Singer Interactions of Space Vehicles with an Ionized Atmosphere

International Series of Monographs in Aeronautics and Astronautics, Vol. 18
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-2257-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 520 Seiten, Web PDF

International Series of Monographs in Aeronautics and Astronautics, Volume 18: Interactions of Space Vehicles with an Ionized Atmosphere focuses on the interaction of bodies with ionized gas as it move through the interplanetary space. This book is divided into 10 chapters. Chapter 1 deals with the fundamental problem that underlies the distortion of a plasma in the vicinity of an electrically charged body. The rocket and satellite measurements of the plasma that sheath around the body in which the screening takes place are discussed in Chapters 2 to 4. In Chapters 5 to 6, the direct physical interactions between the particles of the plasma and surface of a body are described. The electromagnetic propagation effects introduced by the presence of a body in a plasma are covered in Chapters 7 to 9. The last chapter is devoted to finding and describing mechanisms that might explain the existence of plasma clouds produced by the passage of large bodies through a plasma. This volume is intended for scientists, engineers, and researchers interested in the interactions of space vehicles with an ionized atmosphere.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Singer, S. F.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Interactions of Space Vehicles with an Ionized Atmosphere;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;EDITOR'S FOREWORD;8
6;PART I: PLASMA SHEATHS—PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT AND THEORY;10
6.1;Chapter 1. PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION AND MOTION IN A FIELD OF FORCE;12
6.1.1;PART I. LOCAL THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM AND THE GENERAL PROBLEM OF SCREENING;12
6.1.2;PART II. CASE . OF FREE MOTION;30
6.1.3;PART III. NOTES ON APPLICATIONS;49
6.1.4;REFERENCES;67
6.1.5;NOTATION;68
6.2;Chapter 2. PLASMA SHEATH AND SCREENING AROUND A STATIONARY CHARGED SPHERE AND A RAPIDLY MOVING CHARGED BODY;70
6.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;70
6.2.2;2. FORMULAE FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE SCREENING OF A STATIONARY CHARGED SPHERE;75
6.2.3;3. THE SCREENING OF A CHARGED BODY WHERE THE RETURN FACTOR Q+ IS VARIABLE;103
6.2.4;4. THE SELF-CONSISTENT FIELD CALCULATION FOR A RAPIDLY MOVING AXIALLY SYMMETRIC CHARGED BODY;113
6.2.5;5. THE DENSITY OF IONS AND ELECTRONS IN AN AXIALLY SYMMETRIC POTENTIAL FIELD FOR A RAPIDLY MOVING CHARGED BODY;119
6.2.6;6. OTHER EQUATIONS FOR FOLLOWING TRAJECTORIES;129
6.2.7;7. GROWTH OF ERRORS IN NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS;137
6.2.8;8. RESULTS OF THE NUMERICAL SOLUTION FOR THE SCREENING OF A RAPIDLY MOVING CHARGED BODY;143
6.2.9;9. PARTICLE ACCRETION AND DRAG ON A RAPIDLY MOVING CHARGED BODY;162
6.2.10;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;170
6.2.11;REFERENCES;170
6.3;Chapter 3. AN IN SITU PROBE SYSTEM FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF IONOSPHERIC PARAMETERS;172
6.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;172
6.3.2;2. THE IONOSPHERE;175
6.3.3;3. REVIEW OF IONOSPHERIC ROCKET MEASUREMENTS;191
6.3.4;4. THE LANGMUIR PROBE;199
6.3.5;5. THE THERMAL EQUALIZATION PROBE;209
6.3.6;6. THE PULSE PROBE;222
6.3.7;7. FLIGHT TEST RESULTS;237
6.3.8;8. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS;245
6.3.9;9. CONCLUSIONS;269
6.3.10;10. APPENDIX;275
6.3.11;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;276
6.3.12;REFERENCES;277
6.4;Chapter 4. PLASMA SHEATH EFFECTS ON ROCKET ANTENNAS;280
6.4.1;INTRODUCTION;280
6.4.2;INSTRUMENTATION;280
6.4.3;OBSERVATIONS ON THE ION SHEATH;282
6.4.4;OBSERVATIONS ON THE OUTGASSING PHENOMENON;285
6.4.5;THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS;288
6.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;289
6.4.7;REFERENCES;290
6.5;Chapter 5. FREE MOLECULAR HEAT TRANSFER IN THE IONOSPHERE;292
6.5.1;SYMBOLS;292
6.5.2;SUBSCRIPTS;293
6.5.3;INTRODUCTION;294
6.5.4;FREE MOLECULAR ENERGY FLUXES;295
6.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;310
6.5.6;REFERENCES;311
6.6;Chapter 6. ON THE FORMATION OF SATELLITE ELECTRON SHEATHS RESULTING FROM SECONDARY EMISSION AND PHOTOEFFECTS;314
6.6.1;INTRODUCTION;314
6.6.2;SATELLITE CHARGE AND SHEATH FORMATION AS A FUNCTION OF ALTITUDE;315
6.6.3;ELECTRON EJECTION FROM SOLIDS BY IONS, ATOMS AND MOLECULES;320
6.6.4;THE SPACE CHARGE EQUATIONS GOVERNING SHEATH FORMATION;323
6.6.5;DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY;327
6.6.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;329
6.6.7;REFERENCES;329
7;PART II: RADIOWAVE REFLECTIONS—OBSERVATIONS AND HYPOTHESES;332
7.1;Chapter 7. THE SATELLITE IONIZATION PHENOMENON AS STUDIED BY CW-REFLECTION AND PULSE RADAR TECHNIQUES;334
7.1.1;INTRODUCTION;334
7.1.2;PULSE RADAR OBSERVATIONS;352
7.1.3;EARLY OBSERVATIONS;335
7.1.4;RECENT CW-REFLECTION OBSERVATIONS;345
7.1.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;379
7.1.6;REFERENCES;380
7.2;Chapter 8. THE DETECTION OF ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES BY THEIR INFLUENCES ON THE IONOSPHERE;382
7.2.1;INTRODUCTION;382
7.2.2;20.MC WWV EXPERIMENTS;383
7.2.3;OBSERVATIONS OF THE 20.005- AND 40.01-MC TRANSMISSIONS FROM 1958 82;386
7.2.4;10-MC WWV EXPERIMENTS;388
7.2.5;DOPPLER EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH 10-MC WWV BURSTS;391
7.2.6;DEPENDENCE OF 10-MC WWV BURST UPON

