Singh-Nee Nigam / Pandey Biotechnology for Agro-Industrial Residues Utilisation

Utilisation of Agro-Residues
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-4020-9942-7
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 466 Seiten

Residues from agriculture and the food industry consist of many and varied wastes, in total accounting for over 250 million tonnes of waste per year in the UK alone. Biotechnological processing of these residues would allow these waste products to be used as a resource, with tremendous potential. An extensive range of valuable and usable products can be recovered from what was previously considered waste: including fuels, feeds and pharmaceutical products. In this way Biotechnology can offer many viable alternatives to the disposal of agricultural waste, producing several new products in the process.

This book presents up-to-date information on a biotechnology approach for the utilisation of agro-industrial residues, presenting chapters with detailed information on materials and bioconversion technology to obtain products of economic importance:

• The production of industrial products using agro-industrial residues as substrates
• The biotechnological potential of agro-industrial residues for bioprocesses
• Enzymes degrading agro-industrial residues and their production
• Bioconversion of agro-industrial residues.

Written by experts in Biotechnological processing of Agro-Industrial Residues, this book will provide useful information for academic researchers and industry scientists working in biotechnology, waste management, agriculture and the food industry.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Singh-Nee Nigam, Poonam

Pandey, Ashok

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Acknowledgements;8
3;Contents;9
4;Contributors;12
5;General;15
5.1;Agro-Industrial Residue Utilization for Industrial Biotechnology Products;16
5.1.1;Contents;16
5.1.2;1.1 Introduction;16
5.1.3;1.2 Fermentation and Biocatalysis;18
5.1.4;1.3 Currently Used Renewable Agrosubstrates as Industrial Fermentation Substrates;18
5.1.5;1.4 Towards Agro-Industrial Residue Utilization Technology in Industrial Biotechnology;23
5.1.6;References;23
5.2;Pre-treatment of Agro-Industrial Residues;25
5.2.1;Contents;25
5.2.2;2.1 Agro-Industrial Residues;26
5.2.3;2.2 Composition of Residues;27
5.2.4;2.3 Annual Yield;28
5.2.5;2.4 Uses of Agro-Industrial Residues;29
5.2.6;2.5 Pre-treatments;31
5.2.7;2.6 Physical Pre-treatment;32
5.2.8;2.7 Chemical Pre-treatment;33
5.2.9;2.8 Biological and Enzymatic Pre-treatment;35
5.2.10;2.9 Combined Pre-treatments;40
5.2.11;Abbreviations;41
5.2.12;References;41
6;Production of Industrial Products Using Agro- Industrial Residues as Substrates;46
6.1;Production of Organic Acids from Agro- Industrial Residues;47
6.1.1;Contents;47
6.1.2;3.1 Use of Agro-Wastes for Organic Acid Production;48
6.1.3;3.2 Commercial Importance of Organic Acids;48
6.1.4;3.3 Organic Acid Biosynthesis;49
6.1.5;3.4 Citric Acid;50
6.1.6;3.5 Preparation of Production Medium;54
6.1.7;3.6 Optimisation of Factors;56
6.1.8;3.7 Mechanism of Citric Acid Synthesis;59
6.1.9;3.8 Extraction of Citric Acid from Fermentation;60
6.1.10;3.9 Productivity of Citric Acid;61
6.1.11;3.10 Prospects of R & D in Citric Acid Biosynthesis;62
6.1.12;3.11 Lactic Acid;63
6.1.13;3.12 Prospects of R & D in Lactic Acid Biosynthesis;67
6.1.14;References;68
6.2;Biofuels;71
6.2.1;Contents;71
6.2.2;4.1 Introduction;72
6.2.3;4.2 Bio-Fuels;72
6.2.4;4.3 Biogas;73
6.2.5;4.4 Biohydrogen;78
6.2.6;4.5 Coupling of Biohydrogen and Biomethane Production;79
6.2.7;4.6 Bio Ethanol;79
6.2.8;4.7 Biodiesel;81
6.2.9;4.8 Future Prospectives;83
6.2.10;References;84
6.3;Production of Protein-Enriched Feed Using Agro- Industrial Residues as Substrates;87
