Simonstein Reprogen-Ethics and the Future of Gender

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-2475-6
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 43, 224 Seiten

Reihe: International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine

'Reprogen-Ethics and the Future of Gender' brings together three tightly related topics, which have so far been dealt separately in bioethics: assisted reproduction, enhancing and gender. Part one in this book targets present policies and legislature of assisted reproduction. Part two focuses on current views of the ethics of PGD and enhancing. Part three tackles the future of gender. Part four deals with artificial wombs and ectogenesis. The aim of this book is to provide a joint perspective in order to get the big picture. Contributors include Matti Häyry, Tuija Takala, Søren Holm, David Heyd, Daniel Callahan, Harriet Bradley, Ekaterina Balabanova and others. Some chapters in this book will significantly contribute to the current discussion of the topics at stake; other chapters will start a discussion on issues that have not yet been discussed. 'Reprogen-Ethics and the Future of Gender' will certainly appeal to readers who are interested in any of the intersecting topics of assisted reproduction, genetic enhancing and gender; bioethicists, sociologists, genetic counsellors, gynaecologists, legislators, and students of the relevant disciplines.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Simonstein, Frida

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Epigraph;6
2;Acknowledgements;7
3;Contents;8
4;Notes on the Contributors;10
5;Introduction;14
6;Part I ART – A 30 Years Retrospective;25
6.1;Chapter 1 Current Status of Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART);26
6.1.1;Introduction;26
6.1.2;Indications of ART;26
6.1.3;Ovulation Induction;27
6.1.4;Severe Male Infertility and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection [ICSI];28
6.1.5;Gamete Donation;28
6.1.6;In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes;29
6.1.7;Culture Media;29
6.1.8;Embryo Biopsy and PGD/PGS;30
6.1.9;Blastocyst Culture;31
6.1.10;Single Embryo Transfer;31
6.1.11;Ultrasound Guided Embryo Transfer;32
6.1.12;Endometrial Biopsy to Test Endometrial Receptivity;32
6.1.13;Oocytes Cryopreservation;33
6.1.14;Ovarian Cryopreservation and Transplantation;33
6.1.15;Gestational Carrier Pregnancy;34
6.1.16;Use of Human Embryos for Research – Stem Cells;34
6.1.17;Posthumous Conception;34
6.1.18;Conclusion;35
6.1.19;References;35
6.2;Chapter 2 The Medicalization of Reproduction – A 30 Year Retrospective;39
6.2.1;Introduction;39
6.2.2;Liberty, Effective Freedom and the Social Embedding of ART;40
6.2.3;ART and the Medicalization of Reproduction;42
6.2.4;Conclusion;45
6.2.5;References;46
6.2.6;Chapter 3 Conceiving a New Right to Procreate;47
6.2.7;Introduction;47
6.2.8;The Traditional View and its Shortcomings;48
6.2.9;The Capacity to Procreate;52
6.2.10;Problems of Implementation and how These can be Solved by the New Approach;55
6.2.11;Conclusion;59
6.2.12;References;59
7;Part II ART – Mind the Gap;63
7.1;Chapter 4 ‘Can’t Avoid It, Can’t Afford It’: Assisted Reproduction in Israel and Bulgaria;64
7.1.1;Introduction;64
7.1.2;Starting Point;65
7.1.3;ARTs in Bulgaria;66
7.1.4;ARTs in Israel;67
7.1.5;IVF Performance;68
7.1.6;Some Effects in Israel – Too Much of a Good Thing?;69
7.1.7;Some Effects in Bulgaria – Not Enough of a Good Thing?;69
7.1.8;Some Conclusions;71
7.1.9;References;71
7.2;Chapter 5 Assisted Reproduction in Developing Countries: The Debate at a Turning Point;74
7.2.1;Introduction;74
7.2.2;The Gender Dimension;75
7.2.3;ART Clinics in Developing Countries: To Be or Not to Be?;76
7.2.4;The Future;79
7.2.5;ART in Context;79
7.2.6;Heterogeneity of Developing Countries – One Size Does not Fit All;81
7.2.7;The Equity Issue;82
7.2.8;Conclusions;83
