Siddique Waste Materials and By-Products in Concrete

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-3-540-74294-4
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 416 Seiten

Reihe: Engineering Materials

The amount and variety of waste that humanity dumps in landfill sites is nothing short of a scandal, believes Rafat Siddique, of Deemed University in Patiala, India. Instead, we ought to be building new homes out of it! Siddique shows in this important book that many non-hazardous waste materials and by-products which are landfilled, can in fact be used in making concrete and similar construction materials.

Dr. Rafat Siddique is presently working as Professor & Head of Civil Engineering Department at Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology (Deemed University), Patiala, India. He obtained Ph.D. in 1993 from Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India. He did post-doctoral work (for almost two years) at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA, and been to University of Cergy Pontoise, France and INSA Rennes, France as Visiting Professor. He has more than 17 years of teaching, research, and educational administrative experience. His research interests are: Fiber-Reinforced Concrete, High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete, High-Volume Fly Ash Fiber Reinforced Concrete, High-Strength High-Performance Concrete, Use of Industrial By-Products in Cement-Based Materials, and Properties of Concrete at Elevated Temperature. He has authored two books, and more than 60 research papers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Siddique, Rafat

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag;16
3.1;Introduction;16
3.2;Advantages of Using GGBS;16
3.3;1.1 Properties of GGBS 1.1.1 Physical Properties;17
3.4;1.1.2 Chemical Composition;18
3.5;1.1.3 Particle Size Distribution;18
3.6;1.2 Fresh Properties ofMortar/Paste/Concrete Containing GGBS 1.2.1 Bleeding Characteristics;19
3.7;1.2.2 Workability;20
3.8;1.2.3 Setting Times;21
3.9;1.3 Properties of Hardened Concrete Containing GGBS 1.3.1 Microstructure;22
3.10;1.3.2 Compressive Strength;26
3.11;1.3.3 Tensile and Flexural Strength;32
3.12;1.4 Durability Properties of Concrete Containing GGBS 1.4.1 Creep and Shrinkage;36
3.13;1.4.2 Chloride Binding Capacity/Resistance;37
3.14;1.4.3 Sulfate Resistance;40
3.15;1.4.4 Alkali Silica Reaction;45
3.16;1.4.5 Freezing and Thawing Resistance;45
3.17;1.4.6 Corrosion Resistance;46
3.18;1.4.7 Carbonation;50
3.19;References;51
4;Metakaolin;55
4.1;Introduction;55
4.2;Uses of Metakaolin;56
4.3;Advantages of Using Metakaolin;56
4.4;2.1 Properties of Metakaolin 2.1.1 Physical Properties;56
4.5;2.1.2 Chemical Composition;56
4.6;2.2 Hydration Reaction Mechanism;57
4.7;2.2.1 Temperature Effect;64
4.8;2.2.2 Alkaline Activation;67
4.9;2.2.3 Effect of Dehydroxylation;69
4.10;2.2.4 Dilatency;70
4.11;2.3 Fresh Properties of Mortar/Concrete Containing Metakaolin;70
4.12;2.4 Properties of Hardened Mortar/Concrete Containing Metakaolin 2.4.1 Pore Size Distribution;72
4.13;2.4.2 Water Absorption and Sorptivity;75
4.14;2.4.3 Compressive Strength;78
4.15;2.4.4 Tensile Strength;84
4.16;2.4.5 Bending Strength;85
4.17;2.4.6 Micro-Hardness;85
4.18;2.4.7 Relative Strength;89
4.19;2.5 Durability Properties of Concrete Containing Metakaolin 2.5.1 Alkali- Silica Reaction;90
4.20;2.5.2 Chloride-Ion Diffusion;91
4.21;2.5.3 Hydroxide Ion Diffusion;95
4.22;2.5.4 Sulfate Resistance;96
