Singh Advances in Applied Bioremediation

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-540-89621-0
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 361 Seiten

Bioremediation is a rapidly advancing field and the technology has been applied successfully to remediate many contaminated sites. The goal of every soil remediation method is to enhance the degradation, transformation, or detoxification of pollutants and to protect, maintain and sustain environmental quality. Advances in our understanding of the ecology of microbial communities capable of breaking down various pollutants and the molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which biodegradation occurs have helped us in developing practical soil bioremediation strategies. Chapters dealing with the application of biological methods to soil remediation are contributed from experts - authorities in the area of environmental science including microbiology and molecular biology - from academic institutions and industry.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Singh, Ajay

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;Chapter 1;15
4.1;Biological Remediation of Soil: An Overview of Global Market and Available Technologies;15
4.1.1;1.1 Introduction;15
4.1.2;1.2 Global Remediation Market;16
4.1.2.1;1.2.1 North America;17
4.1.2.2;1.2.2 Europe;18
4.1.2.3;1.2.3 Australia and New Zealand;19
4.1.2.4;1.2.4 Asia;19
4.1.2.5;1.2.5 Latin America and Africa;21
4.1.3;1.3 Major Environmental Contaminants of Concern;21
4.1.4;1.4 Biological Remediation of Contaminated Soils;24
4.1.4.1;1.4.1 In Situ Biological Remediation;25
4.1.4.2;1.4.2 Ex Situ Biological Remediation;27
4.1.4.3;1.4.3 Nanotechnology and Site Remediation: An Emerging Field;28
4.1.4.4;1.4.4 Designing Biological Remediation;29
4.1.5;1.5 Conclusions;30
4.2;References;32
5;Chapter 2;34
5.1;Local Gain, Global Loss: The Environmental Cost of Action;34
5.1.1;2.1 Introduction;34
5.1.2;2.2 Better and Worse Treatment Choices;35
5.1.2.1;2.2.1 Doing Nothing;36
5.1.2.2;2.2.2 In situ Bioremediation Can be Good or Bad;37
5.1.2.3;2.2.3 Other In Situ Methods: Manufacture of Materials;37
5.1.2.4;2.2.4 Excavation or Immobilisation: Surfaces and Transport;38
5.1.2.5;2.2.5 Landfilling;38
5.1.3;2.3 Case Study: Two Simple Models for a Petrol Filling Station;39
5.1.3.1;2.3.1 Site Description and Treatment Techniques;39
5.1.3.2;2.3.2 The Case Models;40
5.1.3.3;2.3.3 The Case Results;40
5.1.3.4;2.3.4 Conclusions from the Case Study;42
5.1.4;2.4 Improving Specific Remediations;43
5.1.4.1;2.4.1 What to Consider;43
5.1.4.1.1;2.4.1.1 Energy;43
5.1.4.1.2;2.4.1.2 Scarce Natural Resources;43
5.1.4.1.3;2.4.1.3 Land Use;44
5.1.4.1.4;2.4.1.4 Emissions;44
5.1.4.1.5;2.4.1.5 Human Exposure;45
5.1.4.2;2.4.2 Tools to Use;45
5.1.5;2.6 Conclusion;46
5.2;References;47
6;Chapter 3;48
6.1;Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soil;48
6.1.1;3.1 Introduction;48
6.1.2;3.2 Bioavailability Under Thermodynamic Control;52
6.1.2.1;3.2.1 Structure Activity Relationships;52
6.1.2.2;3.2.2 Concentration Dependence;55
6.1.2.3;3.2.3 Competition by Co-Solutes;57
6.1.2.4;3.2.4 Effect of True Hysteresis;59
6.1.3;3.3 Bioavailability Under Kinetic Control;61
