E-Book, Englisch, 384 Seiten
Shukla / Varma Soil Enzymology
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-14225-3
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
E-Book, Englisch, 384 Seiten
ISBN: 978-3-642-14225-3
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Soil Enzymology;3
1.1;Preface;5
1.2;Contents;9
1.3;Contributors;13
1.4;Chapter 1: Soil Enzyme: The State-of-Art;17
1.4.1;1.1 Introduction;17
1.4.2;1.2 Soil: A Physical Point of View;18
1.4.2.1;1.2.1 Particle Shape and Size;18
1.4.2.2;1.2.2 Textural Classes;18
1.4.2.3;1.2.3 Colors;19
1.4.2.4;1.2.4 Density;19
1.4.2.5;1.2.5 Pore Space;19
1.4.2.6;1.2.6 Plasticity and Cohesion;19
1.4.2.7;1.2.7 Soil Temperature and Heat;20
1.4.2.8;1.2.8 Soil Water;20
1.4.3;1.3 Soil: A Chemical Point of View;20
1.4.3.1;1.3.1 Organic Matter;20
1.4.3.2;1.3.2 Humus;21
1.4.3.3;1.3.3 Soil Colloids;21
1.4.4;1.4 Soil: A Biological Point of View;21
1.4.4.1;1.4.1 Kind of Soil Organisms;22
1.4.4.1.1;1.4.1.1 Eubacteria;22
1.4.4.1.2;1.4.1.2 Fungi;24
1.4.4.1.2.1;Decomposers;24
1.4.4.1.2.2;Mutualists;24
1.4.4.1.2.3;Pathogens;24
1.4.4.1.3;1.4.1.3 Algae;25
1.4.4.2;1.4.2 Population Density;25
1.4.4.3;1.4.3 Bacterial Activity;25
1.4.4.3.1;1.4.3.1 Energetics of Nitrification;26
1.4.5;1.5 Enzymes;27
1.4.6;1.6 Soil Enzymes;27
1.4.6.1;1.6.1 Amylase;29
1.4.6.2;1.6.2 beta-Glucosidase;29
1.4.6.3;1.6.3 Cellulase;30
1.4.6.4;1.6.4 Laccase;30
1.4.6.5;1.6.5 Chitinase;31
1.4.6.6;1.6.6 Dehydrogenase;31
1.4.6.7;1.6.7 Phosphatase;32
1.4.6.8;1.6.8 Protease;33
1.4.6.9;1.6.9 Urease;33
1.4.6.10;1.6.10 Arylsulphatase;33
1.4.7;1.7 Conclusion;34
1.4.8;References;34
1.5;Chapter 2: Role of Enzymes in Maintaining Soil Health;40
1.5.1;2.1 Introduction;40
1.5.2;2.2 Soil Enzymes;41
1.5.2.1;2.2.1 Kind of Soil Enzymes;41
1.5.2.1.1;2.2.1.1 Constitutive;41
1.5.2.1.2;2.2.1.2 Inducible;41
1.5.2.2;2.2.2 Origin and State of Soil Enzymes;42
1.5.2.3;2.2.3 Importance of Soil Enzymes;42
1.5.2.4;2.2.4 Application of Soil Enzymes;42
1.5.3;2.3 Soil Health;43
1.5.3.1;2.3.1 Definition;43
1.5.3.2;2.3.2 Aspects of Soil Health;44
1.5.3.3;2.3.3 Interpretation of Soil Health;44
1.5.3.4;2.3.4 Pressures on Soil Health Towards Impacts;45
1.5.4;2.4 Indicators of Soil Health;46
1.5.4.1;2.4.1 Microorganism as Indicators of Soil Health;46
1.5.4.2;2.4.2 Soil Enzymes as Indicators of Soil Health;46
1.5.5;2.5 Potential Roles of Soil Enzymes in Maintaining Soil Health;47
1.5.5.1;2.5.1 Amylase;47
1.5.5.2;2.5.2 Arylsulphatases;48
1.5.5.3;2.5.3 beta-Glucosidase;48
1.5.5.4;2.5.4 Cellulases;49
1.5.5.5;2.5.5 Chitinase;50
1.5.5.6;2.5.6 Dehydrogenase;50
1.5.5.7;2.5.7 Phosphatases;51
1.5.5.8;2.5.8 Proteases;51
1.5.5.9;2.5.9 Urease;52
1.5.6;2.6 Conclusion;52
1.5.7;References;53