4.23;2.5.5 Corrosion Resistance;101
4.24;2.5.6 Creep and Shrinkage;101
4.25;References;103
5;Recycled/Waste Plastic;107
5.1;Introduction;107
5.2;3.1 Types of Plastic and PlasticWaste;108
5.3;3.1.1 Benefits/Advantages of Plastics;108
5.4;3.1.2 Disadvantages of Plastics;110
5.5;3.2 Utilization ofWaste/Recycled Plastics;110
5.6;3.2.1 Advantages of Waste/Recycled Plastic;110
5.7;3.2.2 Classification of Recycled Plastic in Concrete;111
5.8;3.3 Management Options;111
5.9;3.3.1 Collection;112
5.10;3.3.2 Landfilling Plastics;113
5.11;3.3.3 Incineration of Plastics;114
5.12;3.3.4 Plastics Recycling;114
5.13;3.4 Recycling Methods 3.4.1 Mechanical Recycling;115
5.14;3.4.2 Chemical or Feedstock Recycling;116
5.15;3.5 Fresh Properties of Concrete Containing Recycled/Waste Plastic 3.5.1 Bulk Density;118
5.16;3.5.2 Air Content;119
5.17;3.5.3 Slump;120
5.18;3.6 Properties of Hardened Concrete Containing Recycled/ Waste Plastic 3.6.1 Compressive Strength;122
5.19;3.6.2 Splitting Tensile Strength;126
5.20;3.6.3 Modulus of Elasticity;127
5.21;3.6.4 Time and Temperature Dependent Properties;127
5.22;3.6.5 Impact Resistance;130
5.23;3.6.6 Permeability;130
5.24;3.6.7 Abrasion Resistance;132
5.25;3.7 Uses of Recycled Plastic in Concrete;132
5.26;References;133
6;Scrap Tires;135
6.1;Introduction;135
6.2;4.1 Classification of Scrap Tires 4.1.1 Scrap Tires;136
6.3;4.1.2 Slit Tires;137
6.4;4.1.3 Shredded/Chipped Tires;137
6.5;4.1.4 Ground Rubber;137
6.6;4.1.5 Crumb Rubber;137
6.7;4.2 Management Options 4.2.1 Disposal;138
6.8;4.2.2 Recycling;138
6.9;4.3 Fresh Properties of Concrete Containing Scrap Tires 4.3.1 Slump;138
6.10;4.3.2 Air Content;140
6.11;4.3.3 Unit Weight and Density;141
6.12;4.4 Properties of Hardened Concrete Containing Scrap Tires 4.4.1 Compressive Strength;141
6.13;4.4.2 Tensile Strength;146
6.14;4.4.3 Abrasion Resistance;148
6.15;4.4.4 Shrinkage;149
6.16;4.4.5 Fatigue, Toughness, and Impact Resistance;149
6.17;4.4.6 Freezing and Thawing Resistance;151
6.18;4.5 Use of Scrap Tire Ash in Mortar;152
6.19;4.6 Use of Scrap Tire Steel Beads in Concrete;152
6.20;4.7 Fire-Performance of Concrete with Rubber;153
6.21;4.8 Use of Scrap Tire Rubber in Flowable Fill;154
6.22;4.9 Environmental Studies of Recycled Rubber;156
6.23;4.10 Uses of Rubber Concrete (Rubcrete);156
6.24;References;157
7;Waste Glass;160
7.1;Introduction;160
7.2;5.1 Properties ofWaste Glass 5.1.1 Physical Properties;161
7.3;5.1.2 Chemical Composition;161
7.4;5.1.3 Mechanical Properties;162
7.5;5.1.4 Other Properties (Thermal, Reflection, and Glare);163
7.6;5.2 Management Options 5.2.1 Disposal;164
7.7;5.2.2 Recycling;164
7.8;5.2.3 Uses of Waste Glass;165
7.9;5.3 Fresh Properties of Concrete Containing Waste Glass 5.3.1 Unit Weight, Air Content;166
7.10;5.3.2 Slump;167
7.11;5.3.3 VeBe Time;167
7.12;5.3.4 Flow Table;168
7.13;5.3.5 Compaction Factor;168
7.14;5.4 Properties of Hardened Concrete Containing Waste Glass 5.4.1 Compressive Strength;168
7.15;5.4.2 Tensile Strength;175
7.16;5.4.3 Flexural Strength;176
7.17;5.4.4 Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity;177
7.18;5.4.5 Alkali-Silica Reaction;178
7.19;5.5 Use ofWaste Glass in Asphalt Concrete;184
7.20;5.5.1 Mix Design;184
7.21;5.6 Use ofWaste Glass in Granular Base;185
7.22;5.6.1 Mix Design;185
7.23;References;186
8;Coal Fly Ash;189
8.1;Introduction;189
8.2;6.1 Classification of Fly Ash;190
8.3;6.2 Properties of Fly Ash 6.2.1 Physical Properties;191
8.4;6.2.2 Chemical Composition;192