6.1.3.1;3.3.1 Nature and Geometry of the Diffusing Medium;63
6.1.3.2;3.3.2 Influence of Molecular Structure;65
6.1.3.3;3.3.3 Coupled Sorption–Microbial Degradation Models;65
6.1.3.4;3.3.4 High Desorption Resistance;68
6.1.3.5;3.3.5 Correlation of Desorption Resistance with Biodegradation Resistance;69
6.1.3.6;3.3.6 Causes of High Desorption Resistance;71
6.1.3.7;3.3.7 Facilitated Bioavailability;73
6.1.4;3.4 Conclusions;76
6.2;References;77
7;Chapter 4;85
7.1;4.1 Introduction;85
7.2;4.2 Natural History of Biosurfactants;86
7.2.1;4.2.1 Biosurfactant Properties and Classes;86
7.2.2;4.2.2 Biosurfactant Chemical Characterization;87
7.2.3;4.2.3 Physiological Roles of Biosurfactants;89
7.2.4;4.3 Biosurfactant Applications in Bioremediation;92
7.2.5;4.3.1 Mass Transfer Effects on Biodegradation;92
7.2.6;4.3.2 Soil Washing;95
7.2.7;4.3.3 Biosurfactant Production;96
7.3;4.4 Conclusions;98
7.4;References;98
8;Chapter 5;102
8.1;The Diversity of Soluble Di-iron Monooxygenases with Bioremediation Applications;102
8.1.1;5.1 Introduction;102
8.1.2;5.2 Soluble Di-iron Monooxygenases (SDIMOs);103
8.1.2.1;5.2.1 Biochemistry;103
8.1.2.2;5.2.2 Physiological Roles;103
8.1.2.3;5.2.3 Genetics, Diversity and Classification;104
8.1.3;5.3 Applications of SDIMOs in Bioremediation: Pollutants and Approaches;106
8.1.3.1;5.3.1 Growth-Linked Metabolism;106
8.1.3.2;5.3.2 Cometabolism;107
8.1.3.3;5.3.3 Strategies for Field Application;107
8.1.4;5.4 Monitoring Microbial Communities;108
8.1.4.1;5.4.1 Culture-Based Sampling for Degradative Organisms;108
8.1.4.2;5.4.2 Culture-Independent Sampling for Degradative Organisms;109
8.1.5;5.5 Conclusion;110
8.2;References;111
9;Chapter 6;114
9.1;Bioremediation of Polluted Soil;114
9.1.1;6.1 Introduction;114
9.1.2;6.2 Soil Health;118
9.1.3;6.3 Pollution;119
9.1.4;6.4 Plants and Phytoremediation;120
9.1.5;6.5 Biodegradation;121
9.1.6;6.6 Rhizosphere;124
9.1.6.1;6.6.1 Exudates;124
9.1.6.2;6.6.2 Microbial Communities;125
9.1.6.3;6.6.3 Assessment of Species Richness and Diversity;126
9.1.6.4;6.6.4 Remediation;127
9.2;References;128
10;Chapter 7;133
10.1;Soil Bioremediation Strategies Based on the Use of Fungal Enzymes;133
10.1.1;7.1 Introduction;133
10.1.2;7.2 Principles of Soil Bioremediation;134
10.1.2.1;7.2.1 Definitions;134
10.1.2.2;7.2.2 Bioremediation Techniques;135
10.1.2.3;7.2.3 Interest of Bioremediation Vs. Physico-chemical Processes;136
10.1.2.4;7.2.4 Biotransformation Pathways of Organic Pollutants;137
10.1.2.5;7.2.5 Bioremediation of Metal-polluted Soils;137
10.1.3;7.3 Relevance of Fungal Enzymes for Soil Bioremediation;138
10.1.3.1;7.3.1 Filamentous Fungi;138
10.1.3.2;7.3.2 Fungal Oxidases;139
10.1.3.2.1;7.3.2.1 Peroxidases;139
10.1.3.2.2;7.3.2.2 Laccases;140
10.1.3.3;7.3.3 Examples of Xenobiotic Biotransformation Mediated by Fungal Enzymes;142
10.1.3.3.1;7.3.3.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH);142
10.1.3.3.2;7.3.3.2 Nitro-Aromatic Compounds;143
10.1.3.3.3;7.3.3.3 Endocrine-Disrupting Phenolic Compounds;144
10.1.3.4;7.3.4 Engineering of Fungal Oxidases;145
10.1.3.5;7.3.5 Advantages of the use of Enzymes for Soil Bioremediation;147
10.1.3.6;7.3.6 Limitations of the Use of Enzymes for Soil Bioremediation;148