6.3.1;Contents;87
6.3.2;5.1 Introduction;88
6.3.3;5.2 Technologies Applied toWaste Reprocessing for Protein Enrichment;89
6.3.4;5.3 Agro-Food IndustryWastes and Residues and Their Reuse Potentials;92
6.3.5;5.4 Conclusion and Safety Considerations;102
6.3.6;References;102
6.4;Aroma Compounds;114
6.4.1;Contents;114
6.4.2;6.1 Aroma Compounds;115
6.4.3;6.2 Production of Aroma Compounds;115
6.4.4;6.3 Using AgroWastes as Substrates;126
6.4.5;6.4 Recovery;129
6.4.6;6.5 Application of Aroma Compounds;129
6.4.7;References;130
6.5;Production of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites;137
6.5.1;Contents;137
6.5.2;7.1 Reasons to Use Agro Residues as Starting Material;138
6.5.3;7.2 What are Bioactive Compounds;138
6.5.4;7.3 Biotechnology Used for Production of Secondary Metabolites from Agro- Industrial Residues;140
6.5.5;7.4 Biosynthesis of Secondary-Metabolites;142
6.5.6;7.5 Process Control in Synthesis of Desired Metabolite;144
6.5.7;7.6 Recovery of Secondary Metabolites in Downstream Processing;148
6.5.8;7.7 Scaling-Up of Process For Secondary Metabolites;149
6.5.9;7.8 Prospects of Agro Residues for Secondary Metabolites Production;151
6.5.10;References;152
6.6;Microbial Pigments;154
6.6.1;Contents;154
6.6.2;8.1 Pigments;155
6.6.3;8.2 Food Technology and Color;155
6.6.4;8.3 Market Trends;156
6.6.5;8.4 Microbial Pigments;156
6.6.6;8.5 Pigment Producing Microorganisms;157
6.6.7;8.6 Biodiversity of Filamentous Fungi: A Promising Source of Colorants;157
6.6.8;8.7 Microbial Pigments – Production and Market;159
6.6.9;8.8 Role of Biotechnology;160
6.6.10;8.9 Monascus – A Potent Source of Food Colorant;160
6.6.11;8.10 Monascus Pigments;162
6.6.12;8.11 Monascus Pigment Production by Solid-State Fermentation;165
6.6.13;8.12 Agro-Industrial Residues as Substrates for Monascus Pigment Production;166
6.6.14;8.13 Other Applications of Monascus Pigments;166
6.6.15;References;167
6.7;Production of Mushrooms Using Agro- Industrial Residues as Substrates;170
6.7.1;Contents;170
6.7.2;9.1 Introduction;171
6.7.3;9.2 Residue-Based Substrates and their Solid-State Fermentation by Mushroom Fungi;173
6.7.4;9.3 Bioconversion of Solid Residue-Substrates Through Mushroom Cultivation;184
6.7.5;9.4 Closing Remarks;192
6.7.6;References;194
6.8;Solid-State Fermentation Technology for Bioconversion of Biomass and Agricultural Residues;204
6.8.1;Contents;204
6.8.2;10.1 Agro-Residue Bioconversion in SSF;205
6.8.3;10.2 A Bio-Technology Solid State Fermentation;208
6.8.4;10.3 Advantages of SSF Over Conventional Liquid Fermentation;209
6.8.5;10.4 Performance Control of SSF Process;211
6.8.6;10.5 Microorganisms Used for Agro-Residues Bioconversion;216
6.8.7;10.6 Designing and Types of SSF;218
6.8.8;10.7 Scale-Up Stages of SSF;220
6.8.9;10.8 Factors Affecting SSF;221
6.8.10;10.9 Processes and Products of SSF;223
6.8.11;References;223
7;Biotechnological Potential of Agro- Industrial Residues for Bioprocesses;229
7.1;Biotechnological Potentials of Cassava Bagasse;230
7.1.1;Contents;230
7.1.2;11.1 Introduction;231
7.1.3;11.2 Cassava- a Global View;231
7.1.4;11.3 Cassava Bagasse;232
7.1.5;11.4 Conclusion;240
7.1.6;References;241
7.2;Sugarcane Bagasse;243
7.2.1;Contents;243
7.2.2;12.1 Introduction;244
7.2.3;12.2 Processing of Sugarcane;244
7.2.4;12.3 Composition of Bagasse;244
7.2.5;12.4 Biotechnological Potential of Sugarcane Bagasse;244
7.2.6;12.5 Pre-treatment Methods for Sugarcane Bagasse;250
7.2.7;12.6 Conclusions;252
7.2.8;Abbreviations;252
7.2.9;References;252
7.3;Edible Oil Cakes;257
7.3.1;Contents;257
7.3.2;13.1 Introduction;258
7.3.3;13.2 Chemical and Nutrient Composition;259
7.3.4;13.3 Applications of Edible Oil Cakes for Bioprocesses;263
7.3.5;13.4 Conclusion;271