1.6;Chapter 3: Agricultural and Ecological Significance of Soil Enzymes: Soil Carbon Sequestration and Nutrient Cycling;58
1.6.1;3.1 Introduction;58
1.6.2;3.2 Soil Enzymes for Organic Matter Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling;59
1.6.2.1;3.2.1 Soil Enzymes of Primary Interest;59
1.6.2.2;3.2.2 Lignocellulolytic Enzymes as Predictors of Organic Matter Decomposition;60
1.6.2.3;3.2.3 Enzymes as Indicators of Soil Nutrient Availability;61
1.6.3;3.3 Microbial Enzyme Production as Affected by Organic Carbon and Nutrient Availability;61
1.6.3.1;3.3.1 Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms;61
1.6.3.2;3.3.2 Microbial Resource Reallocation;63
1.6.3.3;3.3.3 Microbial Nutrient Demand;64
1.6.4;3.4 Soil Enzyme Activity in Relation to the Quantity and Quality of Soil Organic Matter;65
1.6.5;3.5 Agricultural and Ecological Significance of Soil Enzymes in Soil Carbon Sequestration;65
1.6.5.1;3.5.1 Assessing Carbon Efflux in Peatlands Under Global Climate Change;65
1.6.5.2;3.5.2 Predicting Soil Carbon Sequestration in Temperate Forests;66
1.6.5.3;3.5.3 Understanding Soil Carbon Storage Potential in Semi-arid Grasslands;69
1.6.5.4;3.5.4 Restoring Soil Organic Matter from the Perspective of Soil Enzymes;70
1.6.6;3.6 Conclusions;71
1.6.7;References;72
1.7;Chapter 4: Enzymes in Forest Soils;76
1.7.1;4.1 Introduction;76
1.7.2;4.2 Distribution of Enzymes in the Soil Profile;77
1.7.3;4.3 Spatial Variability of Enzyme Activities in Soils;78
1.7.4;4.4 Factors Affecting Soil Enzyme Activities;80
1.7.4.1;4.4.1 Producers of Extracellular Enzymes;80
1.7.4.2;4.4.2 Soil Chemistry and Nutrient Availability;80
1.7.4.3;4.4.3 Seasonality;81
1.7.4.4;4.4.4 Soil Moisture Content;82
1.7.5;4.5 Litter Decomposition in Forest Ecosystems;83
1.7.6;4.6 Conclusions;84
1.7.7;References;84
1.8;Chapter 5: Extracellular Enzymes in Sensing Environmental Nutrients and Ecosystem Changes: Ligand Mediation in Organic Phospho;89
1.8.1;5.1 Introduction;89
1.8.2;5.2 Biogeochemistry of Phosphorus;91
1.8.2.1;5.2.1 Inorganic Phosphate;92
1.8.2.2;5.2.2 Organic Phosphorus;94
1.8.3;5.3 Reactions Involving Organic Phosphorus in Soils;95
1.8.3.1;5.3.1 Chemical Processes;95
1.8.3.1.1;5.3.1.1 Adsorption-Precipitation;95
1.8.3.1.2;5.3.1.2 Autohydrolysis and Metal-Mediated Hydrolysis;97
1.8.3.2;5.3.2 Biological Processes Involved in Organic P Solubilization and Degradation;99
1.8.3.2.1;5.3.2.1 Mineralization of Environmental Biological Tissues Containing Organic P;99
1.8.3.2.2;5.3.2.2 Mycorrhizal Associations;100
1.8.3.2.3;5.3.2.3 Extracellular Phosphohydrolases;101
1.8.3.2.3.1;Enzymatic Dephosphorylation of Uncomplexed Organic Phosphate Monoesters;101
1.8.3.2.3.2;Ligand Mediation of (or Chemically-Assisted) Enzymatic Dephosphorylation of Complexed Organic Phosphate Monoesters;102
