.3.3 Comparison of Microbuckling Model and Kink Band Model;127
1.4.3.4;4.3.4 Effect of Shear Stress on Compressive Strength;128
1.4.4;4.4 Compressive Failure Tests;129
1.4.4.1;4.4.1 Compressive Test on 0 Composite Specimen;129
1.4.4.2;4.4.2 Compressive Test on Off-Axis Specimens;130
1.4.4.2.1;4.4.2.1 Compressive Testing of S2/8552 Composite;130
1.4.4.2.2;4.4.2.2 Testing Carbon/epoxy Off-Axis Specimen;133
1.4.4.3;4.4.3 Experimental Results of Off-Axis Specimens;135
1.4.5;4.5 Longitudinal Compressive Strength;137
1.4.6;4.6 Conclusion;139
1.4.7;References;139
1.5;5 Transverse Response of Unidirectional Composites Under a Wide Range of Confinements and Strain Rates;142
1.5.1;5.1 Introduction;142
1.5.2;5.2 Experimental;146
1.5.2.1;5.2.1 Materials;146
1.5.2.2;5.2.2 Low Strain Rate Testing;148
1.5.2.3;5.2.3 High Strain Rate Testing;148
1.5.2.4;5.2.4 Confinement;149
1.5.2.5;5.2.5 Confinement Method for Low Strain Rate Loading;150
1.5.2.6;5.2.6 Varying Confinement with Polycarbonate Pads Inserts;152
1.5.2.7;5.2.7 High Strain Rate Confinement Method;154
1.5.3;5.3 Low Strain Rate Results;156
1.5.4;5.4 High Strain Rate Results;160
1.5.5;5.5 Summary;161
1.5.6;References;161
1.6;6 Shock Loading and Failure of Fluid-filled Tubular Structures;164
1.6.1;6.1 Introduction;164
1.6.2;6.2 Korteweg Model of Wave Propagation;165
1.6.3;6.3 Limiting Cases of FSI;171
1.6.3.1;6.3.1 Thick, Stiff Tube 1;171
1.6.3.2;6.3.2 Coupled Fluid Motion and Tube Deformation, = O(1);174
1.6.3.2.1;6.3.2.1 Simplified FSI Models;176
1.6.3.3;6.3.3 Thin, Flexible Tube 1;177
1.6.4;6.4 Experimental Results;178
1.6.4.1;6.4.1 Small Coupling;179
1.6.4.2;6.4.2 Elastic Motions;180
1.6.4.3;6.4.3 Plastic Motions;180
1.6.4.4;6.4.4 High Explosives;182
1.6.5;6.5 Moderate Coupling;182
1.6.5.1;6.5.1 Elastic Waves;183
1.6.5.2;6.5.2 Plastic Deformation;184
1.6.5.3;6.5.3 Composite and Polymer Tubes;187
1.6.6;6.6 Summary;191
1.6.7;Appendix;192
1.6.8;References;198
1.7;7 Impact Response and Damage Tolerance of Composite Sandwich Structures;202
1.7.1;7.1 Introduction;203
1.7.2;7.2 Sandwich Materials Investigated;204
1.7.2.1;7.2.1 Facesheet Materials;204
1.7.2.2;7.2.2 Core Materials;207
1.7.3;7.3 Sandwich Beams under Low Velocity Impact;212
1.7.3.1;7.3.1 Sandwich Beam Testing;212
1.7.3.2;7.3.2 Load Histories;213
1.7.3.3;7.3.3 Strain Histories;215
1.7.3.4;7.3.4 Modeling;218
1.7.3.5;7.3.5 Damage Mechanisms;220
1.7.4;7.4 Sandwich Panels under Low Velocity Impact;225
1.7.4.1;7.4.1 Introduction;225
1.7.4.2;7.4.2 Experimental Procedures;225
1.7.4.3;7.4.3 Quasi-Static Behavior;228
1.7.4.4;7.4.4 Behavior under Low Velocity Impact;229
1.7.4.5;7.4.5 Damage Evaluation;233
1.7.5;7.5 Post-Impact Behavior of Composite Sandwich Panels;235
1.7.5.1;7.5.1 Introduction;235
1.7.5.2;7.5.2 Experimental Procedure;236
1.7.5.3;7.5.3 Results and Discussion;236
1.7.6;7.6 Conclusions;240
