Sih / Francois Progress in Fracture Mechanics

Fracture Mechanics Research and Technological Activities of Nations Around the World
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-9040-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 192 Seiten

Progress in Fracture Mechanics: Fracture Mechanics Research and Technological Activities of Nations around the World is a collection of papers that presents the contemporary state of fracture mechanics research in different countries. This collection arises from the need to access various fracture mechanics materials in one publication, since fracture mechanics varies in parameters, methods of testing, and jargons. This text will be of great use to students, researchers, and practitioners of materials science.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sih, G. C.

Francois, D.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Progress in Fracture Mechanics: Fracture Mechanics Research and Technological Activities of Nations Around the World;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Foreword;8
6;List of Participants;10
7;Chapter 1. Fracture Mechanics in Australia;14
7.1;INTRODUCTION;14
7.2;CRACK PATCHING;14
7.3;ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS;15
7.4;RESIDUAL STRESS STUDIES;16
7.5;FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH;16
7.6;APPLIED RESEARCH;17
7.7;FUNDAMENTAL (THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL)
RESEARCH;17
7.8;REFERENCES;18
8;Chapter 2. Fracture Mechanics in Austria;20
8.1;INTRODUCTION;20
8.2;ORGANIZATIONS FINANCIALLY SUPPORTING RESEARCH
AND INSTITUTIONS DOING RESEARCH IN FRACTURE;20
8.3;FRACTURE MECHANICS AND MATERIALS TESTING
IN EDUCATION;22
8.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;22
8.5;REFERENCES;22
9;Chapter 3. Fracture Mechanics Activities in Belgium
(Ghent);24
10;Chapter 4. Fracture Mechanics in China;30
10.1;J-INTEGRAL AND COD ANALYSIS, TESTING AND
ITS APPLICATIONS;30
10.2;COMBINED MODE FRACTURE CRITERIA;32
10.3;COMPUTATIONS OF STRESSINTENSITY FACTORS (SIF);32
10.4;ELASTIC PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF CRACK TIP FIELD;33
10.5;FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION ANALYSIS
AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT ON CRACK GROWTH;34
10.6;REFERENCES;36
11;Chapter 5. Activities in the Field of Fracture Mechanics in Czechoslovakia since
ICF4;38
11.1;RESEARCH IN FRACTURE MECHANICS;38
11.2;APPLICATIONS;40
11.3;PUBLICITY AND EDUCATION;40
12;Chapter 6. Fracture Mechanics Research in Denmark;42
12.1;ABSTRACT;42
12.2;INTRODUCTION;42
12.3;THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK;42
12.4;RESEARCH AT OTHER INSTITUTIONS;43
12.5;REFERENCES;44
13;Chapter 7. Progress of Fracture Mechanics
in Finland;48
13.1;INTRODUCTION;48
13.2;TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND;48
13.3;METALS LABORATORY;49
13.4;NUCLEAR ENGINEERING LABORATORY;51
13.5;DEVELOPMENT WORK IN COMPUTATIONAL FRACTURE
MECHANICS;51
13.6;HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
OF MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY;51
13.7;LAPPEENRANTA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY;52
13.8;IMATRAN VOIMA COMPANY;53
13.9;RAUTARUUKKI OY lORN WORKS, RESEARCH CENTRE (RAAHE);53
13.10;OTHER UTILITIES;54
14;Chapter 8. French Work on Fracture;56
14.1;BASIC MATERIAL FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DATA;57
14.2;ANALYSIS OF CRACK SEVERITY AND FRACTURE CRITERIA;58
14.3;ANALYSIS OF PROPAGATION CRITERIA;59
14.4;PROPAGATION UNDER FATIGUE;59
14.5;THE EFFECT OF A CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT;60
14.6;APPLICATIONS OF FRACTURE MECHANICS;60
15;Chapter 9. Stress Singularities at Crack Tips;
Some Developments in Greece;62
15.1;INTRODUCTION;62
15.2;METHODS
OF SOLUTION;63
15.3;THE MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS;63
15.4;EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;64
16;Chapter 10. Progress on Fracture Mechanics
in the Netherlands (1960-1980);68
16.1;ABSTRACT;68
16.2;FRACTURE
MECHANICS IN THE NETHERLANDS 1960–1980;70
16.3;LEFM;73
16.4;EPFM;73