10.1.3.6.1;7.3.6.1 Heterogeneity and Availability of Pollutants in the Soil Medium;149
10.1.3.6.2;7.3.6.2 Behaviour of Enzymes in the Soil Medium;149
10.1.3.6.3;7.3.6.3 Production of Fungal Oxidases;151
10.1.4;7.4 Prospects for Future Research;152
10.1.4.1;7.4.1 Improving the Ability of Natural Enzymes to Transform Pollutants;152
10.1.4.2;7.4.2 Discovering Enzymes with New or Increased Potential;152
10.1.5;7.5 Conclusion;153
10.2;References;153
11;Chapter 8;160
11.1;Anaerobic Metabolism and Bioremediation of Explosives-Contaminated Soil;160
11.1.1;8.1 Introduction;160
11.1.2;8.2 Anaerobic Biotransformation of Nitroaromatic Compounds;161
11.1.3;8.3 Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria;162
11.1.3.1;8.3.1 Metabolism of TNT Metabolism of TNT and Other Nitroaromatic Compounds by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria;163
11.1.3.2;8.3.2 Bioremediation of TNT Under Sulfate-Reducing Conditions;166
11.1.4;8.4 Bioremediation of Explosives-Contaminated Soil: A Case Study;171
11.1.4.1;8.4.1 Soil Slurry Reactor and Landfarming Methods;171
11.1.4.2;8.4.2 Analyses;172
11.1.4.3;8.4.3 Results;173
11.2;References;178
12;Chapter 9;182
12.1;Biological Remediation of Petroleum Contaminants;182
12.1.1;9.1 Introduction;182
12.1.2;9.2 Fate of Hydrocarbons in Soil;183
12.1.3;9.3 Microbial Diversity and Biodegradation;184
12.1.4;9.4 Biological Remediation;187
12.1.5;9.5 Microbial and Nutrient Amendments;188
12.1.6;9.6 Factors Affecting Hydrocarbon Bioremediation;190
12.1.7;9.7 Conclusion;192
12.2;References;192
13;Chapter 10;197
13.1;Bioremediation of Benzene-contaminated Underground Aquifers;197
13.1.1;10.1 Introduction;197
13.1.2;10.2 Analyses of a Gasoline-Contaminated Underground Aquifer;198
13.1.3;10.3 Identification and Isolation of Anaerobic Benzene-Degrading Bacteria;201
13.1.4;10.4 Conclusion;205
13.2;References;206
14;Chapter 11;208
14.1;Microbial Remediation of Metals in Soils;208
14.1.1;11.1 Introduction;208
14.1.2;11.2 Concern About Metals in Soils;209
14.1.3;11.3 Metal Interactions in Soil;209
14.1.4;11.4 Physical and Chemical Approaches for Metal Remediation;212
14.1.4.1;11.4.1 Metal Removal;212
14.1.4.2;11.4.2 Metal Immobilization;213
14.1.4.3;11.4.3 New Preventative Methods of Metal Contamination;214
14.1.5;11.5 Microbial Interactions with Metals;214
14.1.6;11.6 Microbial Transformations of Metals;215
14.1.6.1;11.6.1 Complexation/Precipitation Mechanisms;215
14.1.6.2;11.6.2 Metal Solubilization Mechanisms;217
14.1.7;11.7 Approaches to Microbial-Based Remediation of Metal-Contaminated Soils;219
14.1.7.1;11.7.1 Indirect Use of Microbial Activities;219
14.1.7.2;11.7.2 Augmentation with Microorganisms;220
14.1.7.3;11.7.3 Soil Washing Using Microorganisms or Their By-products;220
14.1.7.4;11.7.4 Gene Transfer and Genetic Engineering of Metal-Resistance Genes;221
14.1.7.5;11.7.5 Microbial Influence on Phytoremediation in the Rhizosphere;222
14.1.8;11.8 New Frontiers in Microbial Metal Remediation;222
14.2;References;223
15;Chapter 12;228
15.1;Transformations of Toxic Metals and Metalloids by .Pseudomonas stutzeri. Strain KC and its Siderophore Pyridine-2,6-bis(thio;228
15.1.1;12.1 Introduction;228