1.8.4;5.4 An In Vitro Method to Emulate Ligand-Based Plant and Microbial Solubilization and Mineralization of Organic P Pools in Soil;106
1.8.5;5.5 Conclusions;108
1.8.6;References;110
1.9;Chapter 6: Importance of Extracellular Enzymes for Biogeochemical Processes in Temporary River Sediments during Fluctuating Dr;117
1.9.1;6.1 Introduction;117
1.9.2;6.2 The Response of Benthic Microbial Communities to Drought: A Matter of Survival;119
1.9.3;6.3 Benthic Microbial Community Awakening After Flooding;124
1.9.4;6.4 Conclusions;127
1.9.5;References;129
1.10;Chapter 7: Soil Enzymes as Indication of Soil Quality;132
1.10.1;7.1 Introduction;132
1.10.2;7.2 Soil Enzymes: Classification, Sources, States, Affecting Factors and Activation or Inhibition;135
1.10.2.1;7.2.1 Enzyme Classification;135
1.10.2.2;7.2.2 Sources of Soil Enzymes;136
1.10.2.3;7.2.3 States;136
1.10.2.4;7.2.4 Affecting Factors;137
1.10.2.5;7.2.5 Enzyme Inhibition and Activation;137
1.10.3;7.3 Indication of Soil Enzymes;138
1.10.3.1;7.3.1 Soil Enzymes as Pollution Indicators;141
1.10.3.2;7.3.2 Soil Enzymes as Ecosystems Perturbations Indicators;144
1.10.3.3;7.3.3 Soil Enzymes as Agricultural Practices Indicators;146
1.10.4;7.4 Conclusion;152
1.10.5;References;153
1.11;Chapter 8: Enzyme Activities in the Rhizosphere of Plants;162
1.11.1;8.1 Introduction;162
1.11.2;8.2 Effect of Root Exudates on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activities;165
1.11.3;8.3 The Role of Lytic Enzymes and Plant Growth Regulators;166
1.11.4;8.4 Effect of Soil Management and Heavy Metals on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activities;169
1.11.5;8.5 Impact of Salinity on Rhizosphere Enzyme Activities;171
1.11.6;8.6 Conclusions;173
1.11.7;References;174
1.12;Chapter 9: Lignocellulose-Degrading Enzymes in Soils;180
1.12.1;9.1 Introduction;180
1.12.2;9.2 Degradation of Cellulose and Hemicelluloses;181
1.12.3;9.3 Enzymes Degrading Lignin and Humic Substances;182
1.12.4;9.4 Lignocellulolytic Systems of Soil Microorganisms;183
1.12.5;9.5 Lignocellulolytic Enzymes in Different Ecosystems;185
1.12.5.1;9.5.1 Polar and Mountainous Soils;186
1.12.5.2;9.5.2 Boreal Forests;187
1.12.5.3;9.5.3 Temperate Forests;188
1.12.5.4;9.5.4 Evergreen Forests;188
1.12.5.5;9.5.5 Grasslands;189
1.12.5.6;9.5.6 Arable Soils;189
1.12.5.7;9.5.7 Wetlands;190
1.12.5.8;9.5.8 Arid and Desert Soils;190
1.12.6;9.6 Factors Affecting Lignocellulose Degradation in Soils;191
1.12.7;9.7 Molecular Biology of Enzymes in Soils;192
1.12.8;9.8 Conclusions;193
1.12.9;References;193
1.13;Chapter 10: Heterophase Synthesis of Humic Acids in Soils by Immobilized Phenol Oxidases;200
1.13.1;10.1 Introduction;200