1.7.7;References;242
1.8;8 Failure of Polymer-Based Sandwich Composites Under Shock Loading;245
1.8.1;8.1 Introduction;245
1.8.2;8.2 Material Systems;251
1.8.2.1;8.2.1 E-glass Vinyl Ester Composite;252
1.8.2.2;8.2.2 Carbon Fiber Vinyl Ester Composite;252
1.8.2.3;8.2.3 Polyurea Layered Materials;253
1.8.2.4;8.2.4 Polyurea Sandwich Composites;254
1.8.2.5;8.2.5 Sandwich Composites with 3D Woven Skin;254
1.8.2.6;8.2.6 Core Reinforced Sandwich Composites;255
1.8.3;8.3 Experimental Setup;256
1.8.3.1;8.3.1 Shock Tube;257
1.8.3.2;8.3.2 Loading and Boundary Conditions;259
1.8.3.3;8.3.3 High-Speed Imaging;259
1.8.4;8.4 Results and Discussion;260
1.8.4.1;8.4.1 Blast Resistance of Laminated Composites;260
1.8.5;8.5 Blast Resistance of Layered Composites;265
1.8.5.1;8.5.1 PU/EVE Layered Material;266
1.8.5.2;8.5.2 EVE/PU Layered Material;266
1.8.6;8.6 Blast Resistance of Sandwich Composites;267
1.8.6.1;8.6.1 Polyurea-based Sandwich Composites;267
1.8.6.2;8.6.2 Sandwich Composites with 3D Skin and Polymer Foam Core;270
1.8.7;8.7 Summary;276
1.8.8;References;277
1.9;9 Fiber--Metal Laminate Panels Subjected to Blast Loading;279
1.9.1;9.1 Introduction;279
1.9.2;9.2 Blast Loading Studies on FMLs: Defining the Structural Materials;281
1.9.2.1;9.2.1 Materials;281
1.9.2.2;9.2.2 Important Properties of FMLs;282
1.9.2.3;9.2.3 Naming Convention;283
1.9.3;9.3 Localized Blast Loading Response;284
1.9.3.1;9.3.1 Overview of Test Programme;284
1.9.3.2;9.3.2 Results;284
1.9.4;9.4 Uniformly Distributed Blast Response;289
1.9.4.1;9.4.1 Overview of Test Programme;289
1.9.4.2;9.4.2 Results;290
1.9.5;9.5 Combining the Results;291
1.9.6;9.6 Modeling;293
1.9.6.1;9.6.1 Modeling Challenges;293
1.9.6.1.1;9.6.1.1 Defining the Load;293
1.9.6.1.2;9.6.1.2 Modeling Debonding Failure;294
1.9.6.1.3;9.6.1.3 Strain Rate Effects in the FML Panels;295
1.9.6.2;9.6.2 Comparison with Experiments;295
1.9.7;9.7 Blast Response of FMLs Based on Other Composites;296
1.9.7.1;9.7.1 Glass Fiber PolyAmide 6,6 (GFPA);296
1.9.7.1.1;9.7.1.1 Defining the Al/GFPA FMLs;296
1.9.7.1.2;9.7.1.2 Localized Blast Testing;297
1.9.7.1.3;9.7.1.3 Uniformly Distributed Blast Testing;298
1.9.7.2;9.7.2 Glass Fiber Epoxy (GLARE©);299
1.9.7.2.1;9.7.2.1 Defining the Tested GLARE© Material;299
1.9.7.2.2;9.7.2.2 Blast Test Results;300
1.9.7.3;9.7.3 Comparing Different Types of FML Panels;301
1.9.7.3.1;9.7.3.1 General Comparison;301
1.9.7.3.2;9.7.3.2 Nondimensional Analysis;302
1.9.8;9.8 Research Opportunities;303
1.9.9;9.9 Conclusions;304
1.9.10;References;304
1.10;10 Sandwich Panels Subjected to Blast Loading;307
1.10.1;10.1 Introduction;307
1.10.1.1;10.1.1 Sacrificial Cladding;308
1.10.1.2;10.1.2 Sandwich Panels;309
1.10.2;10.2 Blast Loading Conditions;311
1.10.2.1;10.2.1 Air Blast Loading;311
1.10.2.2;10.2.2 Underwater Blast Loading;312
1.10.2.3;10.2.3 Simulated Blast Load;314