15.1.2;12.2 Overview of Pdtc Interactions with Metals;230
15.1.3;12.3 Nature of Pdtc Interactions with Heavy Metals and Metalloids;231
15.1.4;12.4 Reduction and Precipitation of Selenium and Tellurium Oxyanions;233
15.1.5;12.5 Chromium(VI) Reduction Mediated by Pdtc;238
15.1.6;12.6 Biotechnology Perspective of Microbial Interactions with Metals;241
15.1.7;12.7 Conclusion;242
15.2;References;243
16;Chapter 13;246
16.1;Biomining Microorganisms: Molecular Aspects and Applications in Biotechnology and Bioremediation;246
16.1.1;13.1 Introduction;246
16.1.2;13.2 Metal Mobilization and Generation of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD);247
16.1.3;13.3 Molecular Aspects of Acidophilic Microorganisms-Mineral Interactions;248
16.1.4;13.4 Biomining Microorganisms and Their Industrial Applications;251
16.1.5;13.5 Environmental Bioremediation of AMD and Metals Using Biomining Microorganisms;253
16.1.5.1;13.5.1 General Methods for AMD Bioremediation;253
16.1.5.2;13.5.2 Bioshrouding to Prevent AMD Generation;254
16.1.5.3;13.5.3 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals;254
16.1.5.4;13.5.4 Bioremediation of Arsenic;257
16.1.5.5;13.5.5 Biosensors to Monitor Arsenic and other Metals Bioremediation: Use of Biomining Microorganisms-derived Genetic Constru;258
16.1.5.6;13.5.6 Recycling Waste Metals to Avoid Environmental Pollution;260
16.1.6;13.6 Conclusions;260
16.2;References;261
17;Chapter 14;264
17.1;Advances in Phytoremediation and Rhizoremediation;264
17.1.1;14.1 Introduction;264
17.1.2;14.2 Role of the Rhizosphere;267
17.1.2.1;14.2.1 Exudates and Enzymes Released;268
17.1.2.2;14.2.2 Methods Used in Phytoremediation;268
17.1.2.2.1;14.2.2.1 Artificial Wetlands;269
17.1.2.2.2;14.2.2.2 Perspectives of Plants in Detoxification in CWD;269
17.1.3;14.3 Basic Research Aspects;269
17.1.3.1;14.3.1 Plant in vitro Cultures in Phytoremediation Studies;269
17.1.3.1.1;14.3.1.1 Callus and Cell Suspension Cultures;270
17.1.3.1.2;14.3.1.2 Hairy Root Cultures;270
17.1.4;14.4 Genetic Engineering Approach;270
17.1.4.1;14.4.1 Pollution Prevention;271
17.1.4.2;14.4.2 Genetically Modified Organisms for Phytoremediation;272
17.1.4.2.1;14.4.2.1 Methods for Preparation of Transgenic Plants;272
17.1.4.3;14.4.3 Examples of GM Plants Tailored for Phytoremediation;273
17.1.4.3.1;14.4.3.1 Increased Accumulation of Heavy Metals;273
17.1.4.3.2;14.4.3.2 Plants with an Enhanced Ability to Detoxify Persistent Organic Compounds;274
17.1.5;14.5 Other Approaches to Improve the Effectiveness of the Phytoremediation Process;275
17.1.5.1;14.5.1 Secondary Plant Metabolites and their Role in Phytoremediation;275
17.1.5.2;14.5.2 Effect of Symbiotic Bacteria;276
17.1.5.2.1;14.5.2.1 Genetically Modified Symbiotic Bacteria;276
17.1.5.2.2;14.5.2.2 Mycorrhizal Symbiosis;276
17.1.5.2.3;14.5.2.3 Metagenomics and Molecular Methods;277
17.1.6;14.6 Conclusions;277
17.2;References;279
18;Chapter 15;285
18.1;Phytoremediation for Oily Desert Soils;285
18.1.1;15.1 Introduction;285
18.1.2;15.2 Desert Soils and Oil Pollution;285
18.1.2.1;15.2.1 Normal Desert Microflora;286
18.1.2.2;15.2.2 Crude Oil;286
18.1.2.3;15.2.3 Desert Soil Pollution with Oil;287
18.1.2.4;15.2.4 Oil-Utilizing Microorganisms;288