1.13.2;10.2 Synthesis of Humic Substances from Soluble Precursors;201
1.13.2.1;10.2.1 Enzymatic Catalysis;202
1.13.2.1.1;10.2.1.1 Occurrence of Phenol Oxidases in Soils;203
1.13.2.1.2;10.2.1.2 Phenol Oxidase Distribution among Soil Phases;204
1.13.2.1.3;10.2.1.3 Synthesis of Humic Substances in the Aqueous Phase;205
1.13.2.1.4;10.2.1.4 Synthesis of Humic Substances on the Solution/Solid Interface;207
1.13.2.2;10.2.2 Abiotic Heterogeneous Catalysis;212
1.13.3;10.3 Conclusions;214
1.13.4;References;215
1.14;Chapter 11: Fungal Oxidoreductases and Humification in Forest Soils;219
1.14.1;11.1 Introduction;219
1.14.2;11.2 The Origin of HSs;220
1.14.3;11.3 Major Fungal Oxidative Enzymes;221
1.14.3.1;11.3.1 Peroxidases;221
1.14.3.2;11.3.2 Laccase and Tyrosinase;222
1.14.4;11.4 Humification Activities of Fungi in Wood and Soil;223
1.14.4.1;11.4.1 Wood Decomposers;224
1.14.4.1.1;11.4.1.1 Soft-rot Ascomycetes: Production of Large Soluble Fragments;224
1.14.4.1.2;11.4.1.2 Brown-rot Fungi: Formation of Humic Acids from Partially Oxidized Lignin;226
1.14.4.1.3;11.4.1.3 White-rot Fungi: Production of Small Soluble Polyphenols (Structural Units) and FAs;226
1.14.4.2;11.4.2 Litter and Soil-inhabiting Fungi;228
1.14.4.2.1;11.4.2.1 Microfungi: Lignocellulose and Humus Solubilization, Synthesis of Melanins, and HS;228
1.14.4.2.2;11.4.2.2 Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes: Production of the ``White-Rot´´ Humus and FA-like Compounds;229
1.14.4.3;11.4.3 Symbiotic Fungi;230
1.14.4.3.1;11.4.3.1 Ectomycorrhiza;231
1.14.4.3.2;11.4.3.2 Lichens;232
1.14.5;11.5 Conclusions;234
1.14.6;References;235
1.15;Chapter 12: Evolutionary-Economic Principles as Regulators of Soil Enzyme Production and Ecosystem Function;241
1.15.1;12.1 Introduction;241
1.15.2;12.2 The Evolutionary Economics of Extracellular Enzyme Production;243
1.15.3;12.3 Controls on Microbial Allocation to Enzyme Production;243
1.15.3.1;12.3.1 Microbial Demand;243
1.15.3.2;12.3.2 Enzyme Regulation;244
1.15.4;12.4 Resource Availability in Soil;245
1.15.5;12.5 Implications of Enzyme Allocation;247
1.15.5.1;12.5.1 Protection of Investment;247
1.15.5.2;12.5.2 Enzyme Responses to Global Environmental Change;248
1.15.5.2.1;12.5.2.1 Increase in Atmospheric CO2;249
1.15.5.2.2;12.5.2.2 Increases in N Deposition;250
1.15.5.2.3;12.5.2.3 Changes in Temperature and Moisture;251
1.15.6;12.6 Conclusions;251
1.15.7;References;252
1.16;Chapter 13: Controls on the Temperature Sensitivity of Soil Enzymes: A Key Driver of In Situ Enzyme Activity Rates;256
1.16.1;13.1 Introduction;256
1.16.2;13.2 What Controls Enzyme Temperature Sensitivity?;257
1.16.2.1;13.2.1 Enzyme Conformation;257
1.16.2.2;13.2.2 Modeling Enzyme Kinetics;259
