Sinha Global Lessons from the AIDS Pandemic

Economic, Financial, Legal and Political Implications
1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-3-540-78392-3
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 366 Seiten

We began to research for this book in 2000, with the idea that we might contribute to the search for solutions to the global HIV/AIDS pandemic by c- bining perspectives from different disciplines. Much has happened in the interv- ing years. First, the severity of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa - and the threat it posed for many others regions of the world - led to a movement among several countries to correct the imbalance between producers and users of ph- maceutical products. This effort produced a clarification of the right of gove- ments to produce generic medicine under compulsory licenses and an amendment of the World Trade Organization's TRIPS Agreement to allow exports of generic medicines from one WTO Member to another. In 2007, the amended rules were put into practice, with Canada authorizing the export of generic antiretroviral drugs to Rwanda. However, at the same time, global patent laws have been undermined due to regulatory capture, most notably in free trade agreements and through political pressure on countries like Thailand to not to exercise their right to issue compulsory licenses for pharmaceutical products. Second, the amount of money available for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS has increased dramatically, with the establishment of the World Bank Multi-Country HIV/AIDS Program for Africa (MAP), the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), among other funding initiatives.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sinha, Tapen

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Acknowledgements;9
3;Contents;11
4;List of Abbreviations;17
5;List of Boxes;19
6;List of Figures;21
7;List of Tables;25
8;1 Introduction to the Economic, Financial, Political and Legal Implications of Global Pandemics;27
8.1;1.1 The Threat of Global Pandemics;27
8.2;1.2 The Origins of the HIV Virus;32
8.3;1.3 The Nature of HIV/AIDS;33
8.4;1.4 HIV/AIDS Strategies in Developed and Developing Countries;35
8.5;1.5 Insurance, Mortality, Treatment Costs and the Business Impact of HIV/ AIDS;37
8.6;1.6 The Economics of HIV/AIDS;39
8.7;1.7 The Political Economy of Patents and Global Health Threats;41
8.8;1.8 Global Diseases, Global Patents and Developing Countries in WTO Law;43
8.9;1.9 Bilateral and Multilateral Financing of HIV/AIDS Programs;45
8.10;1.10 The Successes and Failures of Global Health Organizations;46
8.11;1.11 Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights ;47
8.12;1.12 Increasing the Effectiveness of Global Disease Management;49
8.13;References;50
9;2 HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment Countries Strategies in Developed and Developing;51
9.1;2.1 The Global Statistics;52
9.2;2.2 The African Epidemic: HIV/AIDS Becomes a Security Issue;56
9.3;2.3 South Africa: International Politics and Lack of Political Leadership;57
9.4;2.4 AIDS Strategy in Brazil: Integrating Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights;62
9.5;2.5 Thailand: Successful Prevention in the Sex Trade;72
9.6;2.6 Japan: The Xenophobic Denial Strategy;78
9.7;2.7 Australia: Nondiscriminatory Education and Prevention;81
9.8;2.8 Implications for Other Global Diseases;83
9.9;References;85
10;3 Insurance, Mortality, Treatment Costs and the Business Impact of HIV/ AIDS in Developed and Developing Countries;93
10.1;3.1 HIV/AIDS in Developed Countries;93
10.2;3.2 HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries;106
10.3;3.3 Public and Private Sector Health Care Strategies in Developing Countries;116
10.4;3.4 Implications for Other Global Diseases;132
10.5;References;133
11;4 The Economics of HIV/AIDS;137
11.1;4.1 Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDS;137
11.2;4.2 Social Capital and HIV/AIDS;138
11.3;4.3 Relationships Between HIV/AIDS and Poverty, Inequality and Social Capital Using Global Data;139
11.4;4.4 The Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS in a Macroeconomic Growth Model;141
11.5;4.5 Macroeconomic Models: HIV/AIDS and Economic Growth;142
11.6;4.6 Microeconomic and Epidemiological Models of Behavior;154
11.7;4.7 The Cost of Scaling Up Prevention and Treatment in Developing Countries;166
11.8;4.8 Economic Tradeoffs;168
11.9;4.9 The Economics of SARS;170
11.10;4.10 Implications for Other Global Diseases;173
11.11;References;174
12;5 The Political Economy of Patents and Global Health Threats;179
12.1;5.1 The Political Economy of Compulsory Licensing;180
12.2;5.2 Regulatory Capture of the Patent System;192
12.3;5.3 The New Economics of Patents;196
12.4;5.4 Implications for Other Global Diseases;208
12.5;References;209
13;6 Global Diseases, Global Patents and Developing Countries in WTO Law;213
13.1;6.1 Key TRIPS Exceptions Relating to Patents;214
13.2;6.2 Special and Differential Treatment in WTO Law;222
13.3;6.3 The Economic Impact of Patents and their Effect on Development Needs;228
13.4;6.4 Making Patents Effective in Achieving Economic and Development Objectives;231
13.5;6.5 Implications for Other Global Diseases;239
13.6;References;241
14;7 Bilateral and Multilateral Financing of HIV/ AIDS Programs: The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Global Fund, Bilateral Donors and the Private Sector;243
14.1;7.1 Overview of HIV/AIDS Funding;243
14.2;7.2 The World Bank: A Development Institution;252
14.3;7.3 The International Monetary Fund (IMF): A Multilateral Financial Institution;261
14.4;7.4 The Global Fund: A Fundraising and Financing Institution;265
14.5;7.5 Bilateral Donors;273
14.6;7.6 The Role of the Private Sector in Funding Prevention and Treatment;275
14.7;7.7 Implications for Other Global Diseases;283
14.8;References;285
15;8 The Successes and Failures of Global Health Organizations: The World Health Organization, UNAIDS, Médicins sans Frontières and PEPFAR;291
15.1;8.1 The World Health Organization: A Multilateral Health Institution;291
15.2;8.2 UNAIDS: A Specialized Multilateral Agency;307
15.3;8.3 Doctors Without Borders (Médicins sans Frontières);311
15.4;8.4 US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR);313
15.5;8.5 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC);318
15.6;8.6 Implications for Other Global Diseases;321
15.7;References;322
16;9 The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights;327
16.1;9.1 The Importance of HIV/AIDS Prevention;327
16.2;9.2 The Future of HIV Treatment;340
16.3;9.3 Public Health and Human Rights;352
16.4;9.4 The Future of HIV/AIDS;373
16.5;References;374
17;Index;379
18;About the Authors;391