Sigl Astroparticle Physics: Theory and Phenomenology

1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-94-6239-243-4
Verlag: Atlantis Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 1, 877 Seiten

Reihe: Atlantis Studies in Astroparticle Physics and Cosmology

This books aims at giving an overview over theoretical and phenomenological aspects of particle astrophysics and particle cosmology. To be of interest for both students and researchers in neighboring fields of physics, it keeps a balance between well established foundations that will not significantly change in the future and a more in-depth treatment of selected subfields in which significant new developments have been taking place recently. These include high energy particle astrophysics, such as cosmic high energy neutrinos, the interplay between detection techniques of dark matter in the laboratory and in high energy cosmic radiation, axion-like particles, and relics of the early Universe such as primordial magnetic fields and gravitational waves. It also contains exercises and thus will be suitable for both introductory and advanced courses in astroparticle physics.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sigl, Günter

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;7
2;Preface;9
3;Acknowledgements;14
4;Contents;15
5;Acronyms;22
6;Notations and Conventions;23
6.1;Latin Symbols;25
6.2;Greek and Calligraphic Symbols;28
6.3;Vectors;30
7;Part I Fundamentals of Particle Physics;31
8;1 Electroweak Interactions and Neutrinos;32
8.1;1.1 Neutrinos and Weak Interactions;32
8.2;1.2 Fermi Theory of Nuclear Beta Decay;33
8.3;1.3 Free Neutrinos: Inverse ?-Decay;34
8.4;1.4 Parity Violation in ?-Decay;36
8.5;1.5 Helicity of the Neutrino;36
8.6;1.6 The Structure of the Electroweak Interaction;37
8.6.1;1.6.1 Minkowski Space-Time and Lorentz Transformations;37
8.6.2;1.6.2 Particles as Representations of Space-Time Symmetries;44
8.6.3;1.6.3 The V--A Interaction;53
8.7;1.7 Majorana Fermions;54
8.8;1.8 Charged Pion and Muon Decay;57
8.8.1;1.8.1 Muon Decay and Michel Parameter;57
8.8.2;1.8.2 Branching Ratio of Pion Decay as a Signature of V--A Interactions;58
8.9;1.9 Weak Neutral Currents, the GIM Model and Charm;59
9;2 The Fundamental Gauge Interactions and Their Description;65
9.1;2.1 Introduction;65
9.2;2.2 Interaction Rates, Amplitudes and Cross Sections;67
9.2.1;2.2.1 Scattering Amplitudes, Partial Waves and Unitarity;67
9.2.2;2.2.2 Amplitudes and Cross Sections;72
9.3;2.3 Renormalizability;77
9.4;2.4 Gauge Symmetries and Interactions;80
9.4.1;2.4.1 The Action and Its Symmetries;81
9.4.2;2.4.2 Canonical and Path Integral Quantization;85
9.4.3;2.4.3 Gauge Interactions of Matter Fields;89
9.4.4;2.4.4 Gauge Interactions and Gauge Fields;91
9.4.5;2.4.5 Conformal Invariance and Conformal Transformations;108
9.4.6;2.4.6 Gauge Symmetries and Quantization;110
9.5;2.5 The Electromagnetic Interaction;111
9.5.1;2.5.1 Standard Electrodynamics;111
9.5.2;2.5.2 Extensions of Electrodynamics;119
9.6;2.6 The Electroweak Interaction;124
9.7;2.7 The Strong Interaction;133
9.8;2.8 The Gravitational Interaction;140
9.9;2.9 Limitations of the Standard Model;153
9.10;2.10 Beyond the Standard Model;154
9.10.1;2.10.1 Unification of Interactions and Grand Unified Theories (GUTs);154
9.10.2;2.10.2 Topological Defects and Non-topological Solitons;156
9.10.3;2.10.3 Supersymmetric Extensions of the Standard Model;165
9.10.4;2.10.4 Extra Dimensions;171
9.10.5;2.10.5 Quantum Field Theory on Curved Space-Time and Quantum Gravity;174
9.10.6;2.10.6 String Theory and Other Approaches;179
9.11;2.11 About the Question of Fundamental Units;183
9.11.1;Feynman Diagrams and Feynman Rules;184
10;Fundamentals of Cosmology and Astrophysics;193
11;3 The Universe Between Today and First Light;195
11.1;3.1 Sources Powered by Nuclear Energy: Stars;195
11.2;3.2 Sources Powered by Gravitational Energy: Black Holes and Accretion;202
11.2.1;3.2.1 General Aspects;202