17;Chapter 11. Review About the Activities on the Field of Fracture Mechanics
in Hungary;82
18;Chapter 12. Progress in Fatigue and Fracture
Mechanics in India;84
18.1;ABSTRACT;84
18.2;INTRODUCTION;84
18.3;DEVELOPMENTS IN ANALYTICAL ASPECTS OF
FRACTURE AND FATIGUE;86
18.4;MICROSTRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF FATIGUE AND
FRACTURE;88
18.5;TESTING TECHNOLOGY;89
18.6;FAILURE ANALYSIS AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION
TECHNIQUES;91
18.7;REFERENCES;94
19;Chapter 13. Progress in Fracture Mechanics;98
19.1;ABSTRACT;98
19.2;REFERENCES;99
20;Chapter 14. Fracture Mechanics: Research, Engineering Applications and
Educational Courses in Italy;102
20.1;ABSTRACT;102
20.2;PRELIMINARY REMARKS;102
20.3;INSTITUTIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIVITY IN MATERIAL
DEVELOPMENTS;103
20.4;INSTITUTIONS AND RELATIVE TOPICS SUBJECT
OF INVESTIGATION;103
20.5;SPONSORING FRACTURE MECHANICS RESEARCH;106
20.6;EDUCATION IN FRACTURE MECHANICS;106
20.7;INSTITUTIONS NAMES AND ADDRESSES;106
21;Chapter 15. Progress in Fracture Mechanics
in Japan;108
21.1;REFERENCES;109
22;Chapter 16. The Fracture Mechanics Activities
in Korea;112
22.1;ABSTRACT;112
22.2;INTRODUCTION;112
22.3;FRACTURE MECHANICS ACTIVITIES OF INDIVIDUALS
IN KOREA;112
22.4;FUTURE OUTLOOK OF FRACTURE MECHANICS;114
22.5;REFERENCES;114
23;Chapter 17. Fracture Mechanics in Norway;118
23.1;INTRODUCTION;118
23.2;TOPICS OF RESEARCH;118
23.3;FRACTURE MECHANICS RESEARCH AT NTH;118
23.4;FRACTURE MECHANICS RESEARCH AT DnV;119
23.5;FINAL REMARKS;120
24;Chapter 18. Fracture Mechanics in Poland;122
24.1;ABSTRACT;122
24.2;INTRODUCTORY REMARKS;122
24.3;PRINCIPAL FIELDS OF RESEARCH;123
24.4;FUTURE PROSPECTS;124
25;Chapter 19. Fracture Mechanics in Portugal;126
25.1;INTRODUCTION;126
25.2;RESEARCH ACTIVITIES;126
25.3;EDUCATION;127
25.4;INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION;127
25.5;PORTUGUESE GROUP OF FRACTURE (PGF);128
26;Chapter 20. Fracture Mechanics Activities in Spain;130
26.1;INTRODUCTION;130
26.2;RESEARCH SUPPORTED BY GOVERNMENT;131
26.3;RESEARCH SUPPORTED BY INDUSTRY;133
26.4;REFERENCES;134
27;Chapter 21. Fracture Mechanics Research in Sweden;136
27.1;INTRODUCTION;136
27.2;DEVELOPMENTS CONCERNING FINANCING;136
27.3;RECENT PROJECTS AND RESULTS;136
27.4;SUMMARY;139
27.5;REFERENCES;139
28;Chapter 22. Fracture Mechanics in Switzerland;142
28.1;ABSTRACT;142
28.2;INTRODUCTION;142
28.3;PAST AND PRESENT ACTIVITIES;142
28.4;FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS;147
28.5;TEACHING AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS;147
28.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;148
28.7;REFERENCES;148
29;Chapter 23. Progress of Fracture Studies in
Turkey;150
29.1;INTRODUCTION;150
29.2;ANALYTICAL STUDIES;150
29.3;EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES;152
29.4;THE PROGRESSES IN THE TURKISH AIRCRAFT INDUSTRIES
INCORPORATION (TUSAS);155
29.5;REFERENCES;156
30;Chapter 24. Review of UK work on
Fracture for ICF 5;158
30.1;REFERENCES;160
31;Chapter 25. Progress in Fracture Mechanics
in the United States of America;162
31.1;INTRODUCTION;162
31.2;ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FRACTURE;163
31.3;DEVELOPMENT OF FRACTURE MECHANICS TECHNOLOGY;164
31.4;FUTURE DEMAND;168
32;Chapter 26. Some Aspects of Fracture
Mechanics Research;170
32.1;ABSTRACT;170
32.2;MECHANICS
OF CRACKS;170
32.3;PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF FRACTURE;171
32.4;RECENT RESULTS IN MECHANICS OF FRACTURE;171
32.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;173
33;Chapter 27. Progress in Fracture Mechanics: A Survey on Research Programs in the Federal Republic of
Germany;174
33.1;INTRODUCTION;174
33.2;SPONSORS;174
33.3;RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES;175
34;Chapter 28. Application and Development of
Fracture Mechanics in Yugoslavia;180
34.1;ABSTRACT;180
34.2;HISTORICAL;180
34.3;EXPERIMENTAL WORK IN FRACTURE MECHANICS;181
34.4;LARGE-SCALE TESTING—EXAMPLE OF PRACTICAL USE OF
FRACTURE MECHANICS;183
34.5;FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF FRACTURE MECHANICS IN
YUGOSLAVIA;185
34.6;REFERENCES;186
35;Author Index;188