7.2.9;References;84
7.3;Chapter 6 Ethical and Socio-Cultural Aspects that Influence ART in Latin America;87
7.3.1;Introduction;87
7.3.2;Continents and Countries;88
7.3.3;Latin America;90
7.3.4;Conclusions;93
7.3.5;References;94
8;Part III Gendered Futures;96
8.1;Chapter 7 Women, Work, and Children: Is There a Solution?;97
8.1.1;Introduction;97
8.1.2;Some Personal History;98
8.1.3;Collected Observations;99
8.1.4;The Hazards of Delayed Procreation;100
8.1.5;The Sandwich Generation and Male Fecklessness;101
8.1.6;Alternative Posibilities;103
8.1.7;A Failure of Feminism?;103
8.1.8;An End to Misplaced Tolerance;105
8.1.9;The Importance of Early Procreation;105
8.1.10;Changing the Job Market;106
8.1.11;An Alternative Track;107
8.1.12;Men: The Eternal Problem;108
8.1.13;References;109
8.2;Chapter 8 Between Fecklessness and Selfishness: Is There a Biologically Optimal Time for Motherhood?;111
8.2.1;Introduction;111
8.2.2;The Biological Optimum and Unnecesary Risk;112
8.2.3;Implicit Pro-natalism;113
8.2.4;How the Biological Optimum is Socially Constructed;115
8.2.5;A Question of Degree?;116
8.2.6;What Kind ofWoman ‘Delays’ Pregnancy?;117
8.2.7;Selfishness and Mother/Child Conflict of Interest;119
8.2.8;Conflicting Ideologies of Motherhood;121
8.2.9;References;122
8.3;Chapter 9 Gendered Futures: Reproduction and Production in Women’s Lives;124
8.3.1;Introduction;124
8.3.2;What’s Going on? The Gendering of Social Life;126
8.3.3;Future Positive? Scenarios of Possibility;129
8.3.4;Conclusions: The resillience of Gendering;135
8.3.5;References;136
9;Part IV Parenting;138
9.1;Chapter 10 Is Transferred Parental Responsibility Legitimately Enforceable?;139
9.1.1;Context;139
9.1.2;Questions;139
9.1.3;Shortcut Attempts;141
9.1.4;Parental Responsibility;143
9.1.5;Breeders’ Pact;145
9.1.6;Reaching the Limit;148
9.1.7;Implications;150
9.1.8;References;152
9.2;Chapter 11 Reproduction, Responsibility and Rationality;154
9.2.1;Introduction: Parental Rights and Responsibilities;154
9.2.2;A “Minimally Satisfying Life”;155
9.2.3;The Best Life or a Good Life;158
9.2.4;Reproductive Choice;162
9.2.5;Conclusion;162
9.2.6;References;163
9.3;Chapter 12 Male or FemaleWeWill Create Them: The Ethics of Sex Selection for Non-medical Reasons;164
9.3.1;Introduction;164
9.3.2;Fears and Negative Connotations;165
9.3.3;Methods of Sex Selection;166
9.3.4;Demographic Imbalance: Real or Imagined?;169
9.3.5;The Fear of Stigmatization: The Feminist Argument;171
9.3.6;Conclusion: The Liberal View of Sex Selection;172
9.3.7;References;174
10;Part V Non-gendered Futures;177
10.1;Chapter 13 Artificial Reproductive Technologies and the Advent of the ArtificialWomb;178
10.1.1;Introduction;178
10.1.2;Neonatal Care;178
10.1.3;Will this Line of Treatment Persist?;179
10.1.4;New Developments in Gynecology and IVF;180
10.1.5;Developments in Embryology and the Huge Gap;181
10.1.6;The Human Genome Project and Stem Cell Research;181
10.1.7;Developments in Computer Science;182
10.1.8;Facing Ectogenesis;182
10.1.9;New Conondrums;183
10.1.10;Some Lessons From IVF;184
10.1.11;Final Remarks;185
10.1.12;References;185
10.2;Chapter 14 Human Before Sex? Ectogenesis as aWay to Equality;188
10.2.1;Introduction;188
10.2.2;Ectogenesis;189
10.2.3;Ectogenesis is in Everyone’s Interests;190
10.2.4;What About the Children;192
10.2.5;Adverse Consequences of Ectogenesis;193
10.2.6;Concluding Thoughts;195
10.2.7;References;195
10.3;Chapter 15 The Glass Womb;197
10.3.1;Introduction;197
10.3.2;A Rationale for the Bill;198
10.3.3;How Glass Wombs Make a Difference;201
10.3.4;Terminations and Glass Wombs;202
10.3.5;Ectogenesis and Gender;207
10.3.6;References;209
10.4;Chapter 16 A Survey of People’s Attitude Towards the ArtificialWomb and Ectogenesis in Israel;210
10.4.1;Introduction;210
10.4.2;Research Methods;211
10.4.3;Results;213
10.4.4;Discussion and Conclusions;215
10.4.5;References;217
11;Index;219