GEOPLANETARY . INDEX;393
7.2.7;THE RADAR ECHO AREA OF BODIES MOVING IN A PLASMA;393
7.2.8;CONCLUSIONS;395
7.2.9;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;396
7.2.10;REFERENCES;396
7.3;Chapter 9. AN HF-RADAR SEARCH FOR THE EFFECTS OF EARTH SATELLITES UPON THE IONOSPHERE;398
7.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;398
7.3.2;2. EQUIPMENT;400
7.3.3;3. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE;403
7.3.4;4. METHOD OF DATA REDUCTION;405
7.3.5;5. THRESHOLD OF DETECTION;405
7.3.6;6. RESULTS OF DATA REDUCTION;410
7.3.7;7. CONCLUSIONS;435
7.3.8;REFERENCES;436
7.4;Chapter 10. A COMMUNICATION ON THE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-FREQUENCY RADIO TRANSMISSIONS FROM SATELLITES;438
7.4.1;INTRODUCTION;438
7.4.2;CONCLUSIONS;443
7.4.3;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;443
7.4.4;REFERENCES;443
7.5;Chapter 11. REFLECTION OF RADIO WAVES INCIDENT ON BOUNDARY SURFACES WITH APPLICATION TO THE THEORY OF THE KRAUS EFFECT;446
7.5.1;INTRODUCTION;446
7.5.2;REFERENCES;455
7.5.3;Chapter 12. COHERENT SCATTERING OF A METALLIC BODY IN THE PRESENCE OF AN IONIZED SHELL;456
7.5.4;INTRODUCTION;456
7.5.5;APPROXIMATIONS FOR THE ECHO AREA OF THE DIELECTRIC-CLAD SPHERE;458
7.5.6;SCATTERING FROM SATELLITE WAKE ACTING AS A DIELECTRIC ROD ANTENNA;465
7.5.7;CONCLUSIONS;467
7.5.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;468
7.5.9;NEW DEVELOPMENTS;468
7.5.10;REFERENCES;471
7.6;Chapter 13. DISTURBANCE DUE TO A SATELLITE IN A PLASMA MEDIUM AND ITS EFFECT ON RADAR RETURN;474
7.6.1;INTRODUCTION;474
7.6.2;DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF POSITIVE IONS;475
7.6.3;DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS;479
7.6.4;POTENTIAL OF SATELLITE;482
7.6.5;RADAR RETURN FROM THE DISTURBED REGION;485
7.6.6;NUMERICAL RESULTS;488
7.6.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;490
7.6.8;REFERENCES;490
7.7;Chapter 14. PLASMA COMPRESSION EFFECTS PRODUCED BY SPACE VEHICLES IN A MAGNETOIONIC MEDIUM;492
7.7.1;STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM;492
7.7.2;CALCULATIONS OF IMPORTANT PARAMETERS FOR THE DEFLECTION OF IONS BY CHARGED BODIES;493
7.7.3;APPROXIMATE DENSITY OF THE DEFLECTED IONS;495
7.7.4;THE DIFFUSION EQUATION;497
7.7.5;THE CALCULATION OF THE DENSITY AS A FUNCTION OF POSITION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES;500
7.7.6;APPLICATION OF THE RESULTS TO THE CALCULATION OF THE COMPRESSION OF IONS BY A SATELLITE;503
7.7.7;DEFLECTION BY A CHARGED SPHERE PASSING THROUGH AN IONIZED GAS CLOUD;504
7.7.8;DERIVATION OF THE DENSITY OF IONS FOR THE MOTION OF A SATELLITE THROUGH A COLD PLASMA AT AN ANGLE TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD;504
7.7.9;DEFLECTION OF IONS AND ELECTRONS BY A SCREENED ELECTRIC FIELD;509
7.7.10;REFERENCES;510
8;INDEX;512