Leseproben

Fracture Mechanics in Australia

R. Jones and S.P. Lynch,     Aeronautical Research Laboratories, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia

Publisher Summary

This chapter describes the fracture mechanics in Australia. Recent publications concerning fracture mechanics in Australia include the 4th Tweksbury Symposium on Fracture and the 1977 and 1980 Conferences of the Australian Fracture Group. During the period 1977–81, the Aeronautical Research Laboratories (ARL) has made major advances in the development of bonded repairs to cracked aircraft components. This procedure has been successfully used to repair stress-corrosion cracks in the wing of Hercules aircraft and in the crew module of Fill aircraft, as well as fatigue cracks in the landing wheels of Macchi aircraft and in the lower wing skin of Mirage III aircraft in service with the RAAP. Studies of the relationship between crack velocity, K, and stress-intensity factor, K, for sustained-load cracking of high-strength, tempered-martensitic (D6ac) steel in gaseous hydrogen and liquid mercury environments are being undertaken at ARL. The majority of work on fatigue is concerned with the investigation of service failures. Tests using double-cantilever-beam specimens have been carried out for various coatings that have been sprayed onto grit-blasted mild steel substrates at Monash. The toughness of zirconia has been increased by additions of calcia, magnesia, and yttrium, inducing a localized compressive zone at crack tips.

INTRODUCTION

Recent publications concerning fracture mechanics in Australia include the 4th Tweksbury Symposium on Fracture (1980) [1] and the 1977 and 1980 Conferences of the Australian Fracture Group [2,3]. Some highlights are outlined in the present paper.

CRACK PATCHING

During the period 1977–81, the Aeronautical Research Laboratories (ARL) has made major advances in the development of bonded repairs to cracked aircraft components. This procedure has been successfully used to repair stress-corrosion cracks in the wing of Hercules aircraft and in the crew module of F111 aircraft, as well as fatigue cracks in the landing wheels of Macchi aircraft [4] and in the lower wing skin of Mirage III aircraft [5] in service with the RAAP (Figs. 1 and 2). Cracks up to 111 mm in length have been repaired in Mirage aircraft using an overlay of unidirectional boron/epoxy laminate with the fibres perpendicular to the crack (Fig. 1). This patch was designed using the special finite elements described in [6–8] which make allowance for shear deformation in the structure, patch and adhesive. This work has been supported by research into (i) the effects of residual thermal stresses and thermal fatigue [9,10]; (ii) the evaluation of adhesives for fibre composite reinforcement of aluminum alloys [11]; (iii) analytical studies [12–14]. Here it has been shown that, after patching, the stress intensity factor remains constant rather than increasing with increasing crack length.

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of boron-fibre-reinforced-plastic repair to a Mirage wing skin.

Fig. 2 Boron-fibre-reinforced-plastic repair to a Macchi wheel.