7.3.6;Abbreviations;271
7.3.7;References;271
7.4;Biotechnological Potential of Fruit Processing Industry Residues;276
7.4.1;Contents;276
7.4.2;14.1 World Availability of Citrus, Apples and Grapes;277
7.4.3;14.2 Composition of Fruit by-Products;278
7.4.4;14.3 Biotechnological Applications of FruitWastes;280
7.4.5;References;289
7.5;Wine Industry Residues;295
7.5.1;Contents;295
7.5.2;15.1 Introduction;296
7.5.3;15.2 Description of Chemical Characteristics of Winery Residues;297
7.5.4;15.3 Advances in Molecular Microbiology;298
7.5.5;15.4 Biotechnological Processes for Bioconversion of Winery Residues to Bioenergy and Biomaterials;304
7.5.6;15.5 Renewable Energy and Biomaterials from Winery Residues;307
7.5.7;References;311
7.6;Biotechnological Potential of Brewing Industry By- Products;314
7.6.1;Contents;314
7.6.2;16.1 By-Products Generation During the Brewing Process;315
7.6.3;16.2 Spent Grains;316
7.6.4;16.3 Spent Hops;321
7.6.5;16.4 Surplus Yeast;323
7.6.6;References;325
7.7;Biotechnological Potential of Cereal ( Wheat and Rice) Straw and Bran Residues;328
7.7.1;Contents;328
7.7.2;17.1 Introduction;329
7.7.3;17.2 The Utilization of Cereal Straw and Bran Residues;330
7.7.4;17.3 Fractionated Conversion of Cereal Straw;332
7.7.5;17.4 Conclusion;340
7.7.6;Abbreviations;340
7.7.7;References;340
7.8;Palm Oil Industry Residues;342
7.8.1;Contents;342
7.8.2;18.1 The Oil Palm;343
7.8.3;18.2 Oil Palm Residues andWastes;344
7.8.4;References;355
8;Enzymes Degrading Agro-Industrial Residues and Their Production;357
8.1;Amylolytic Enzymes;358
8.1.1;Contents;358
8.1.2;19.1 Introduction;359
8.1.3;19.2 Amylolytic Enzymes;360
8.1.4;19.3 Production of Amylolytic Enzymes – Effective Utilisation of Agro Residues;361
8.1.5;19.4 Conclusion;366
8.1.6;Abbreviations;366
8.1.7;References;366
8.2;Cellulolytic Enzymes;369
8.2.1;Contents;369
8.2.2;20.1 Introduction;370
8.2.3;20.2 Cellulase Production Employing Agro-Industrial Residues;371
8.2.4;20.3 Pre-Treatment;372
8.2.5;20.4 Microbial Source of Cellulolytic Enzymes;373
8.2.6;20.5 Regulation of Cellulases in Cellulolytic Microorganisms;374
8.2.7;20.6 Application of Cellulase;375
8.2.8;20.7 Future Perspectives;377
8.2.9;20.8 Conclusion;378
8.2.10;References;379
8.3;Pectinolytic Enzymes;380
8.3.1;Contents;380
8.3.2;21.1 Introduction;381
8.3.3;21.2 Pectin;382
8.3.4;21.3 Pectinases;384
8.3.5;21.4 Conclusions and Perspectives;390
8.3.6;Abbreviations;391
8.3.7;References;391
8.4;Ligninolytic Enzymes;394
8.4.1;Contents;394
8.4.2;22.1 Introduction;395
8.4.3;22.2 Structure of Lignin;395
8.4.4;22.3 Lignin Degrading Enzymes;397
8.4.5;22.4 Sources of Lignin Degrading Enzymes;400
8.4.6;22.5 Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes;401
8.4.7;22.6 Ligninolytic Enzyme Production from Agro- Industrial Residues;402
8.4.8;22.7 Purification of Ligninolytic Enzymes;406
8.4.9;22.8 Conclusions;407
8.4.10;References;407
9;Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Residues;412
9.1;Anaerobic Treatment of Solid Agro- Industrial Residues;413
9.1.1;Contents;413
9.1.2;23.1 History of Anaerobic Digestion;414
9.1.3;23.2 Biogas Production from Agricultural Residues;414
9.1.4;23.3 Biogas Production Technology;417
9.1.5;23.4 Feed Stocks for Anaerobic Digestion;419
9.1.6;23.5 Cropgen;423
9.1.7;23.6 Concluding Remarks;425
9.1.8;References;425
9.2;Vermicomposting of Agro-Industrial Processing Waste;427
9.2.1;Contents;427
9.2.2;24.1 Introduction;428
9.2.3;24.2 Vermicomposting Technology;429
9.2.4;24.3 Suitable Earthworm Species;434
9.2.5;24.4 Vermicompost Quality;435
9.2.6;24.5 Vermiwash;436
9.2.7;24.6 Types of Vermicomposting Systems;437
9.2.8;24.7 Vermicomposting of Different Agro-IndustrialWastes;438
9.2.9;24.8 Conclusions;450
9.2.10;References;450
9.3;Index;453