8.5;6.2.3 Mineralogical Characteristics;193
8.6;6.3 Utilization of Fly Ash in Cement and Concrete;195
8.7;6.3.1 High Volume Uses;195
8.8;6.3.2 Medium Volume Uses;195
8.9;6.3.3 Low Volume Uses;195
8.10;6.3.4 Miscellaneous Uses;195
8.11;6.4 Fresh Properties of Concrete Containing Fly Ash;196
8.12;6.4.1 Water Requirement and Workability;196
8.13;6.4.2 Segregation and Bleeding;197
8.14;6.4.3 Time of Setting;197
8.15;6.4.4 Air Entrainment;199
8.16;6.4.5 Temperature Rise;200
8.17;6.5 Properties of Hardened Concrete Containing Fly Ash 6.5.1 Strength Development;202
8.18;6.5.2 Elastic Properties;213
8.19;6.5.3 Porosity;214
8.20;6.5.4 Sorptivity;216
8.21;6.5.5 Creep;217
8.22;6.5.6 Drying Shrinkage;218
8.23;6.5.7 Thermal Conductivity;219
8.24;6.6 Durability Properties of Concrete Containing Fly Ash 6.6.1 Permeability;220
8.25;6.6.2 Freezing and Thawing Resistance;225
8.26;6.6.3 Resistance to Aggressive Chemicals;226
8.27;6.6.4 Alkali-Silica Reaction;233
8.28;6.6.5 Carbonation;235
8.29;6.6.6 Corrosion Resistance;236
8.30;6.6.7 Abrasion Resistance;239
8.31;References;241
9;Rice Husk Ash;247
9.1;Introduction;247
9.2;7.1 Properties of RHA 7.1.1 Physical Properties;248
9.3;7.1.2 Chemical Composition;248
9.4;7.1.3 Pozzolanic Activity;249
9.5;7.2 Fresh Properties of Paste/Concrete Containing RHA 7.2.1 Workability;251
9.6;7.2.2 Air-Entrainment;252
9.7;7.2.3 Consistency and Setting Times;253
9.8;7.3 Properties of Hardened Concrete Containing RHA 7.3.1 Porosity and Water Absorption Capacity;255
9.9;7.3.2 Compressive and Tensile Properties;255
9.10;7.3.3 Drying Shrinkage;264
9.11;7.4 Durabiliy Properties of Concrete Containing RHA 7.4.1 Permeability;265
9.12;7.4.2 Corrosion Resistance;269
9.13;7.4.3 Carbonation;270
9.14;7.4.4 Freezing and Thawing Resistance;271
9.15;7.4.5 Sulfate Resistance;271
9.16;7.4.6 Deicing Salt Scaling Resistance;273
9.17;7.4.7 Alkali-Silica Reaction;274
9.18;References;274
10;Municipal Solid Waste Ash;277
10.1;Introduction;277
10.2;8.1 Properties of MSW Ash 8.1.1 Physical Properties;278
10.3;8.1.2 Chemical Composition;280
10.4;8.1.3 Elemental Analysis;283
10.5;8.1.4 Hydration Characteristics of MSW Ash with C3S and C2S;286
10.6;8.2 Utilization of MSW Ash;288
10.7;8.2.1 Cement Production;288
10.8;8.2.2 Concrete;288
10.9;8.2.3 Ceramics;289
10.10;8.2.4 Glass and Glass-Ceramics;289
10.11;8.2.5 Road Pavement;289
10.12;8.2.6 Embankment;290
10.13;8.3 Properties of Cement Containing MSW Ash 8.3.1 Compositional Effects;290
10.14;8.3.2 Degree of Hydration;293
10.15;8.3.3 Consistency and Setting Times;295
10.16;8.3.4 Compressive Strength;297
10.17;8.3.5 Pore Size Distribution;300
10.18;8.3.6 Shrinkage/Expansion Characteristics;302
10.19;8.4 Properties of Concrete Containing MSW Ash;304
10.20;8.4.1 Compressive Strength;305
10.21;8.4.2 Chloride Penetration/Resistance;306
10.22;8.4.3 Shrinkage;308
10.23;8.5 Leachate Analysis;309
10.24;8.6 Use of MSW Bottom Ash in Road Base;311
10.25;References;312
11;Wood Ash;314
11.1;Introduction;314
11.2;9.1 Properties ofWood Ash 9.1.1 Physical Properties;316
11.3;9.1.2 Chemical Composition;318
11.4;9.1.3 Elemental Analysis;319
11.5;9.1.4 Mineralogical Analysis;320
11.6;9.2 Uses ofWood Ash;321
11.7;9.2.1 Land Application;322
11.8;9.2.2 Pollution Control;323
11.9;9.2.3 Construction Materials;324
11.10;9.3 Properties of Concrete Containing Wood Ash 9.3.1 Batch Leaching of WWA;324
11.11;9.3.2 Slump;325
11.12;9.3.3 Water Absorption Capacity;325
11.13;9.3.4 Compressive Strength;326