1.16.2.3;13.2.3 Michaelis-Menten Model;260
1.16.2.4;13.2.4 Enzyme Binding to Soil Particles;262
1.16.3;13.3 Indirect Effects of Temperature on Enzyme Activities;263
1.16.4;13.4 Temperature Sensitivity of Extracellular Enzymes under Field Conditions;263
1.16.5;13.5 Conclusions;265
1.16.6;References;266
1.17;Chapter 14: Actinomycetes: Sources for Soil Enzymes;270
1.17.1;14.1 Introduction;270
1.17.2;14.2 Keratinases;272
1.17.3;14.3 Pectinases;273
1.17.4;14.4 Xylanases;275
1.17.5;14.5 Lipases;276
1.17.6;14.6 Conclusion;278
1.17.7;References;279
1.18;Chapter 15: Organo-Mineral-Enzyme Interaction and Soil Enzyme Activity;281
1.18.1;15.1 Introduction;281
1.18.2;15.2 History of Enzyme-Organo-Mineral Interaction Studies;282
1.18.3;15.3 Enzyme-Mineral Interactions;284
1.18.4;15.4 Enzyme-Organic Matter Interactions;289
1.18.5;15.5 Mineral-Organic Matter-Enzyme Synergistic Interactions;292
1.18.6;15.6 Consequences of Organo-Mineral-Enzyme Interactions;295
1.18.7;15.7 Conclusion;296
1.18.8;References;296
1.19;Chapter 16: The Influence of Pesticides on Soil Enzymes;303
1.19.1;16.1 Introduction;303
1.19.2;16.2 Pesticides and Soil;304
1.19.3;16.3 Soil Enzymes;307
1.19.4;16.4 Pesticides and Soil Enzymes;310
1.19.5;16.5 Conclusions;318
1.19.6;References;319
1.20;Chapter 17: Behavior of Enzymatic Activity in Chilean Volcanic Soil and Their Interactions with Clay Fraction;323
1.20.1;17.1 Introduction;323
1.20.2;17.2 Chilean Volcanic Soil;324
1.20.2.1;17.2.1 Characteristics of Chilean Volcanic Soils;324
1.20.2.2;17.2.2 Properties of Volcanic Ashes-derived Soils;324
1.20.2.3;17.2.3 Mechanisms of Enzyme Immobilization in Soil Derived of Volcanic Ash;326
1.20.2.3.1;17.2.3.1 Enzyme Immobilization on Andisol Clay Fraction;326
1.20.2.3.2;17.2.3.2 Enzyme Immobilization on Ultisol Clay Fraction;328
1.20.2.3.3;17.2.3.3 Some Considerations about Model Using Synthetic Complexes Clay-Enzyme;329
1.20.3;17.3 Soil of Enzymatic Activities in Relation with Some Management Practices;330
1.20.3.1;17.3.1 Soil Enzymatic Activities in Andisols and Ultisols of Southern Chile;330
1.20.3.1.1;17.3.1.1 Evaluation of the Effect of Mn and Mo on Acid Phosphatase in a Model System of Andisol;332
1.20.4;17.4 Conclusion;333
1.20.5;References;335
1.21;Chapter 18: Screening, Characterisation and Optimization of Microbial Pectinase;339
1.21.1;18.1 Introduction;339
1.21.2;18.2 Structure of Pectin;340
1.21.3;18.3 Materials and Methods;342
1.21.4;18.4 Screening of Pectinolytic Actinomycetes;344
1.21.5;18.5 Assay of Pectinase;344
1.21.6;18.6 Optimization of Pectinase;345
1.21.7;18.7 Designing Model;346
1.21.8;18.8 Conclusion;346
1.21.9;References;347
1.22;Chapter 19: Molecular Techniques to Study Polymorphism between Closely Related Microorganisms in Relation to Specific Protein ;348