1.10.3;10.3 Sandwich Panels with Cellular Cores;314
1.10.3.1;10.3.1 Mechanical Properties of Cellular Materials;314
1.10.3.2;10.3.2 Sandwich Panels with Honeycomb Cores;316
1.10.3.3;10.3.3 Sandwich Panels with Foam Cores;321
1.10.4;10.4 Sandwich Panels with Micro-Architectured Cores;323
1.10.4.1;10.4.1 Cores Manufactured Using Tooling;324
1.10.4.2;10.4.2 Cores Manufactured Using Selective Laser Melting;325
1.10.5;10.5 Sandwich Panels with Macro-Architectured Cores;326
1.10.6;10.6 Future Work;329
1.10.7;10.7 Conclusions;331
1.10.8;References;332
1.11;11 Advanced Numerical Simulation of Failure in Solids Under Blast and Ballistic Loading: A Review;336
1.11.1;11.1 Introduction;336
1.11.2;11.2 Background;339
1.11.2.1;11.2.1 Projectile Penetration;339
1.11.2.2;11.2.2 Blast Response of Structures;340
1.11.2.2.1;11.2.2.1 Blast Modeling;342
1.11.2.2.2;11.2.2.2 Blast Effects Modeling;343
1.11.3;11.3 Experimental Validation;344
1.11.3.1;11.3.1 Diagnostic Penetration Experiment;345
1.11.4;11.4 Modeling Requirements;347
1.11.5;11.5 Conclusions;353
1.11.6;References;354
1.12;12 Advances in Cohesive Zone Modeling of Dynamic Fracture;357
1.12.1;12.1 Introduction;357
1.12.2;12.2 Origins of the Cohesive Zone Approach;360
1.12.3;12.3 Finite Element Implementation Using Interface Elements;362
1.12.4;12.4 Intrinsic Approach;367
1.12.4.1;12.4.1 The Polynomial Potential Law;367
1.12.4.2;12.4.2 The Exponential Potential Law;370
1.12.4.3;12.4.3 Intrinsic Laws for Ductile Fracture;371
1.12.4.4;12.4.4 Application of the Intrinsic Approach to Brittle Fracture;373
1.12.4.5;12.4.5 Issues with the Intrinsic Approach;377
1.12.4.5.1;12.4.5.1 Mesh Dependency of Arbitrary Crack Paths;378
1.12.4.5.2;12.4.5.2 Lift-Off;380
1.12.4.5.3;12.4.5.3 Artificial Compliance;380
1.12.5;12.5 Extrinsic Approach;384
1.12.5.1;12.5.1 Linear Irreversible Softening Law;384
1.12.5.2;12.5.2 Applications of the Extrinsic Approach;387
1.12.5.3;12.5.3 Issues with the Extrinsic Approach;390
1.12.5.3.1;12.5.3.1 Mesh Dependency of Arbitrary Crack Paths;392
1.12.5.3.2;12.5.3.2 Mesh Dependency of Dissipated Fracture Energy;394
1.12.5.3.3;12.5.3.3 Scalability Issues for Three-Dimensional Problems;396
1.12.5.3.4;12.5.3.4 Time Discontinuity;397
1.12.6;12.6 Discontinuous Galerkin Formulation of Cohesive Zone Models ;398
1.12.6.1;12.6.1 Motivation;398
1.12.6.2;12.6.2 The Discontinuous Galerkin Framework;399
1.12.6.3;12.6.3 Application: Ceramic Spall Test;402
1.12.6.3.1;12.6.3.1 Comparison of DG/hybrid and CG/intrinsic approaches;402
1.12.6.3.2;12.6.3.2 Scalability of the DG Method;404
1.12.7;12.7 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work;407
1.12.7.1;12.7.1 Computational Challenges;407
1.12.7.2;12.7.2 Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Cohesive Laws and Associated Open Problems;408
1.12.8;References;409
1.13;Index;414