11.2.2;3.2.2 The Hydrodynamics of Accretion Disks;204
11.2.3;3.2.3 Schwarzschild Black Holes;212
11.2.4;3.2.4 Kerr Black Holes;216
11.2.5;3.2.5 Gravitation and Thermodynamics;221
11.3;3.3 The Universe at Large Scales: Hubble's Law;225
11.4;3.4 The Cosmological Principle and the Friedmann Equations;228
11.5;3.5 The Formation of Structure;239
11.6;3.6 Basics of Plasma Physics and Magnetohydrodynamics;249
11.6.1;3.6.1 Unmagnetized Plasmas;249
11.6.2;3.6.2 Magnetohydrodynamics of Non-helical and Helical Magnetic Fields;257
11.6.3;3.6.3 Magnetic Dynamos;274
11.6.4;3.6.4 Waves in a Magnetized Plasma;277
11.6.5;3.6.5 Plasma Instabilities;280
11.6.6;3.6.6 Magnetic Fields, Angular Momentum and Accretion Disks;285
11.7;3.7 Gravitational Lensing;290
11.7.1;Discontinuities and Shocks;302
12;4 The Early Universe Before First Light;316
12.1;4.1 Equilibrium Thermodynamics;316
12.2;4.2 The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB);322
12.3;4.3 Thermal Relics from the Early Universe: Neutrino and Dark Matter Freeze-Out;334
12.4;4.4 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN);344
12.5;4.5 Phase Transitions and Their Relics;348
12.6;4.6 Magnetohydrodynamics and Primordial Magnetic Fields;359
12.6.1;4.6.1 Modeling Primordial Magnetic Fields;360
12.6.2;4.6.2 Possible Role of Chiral Magnetic Effects;367
12.6.3;4.6.3 Observational Constraints;377
12.7;4.7 The Origin of Matter: Leptogenesis and Baryogenesis;379
12.7.1;4.7.1 The Creation of Leptons and Baryons at the Electroweak Scale;380
12.7.2;4.7.2 Leptogenesis and Baryogenesis Beyond the Standard Model;385
12.8;4.8 Inflation and Density Perturbations;393
12.9;4.9 Reheating;415
12.10;4.10 Cosmology, Initial Conditions and the Arrow of Time;418
13;Part III High Energy Cosmic and Gamma-Rays;424
14;5 Detection Techniques and Experimental Results;425
14.1;5.1 Detection Techniques for High Energy Cosmic Rays;425
14.1.1;5.1.1 Physics of Air Showers and Radiation in Media;426
14.1.2;5.1.2 Detection from Space;443
14.1.3;5.1.3 Detection from the Ground;444
14.2;5.2 Observations of High Energy Cosmic Rays;447
14.2.1;5.2.1 Galactic Cosmic Rays;453
14.2.2;5.2.2 Extragalactic Cosmic Rays;455
14.3;5.3 Detection Techniques for High Energy Gamma-Rays;461
14.4;5.4 Observations of High Energy Gamma-Rays;463
14.4.1;5.4.1 Galactic Gamma-Rays;464
14.4.2;5.4.2 Extragalactic Gamma-Rays;466
15;6 Cosmic Ray Sources and Acceleration;470
15.1;6.1 Acceleration of Charged Particles;470
15.1.1;6.1.1 General Considerations;470
15.1.2;6.1.2 Fermi Acceleration;471
15.1.3;6.1.3 Magnetic Reconnection;479
15.1.4;6.1.4 Nonlinear Acceleration and Back-Reaction;482
15.2;6.2 Maximal Acceleration Energy;486
15.3;6.3 Cosmic Ray Source Models;491
15.3.1;6.3.1 Galactic Cosmic Ray Sources;491
15.3.2;6.3.2 Extragalactic Cosmic Ray Sources;494
16;7 Cosmic Ray Propagation;503
16.1;7.1 Introduction;503
16.2;7.2 Galactic Cosmic and ?-rays;510
16.2.1;7.2.1 General Considerations;510
16.2.2;7.2.2 Charged Particle Motion in Turbulent Magnetic Fields and Propagation of Galactic Cosmic Rays;513
16.2.3;7.2.3 Interpretation of Galactic Cosmic Ray Spectrum and Composition;530
16.2.4;7.2.4 Interpretation of Galactic Cosmic Ray and ?-Ray Anisotropies;534
16.3;7.3 Extragalactic Cosmic Rays;537
16.3.1;7.3.1 Pair Production;537
16.3.2;7.3.2 Pion Production: The Greisen--Zatsepin--Kuzmin (GZK) Effect;538
16.3.3;7.3.3 Photodisintegration of Nuclei;539
16.3.4;7.3.4 Propagation Simulations and the Role of Magnetic Deflection;541
16.4;7.4 The Non-thermal Universe: General Considerations;550
17;8 Electromagnetic Radiation in Astrophysics;559
17.1;8.1 The Principal Electromagnetic Processes;559
17.1.1;8.1.1 Radiation of a Moving Charge in Classical Electrodynamics;559
17.1.2;8.1.2 Synchrotron and Curvature Radiation;562
17.1.3;8.1.3 Compton and Inverse Compton Scattering (ICS);566
17.1.4;8.1.4 Comptonization;573
17.1.5;8.1.5 Pair Production (PP);579
17.1.6;8.1.6 Processes of Higher Order or Involving Different Particles;582
17.1.7;8.1.7 Electromagnetic Cascades;584