18.1.2.5;15.2.5 Cleaning of Oily Desert Soil;290
18.1.3;15.3 Bioremediation;291
18.1.4;15.4 Phytoremediation by Rhizosphere Technology;291
18.1.4.1;15.4.1 The Rhizosphere Environment;292
18.1.4.2;15.4.2 The Rhizosphere Microflora;293
18.1.4.3;15.4.3 Phytoremediation for Xenobiotic Compounds;293
18.1.5;15.5 Phytoremediation Strategies for Oily Desert Soils;294
18.1.5.1;15.5.1 Oil Plant Interaction;295
18.1.5.2;15.5.2 Vegetation for Seeding;295
18.1.5.3;15.5.3 Vegetation for Fertilization;297
18.1.6;15.6 Conclusions;299
18.2;References;299
19;Chapter 16;305
19.1;Heavy Metal Phytoremediation: Microbial Indicators of Soil Health for the Assessment of Remediation Efficiency;305
19.1.1;16.1 Microbial Indicators of Soil Health;305
19.1.2;16.2 Heavy Metal Phytoremediation;308
19.1.2.1;16.2.1 Continuous Metal Phytoextraction;310
19.1.2.2;16.2.2 Chelate-Induced Phytoextraction;311
19.1.2.3;16.2.3 Phytostabilization;313
19.1.3;16.3 Conclusions;315
19.2;References;316
20;Chapter 17;320
20.1;The Environment and the Tools in Rhizo- and Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil;320
20.1.1;17.1 Techniques for Culture-Independent Assessment of Microbial Communities;320
20.1.1.1;17.1.1 Microbial Community Analysis;321
20.1.1.2;17.1.2 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis;323
20.1.1.3;17.1.3 Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism;323
20.1.1.4;17.1.4 Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis;324
20.1.1.5;17.1.5 Reverse Transcription-PCR;324
20.1.1.6;17.1.6 Base-Specific Fragmentation and Mass Spectrometry;325
20.1.1.7;17.1.7 Signature Lipid Biomarker Analysis/Environmental Nucleic Acid Probes;325
20.1.1.8;17.1.8 Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism;325
20.1.1.9;17.1.9 Other Techniques;326
20.1.1.10;17.1.10 Possible Molecular Pitfalls;327
20.1.2;17.2 DGGE Technique and Application;328
20.1.2.1;17.2.1 Community Diversity Analysis;331
20.1.2.2;17.2.2 Community Dynamics Studies;332
20.1.2.3;17.2.3 Molecular Community Mapping Across Varied Environments;333
20.1.2.4;17.2.4 Niche Differentiation;333
20.1.2.5;17.2.5 Determining Species Diversity;333
20.1.3;17.3 Alternatives to PCR-Based Analyses;334
20.1.3.1;17.3.1 Morphology;334
20.1.3.2;17.3.2 Catalase Reaction;335
20.1.3.3;17.3.3 Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria;335
20.1.3.4;17.3.4 Identification Using API and Biolog;335
20.1.3.5;17.3.5 DNA Reassociation;336
20.1.4;17.4 Use of 16S rDNA Sequences for Parsimony and Distance Analysis;337
20.1.4.1;17.4.1 Characterisation of 16S Region;338
20.1.4.2;17.4.2 Characteristic Base-Pairs;339
20.2;References;339
21;Chapter 18;344
21.1;Molecular Tools for Monitoring and Validating Bioremediation;344
21.1.1;18.1 Introduction;344
21.1.2;18.2 High-Throughput Techniques for Characterization of Contaminated Sites;345
21.1.2.1;18.2.1 Fingerprinting Techniques;346
21.1.2.2;18.2.2 Real-Time PCR;348
21.1.2.3;18.2.3 DNA Microarrays;348
21.1.2.4;18.2.4 Metagenomics;350
21.1.3;18.3 Application of Molecular Techniques in Contaminated Sites for Characterization of Microbial Communities and Assessment o;352
21.1.4;18.4 Conclusion;355
21.2;References;356
22;Index;359