11.14;9.3.5 Splitting Tensile Strength;327
11.15;9.3.6 Flexural Strength;328
11.16;9.3.7 Drying Shrinkage;329
11.17;9.3.8 Freezing and Thawing Resistance;330
11.18;References;331
12;Volcanic Ash;333
12.1;Introduction;333
12.2;10.1 Volcanic Ash Particles Component;334
12.3;10.1.1 Volcanic Glass;334
12.4;10.1.2 Minerals or Crystals (Phenocrysts);334
12.5;10.1.3 Other Rocks (Often Called Lithics);335
12.6;10.2 Properties of Volcanic Ash;336
12.7;10.2.1 Density;336
12.8;10.2.2 Hardness;336
12.9;10.2.3 Chemical Composition;337
12.10;10.3 Uses of Volcanic Ash;339
12.11;10.3.1 As Abrasive;339
12.12;10.3.2 In Ceramics;340
12.13;10.3.3 In Ceramics Glazes and Bodies;340
12.14;10.3.4 In Glass and Vitreous Enamels;340
12.15;10.3.5 In Light Weight Aggregates, Cellular Blocks, and Concrete;340
12.16;10.3.6 Miscellaneous Uses;341
12.17;10.4 Effect of Volcanic Ash on Soil Properties;341
12.18;10.4.1 Maximum Dry Density;341
12.19;10.4.2 Deformation Properties;342
12.20;10.4.3 Compressive Strength Characteristics;342
12.21;10.5 Properties of Blended Cement Containing Volcanic Ash 10.5.1 Consistency and Setting Times;346
12.22;10.5.2 Compressive Strength;347
12.23;10.5.3 Microstructure of Hydration Products;348
12.24;10.5.4 Alkali-Silica Reaction and Autoclave Expansion;349
12.25;10.5.5 Electrical Resistivity;350
12.26;10.5.6 Total Pore Volume (TPA);351
12.27;10.6 Properties of Concrete Containing Volcanic Ash 10.6.1 Compressive Strength;352
12.28;10.6.2 Chloride-Ion Resistance and Porosity;354
12.29;10.6.3 Sulfate Resistance;356
12.30;References;358
13;Cement Kiln Dust;360
13.1;Introduction;360
13.2;11.1 Properties of Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) 11.1.1 Physical Properties;360
13.3;11.1.2 Chemical Composition;361
13.4;11.2 Uses of CKD;361
13.5;11.2.1 Soil Stabilization;362
13.6;11.2.2 Waste Treatment;362
13.7;11.2.3 Cement Replacement;362
13.8;11.2.4 Highway Uses;362
13.9;11.3 Properties of Cement Mortar/Concrete Containing CKD 11.3.1 Compressive Strength;363
13.10;11.3.2 Tensile Strength Properties;370
13.11;11.3.3 Hydration Properties;372
13.12;11.3.4 Setting Times;374
13.13;11.3.5 Sorptivity;375
13.14;11.3.6 Electrical Conductivity;375
13.15;11.3.7 Durability Properties;377
13.16;11.3.8 Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR);377
13.17;11.4 Properties of Controlled Low-Strength Materials Containing CKD;379
13.18;11.5 Use of CKD as Soil Stabilizer;381
13.19;11.6 Use of CKD in Asphalt Pavement/Concrete;382
13.20;11.7 Leachate Analysis;384
13.21;References;387
14;Foundry Sand;390
14.1;Introduction;390
14.2;12.1 Types of Foundry Sands;391
14.3;12.1.1 Green Sand;391
14.4;12.1.2 Chemically-Bonded Sand;392
14.5;12.2 Properties of Foundry Sand 12.2.1 Physical Characteristics;392
14.6;12.2.2 Chemical Composition;394
14.7;12.2.3 Mechanical Properties;395
14.8;12.2.4 Potential Contaminants;396
14.9;12.3 Management Options 12.3.1 Recycling;397
14.10;12.3.2 Disposal;397
14.11;12.3.3 Uses of Foundry Sand;397
14.12;12.4 Properties of Controlled Low Strength-Materials (CLSM) Containing Foundry Sand 12.4.1 Plastic Properties;402
14.13;12.4.2 Compressive Strength;403
14.14;12.4.3 Permeability;404
14.15;12.4.4 Leachate Analysis;405
14.16;12.5 Properties of Concrete Containing Foundry Sand;407
14.17;12.5.1 Compressive Strength;407
14.18;12.5.2 Splitting Tensile Strength and Modulus of Elasticity;411
14.19;12.5.3 Freezing and Thawing Resistance;411
14.20;12.5.4 Drying Shrinkage;413
14.21;References;414