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

Studies of the relationship between crack velocity, , and stress-intensity factor, for sustained-load cracking of high-strength, tempered-martensitic (D6ac) steel in gaseous hydrogen and liquid mercury environments are being undertaken at ARL. Except for differences in rates of crack growth, the characteristics of fracture in mercury and hydrogen were remarkably similar, e.g. fracture surfaces were predominantly intercrystalline and were entirely dimpled for some heat treatments (Fig. 3). It has been proposed [15] that environmentally assisted cracking in both mercury and hydrogen can be explained on the basis that adsorption facilitates the nucleation of dislocations at crack tips.

Fig. 3 Micrographs showing appearance of fracture surfaces of a high strength steel cracked in (a,b) hydrogen gas and (c,d) liquid mercury.

RESIDUAL STRESS STUDIES

At the Materials Research Laboratories (MRL), the basic problem under consideration is that of autofrettage in thick-walled steel cylinders. To date, a joint finite element/experimental program has been undertaken [16], using the crack tip elements developed at ARL [17], to compare the crack growth rates obtained experimentally and those predicted using the finite element method. The residual stresses in the rings due to autofrettage have also been measured [18].

At Monash University, attention is focused on the residual stresses in bonded joints and their effects on the strength of the joint [19]. At Melbourne University, the relationship between crack closure and residual stresses is being examined by monitoring the displacements in front and in the wake of fatigue cracks [20].

FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

The majority of work on fatigue is concerned with the investigation of service failures. An excellent summary of some of these problems, and the associated answers, is given in [21].

However, basic research into the effects of load interaction is underway at Melbourne University, Monash University and MRL [22]. Other areas of study underway at Monash include the relationship between microstructure and fatigue crack growth, and the effects of peening and surface treatments on the life of welded joints [23].

APPLIED RESEARCH

Tests using double-cantilever-beam specimens have been carried out for various coatings which have been sprayed onto grit-blasted mild steel substrates at Monash [24].

Creep cracking is the major concern at the Herman Research Laboratories of the State Electricity Commission of Victoria. Here, experimental measurements and finite element methods are used in conjunction with damage tolerance techniques to determine the integrity and life of components.

Research in the Division of Materials Science, CSIRO, is particularly concerned with improving the fracture toughness of engineering ceramics and refractories [25]. The toughness of zirconia has been increased by additions of calcia, magnesia and yttria which induce a localised compressive zone at crack tips [26].

FUNDAMENTAL (THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL) RESEARCH

The following fundamental research has recently been reported:

(1) A perturbation scheme for the stress analysis of slightly curved or kinked cracks and its implications for the influence of tensile stresses parallel to the crack on the stability of the crack path [27,28].

(2) A method of estimating the essential work of ductile fracture in plane stress using deep-edge-notched specimens; and the influence of prestrain on the work of fracture [29,30].

(3) An electron-microscope study of atomically sharp cracks, and atomic modelling of chemical interactions at crack tips [31,32].

(4) The stress relaxation process in double-periodic arrays (rectangular and diamond shaped) of cracks [33,34].

(5) A modification of a two-strut model for axial splitting under compression [35].

(6) A thermoelastic crack problem for an anisotropic slab [36,37].

(7) An application of the boundary integral equation method to problems governed by elliptic systems in the cut plane [38].

(8) The photodegradation of mechanical properties of nylon and its correlation with the specific energy absorption in tensile tests [39].

(9) The dependence of stability of crack growth on mechanical properties of highly cross-linked engineering resins [40].

(10) The application of damage tolerance principles [41].

(11) Fundamental studies of material behaviour at the tip of fatigue cracks [42].

(12) An experimental and theoretical study of the pull-out force required to cause debonding of glass rod embedded in an elastometric matrix [43].

REFERENCES

[1] Fracture at Work, , D. S. Mansell and G. H. Vasey, eds., 1979.

[2] , N. E. Ryan, ed., Melbourne, August 1977.

[3] , N. E. Ryan, ed., Melbourne, November 1980.

[4] Baker, A. A., , 11, 1977.

[5] Baker, A. A., Callinan, R. J., Davis, M. J., Jones, R., Williams, J. G. Application of b.f.r.p. Crack Patching to Mirage III Aircraft. . 1980; pp. 1424–1438.

[6]...