1.22.1;19.1 Introduction to Sebacinales;348
1.22.2;19.2 Techniques to Study Polymorphism;350
1.22.2.1;19.2.1 Cultivation of Fungi;350
1.22.2.1.1;19.2.1.1 Materials;350
1.22.2.2;19.2.2 Enzyme Assay (Straker and Mitchell 1986);351
1.22.2.2.1;19.2.2.1 Extraction of Protein;351
1.22.2.2.1.1;Equipments;351
1.22.2.2.1.2;Reagents;351
1.22.2.2.1.3;Protein Extraction Buffer (Rosendahl 1994);351
1.22.2.2.1.4;Procedure;352
1.22.2.2.2;19.2.2.2 Optimization of Physical Conditions;352
1.22.2.2.2.1;Equipment;352
1.22.2.2.2.2;Reagent;352
1.22.2.2.2.3;Procedure;352
1.22.2.2.3;19.2.2.3 Calculation (see Fig.19.3);353
1.22.2.2.3.1;Equipment;353
1.22.2.2.3.2;Reagents;353
1.22.2.2.3.3;Procedure;354
1.22.2.2.4;19.2.2.4 Determination of Vmax and Km value;354
1.22.2.2.4.1;Equipment;354
1.22.2.2.4.2;Reagents;354
1.22.2.2.4.3;Procedure;354
1.22.2.2.5;19.2.2.5 Two-Dimensional PAGE to Show Protein Polymorphism (Gravel and Golaz 1996);355
1.22.2.2.5.1;Equipment;355
1.22.2.2.5.2;Reagents;355
1.22.2.2.5.3;Preparation of Second Dimension SDS gels;356
1.22.2.2.6;19.2.2.6 Silver Staining (Horst 2000; Oakley et al. 1980);357
1.22.2.2.6.1;Procedure;357
1.22.2.3;19.2.3 Non-denatured Protein Polymorphism Study by Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (Walker 1994);358
1.22.2.3.1;19.2.3.1 Equipments;358
1.22.2.3.2;19.2.3.2 Reagents;358
1.22.2.3.3;19.2.3.3 Loading Buffer;359
1.22.2.3.4;19.2.3.4 Gel Staining Solution;359
1.22.2.3.5;19.2.3.5 Procedure;360
1.22.2.3.6;19.2.3.6 Gel Enzyme Assay (Walker 1996);360
1.22.2.3.6.1;Reagents;360
1.22.2.3.6.2;Procedure;360
1.22.2.3.6.3;Equipment;360
1.22.2.3.6.4;Enzyme Elution;361
1.22.2.3.6.5;SDS Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis;361
1.22.2.3.6.6;ELF 97 Endogenous Phosphatase Detection (van Aarle 2001);363
1.22.2.3.6.6.1;Equipments;363
1.22.2.3.6.6.2;Reagents;363
1.22.2.3.6.6.3;Component A;363
1.22.2.3.6.6.4;Component B;363
1.22.2.3.6.6.5;Component C;363
1.22.2.3.6.7;Procedure;363
1.22.2.3.6.8;Fast Garnet GBC Staining of Phosphatase Isozymes (Pasteur et al. 1988);364
1.22.2.4;19.2.4 Polymorphism Based on Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Technique;365
1.22.2.4.1;19.2.4.1 Equipment;365
1.22.2.4.2;19.2.4.2 Reagents;366
1.22.2.4.3;19.2.4.3 Ethidium Bromide (10mg/ml);366
1.22.2.4.4;19.2.4.4 Procedure;367
1.22.3;19.3 Conclusion;368
1.22.4;References;369
1.23;Chapter 20: Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes by White-rot Fungi during Bioremediation of Oil-contaminated Soil;371
1.23.1;20.1 Introduction;371
1.23.2;20.2 Materials and Method;374
1.23.3;20.3 Salient Observations;376
1.23.4;20.4 Conclusions;382
1.23.5;References;383
1.24;Index;386