17.1.8;8.1.8 The Role of Magnetic Fields;585
17.2;8.2 Gamma-Ray Sources;587
17.2.1;8.2.1 Galactic Gamma-Ray Sources;587
17.2.2;8.2.2 Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Sources;588
17.3;8.3 Basics of Radio Astronomy;592
17.3.1;8.3.1 Astrophysical Radio Sources;594
17.3.2;8.3.2 Fast Radio Transients;595
18;Part IV Astrophysics with Weakly Coupled Messengers: Neutrinos and Gravitational Waves;601
19;9 High Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrino Fluxes and Their Detection;602
19.1;9.1 Neutrino Scattering;602
19.2;9.2 Detection Techniques for High Energy Neutrinos;606
19.3;9.3 Neutrinos Produced in Cosmic Ray Sources and Observations;611
19.4;9.4 Neutrinos from Cosmic Ray Propagation;620
20;10 Neutrino Properties;624
20.1;10.1 Neutrino Mixing;624
20.2;10.2 Open Questions in Neutrino Physics;629
21;11 Neutrino Oscillations;632
21.1;11.1 Vacuum Neutrino Oscillations;632
21.2;11.2 Neutrino Oscillations in the Laboratory;633
21.3;11.3 Neutrino Oscillations in Matter;635
21.3.1;11.3.1 The Effect of Ordinary Matter;635
21.3.2;11.3.2 Effects of Neutrino Self-Interactions;639
21.3.3;11.3.3 Inhomogeneities and Wave Packets;644
21.4;11.4 Outlook: General Kinetic Description of Mixed Flavor State Scattering in a Medium;647
21.5;11.5 Boltzmann Equations;657
22;12 Neutrino Properties and Their Role in Astrophysics and Cosmology;663
22.1;12.1 Stellar Burning and Solar Neutrino Oscillations;663
22.2;12.2 Supernova Neutrinos;668
22.3;12.3 Atmospheric Neutrinos;673
22.4;12.4 Flavor Composition of Neutrino Fluxes from High Energy Sources;678
22.5;12.5 Neutrino Hot and Warm Dark Matter;679
22.6;12.6 Leptogenesis and Baryogenesis: The Role of Neutrinos;684
23;13 Weak Gravitational Fields and Gravitational Waves;686
23.1;13.1 Introduction;686
23.2;13.2 A Short Overview Over Gravitational Wave Detection Techniques;695
23.3;13.3 Astrophysical Gravitational Wave Sources;703
23.3.1;13.3.1 Gravitational Waves from Binary Stars and Their First Direct Detection;706
23.3.2;13.3.2 Gravitational Waves from Rotating Stars;714
23.3.3;13.3.3 Gravitational Waves from Stellar Collapse;716
23.4;13.4 Primordial Gravitational Waves;718
23.5;13.5 Prospects of Multi-messenger Studies of Gravitational Waves, Cosmic Rays, Gamma-Rays, and Neutrinos;722
24;Part V Probing New Physics: Dark Matter, New Particles and Fundamental Symmetries;729
25;14 Dark Matter;730
25.1;14.1 Introduction: Astrophysical and Cosmological Evidence for Dark Matter;730
25.2;14.2 Direct Dark Matter Detection;741
25.3;14.3 Signatures of Dark Matter in Accelerator Experiments;750
25.4;14.4 Indirect Dark Matter Detection;753
25.4.1;14.4.1 General Facts on WIMP Indirect Detection;753
25.4.2;14.4.2 Photons;756
25.4.3;14.4.3 Electromagnetic Cascades and Their Effects on the CMB;761
25.4.4;14.4.4 Cosmic Rays and Antimatter;762
25.4.5;14.4.5 High Energy Neutrinos from WIMP Capture by Astrophysical Bodies;766
26;15 New Light and Heavy Matter States and Their Role in Astrophysics and Cosmology;773
26.1;15.1 Axions and Axion-Like Particles (ALPs);773
26.2;15.2 Hidden Photons and Other Weakly Interacting Sub-eV Particles (WISPs);778
26.3;15.3 Signatures of WISPs in Astrophysics, Cosmology and in the Laboratory;782
26.3.1;15.3.1 Photon-WISP Oscillations;782
26.3.2;15.3.2 Laboratory Tests of the Presence of ALPs;787
26.3.3;15.3.3 WISP Signatures in Astrophysics and Cosmology;791
26.4;15.4 Cosmological Relic WISPs as Dark Matter;794
26.5;15.5 Magnetic Monopoles;804
26.6;15.6 Q-Balls, Strangelets and Black Holes;806
27;16 Violation of Fundamental Symmetries;809
27.1;16.1 Lorentz Symmetry Violations;809
27.1.1;16.1.1 Introduction;809
27.1.2;16.1.2 Lorentz Symmetry Violations in High Energy Physics and Astrophysics;810
27.1.3;16.1.3 Lorentz Symmetry Violations at Low Energies;814
27.2;16.2 Spin Zero Fields, Fifth Forces, the Equivalence Principle and Variations of Fundamental Constants;814
28;Glossary;819
29;Solutions;828
30;References;829
31;Index;861