Smart Sensors and Sensing Technology

1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-3-540-79590-2
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 411 Seiten

Technological advancements in recent years have enabled the development of tiny, cheap disposable and self contained battery powered computers, known as sensor nodes or “motes”, which can accept input from an attached sensor, process this input and transmit the results wirelessly to some interested device(s). When a number of these nodes work together, conceivably up to hundreds of thousands, a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is formed. Research in the area of wireless sensor networks has become increasingly wid- pread in recent years, partly due to their wide range of potential uses and also partly due to the fact that the technology enabling such networks is now widely available from many di?erent suppliers, such as: Crossbow, MoteIV, Intel and SUN (java based motes). These wireless sensor networks have the potential to allow a level of integration between computers and the physical world that, to date, has been virtually impos- ble. The uses for such networks is almost limitless and include such diverse app- cations as a counter sniper system for urban warfare [1] tracking the path of a forest re [2], determining the structural stability of a building after an earthquake [3], or tracking people or objects inside a building [4], etc.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;5
2;List of Contributors;9
3;Guest Editorial;17
4;About the Editors;21
5;Part I Sensors and Sensors Network;24
5.1;Analysis of Hardware Encryption Versus Software Encryption on Wireless Sensor Network Motes;25
5.1.1;1 Introduction;26
5.1.2;2 Background;27
5.1.3;3 Implementation;31
5.1.4;4 Results;33
5.1.5;5 Conclusions;35
5.1.6;References;36
5.2;Development and Experiment of Networked Control Systems with Congestion Control;37
5.2.1;1 Introduction;37
5.2.2;2 Development of Networked Control Systems;38
5.2.3;3 Congestion Controller Design Using the State Predictive Control;42
5.2.4;4 Experimental Results;46
5.2.5;5 Conclusion;48
5.2.6;References;49
5.3;Data Messaging and Control in Sensor-Actuator Networks using PowerBus Technology;51
5.3.1;1 Introduction;51
5.3.2;2 System Hardware;53
5.3.3;3 Software Environment;56
5.3.4;4 PowerBus Messenger with Control;58
5.3.5;5 PowerBus Messenger Program Flow;60
5.3.6;6 Structure of PB Messenger;64
5.3.7;7 Conclusion;66
5.3.8;References;66
6;Part II Gas/Bio Sensors;69
6.1;Remarks on Emotion Recognition Using Breath Gas Sensing System;71
6.1.1;1 Introduction;71
6.1.2;2 Breath Gas Sensing System;73
6.1.3;3 Experiments of Computational Emotion Recognition;76
6.1.4;4 Conclusions;83
6.1.5;References;83
6.2;Electrochemically Synthesised Pd- and Au-Nanoparticles as Sensing Layers in NOx-Sensitive Field Effect Devices;85
6.2.1;1 Introduction;86
6.2.2;2 Experimental;87
6.2.3;3 Results and Discussion;89
6.2.4;References;96
6.3;Phthalocyanine Functionalized Hybrids as Receptors for Enhanced Gas/ Bio Sensing;99
6.3.1;1 Introduction;99
6.3.2;2 Materials and Apparatus;101
6.3.3;3 Results and Discussion;102
6.3.4;4 Conclusion;105
6.3.5;References;106
6.4;A Comparison of the Gas Sensing Properties of Purified and Platinum Decorated Chemical Vapour Deposition Grown Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes;107
6.4.1;1 Introduction;108
6.4.2;2 Experimental;108
6.4.3;3 Results and Discussions;113
6.4.4;4 Summary and Conclusions;119
6.4.5;References;120
6.5;Electrical Sensing of Biochemicals using Macroporous Silicon;123
6.5.1;1 Introduction;124
6.5.2;2 Experimental;125
6.5.3;3 Results and Discussions;128
6.5.4;4 Conclusion;137
6.5.5;References;138
7;Part III SAW Sensors;140
7.1;Combined Infrared and Acoustic Beacon Tracker and its Application on an Autonomous Following Vehicle;141
7.1.1;1 Introduction;141
7.1.2;2 Operational Principles of Prototype;142
7.1.3;3 Tracker Implementation;147
7.1.4;4 The Vehicle;153
7.1.5;5 Control Algorithms;156
7.1.6;6 Preliminary Results;158
7.1.7;7 Conclusions;159
7.1.8;References;160
7.2;Electrostatic Microactuator Design Using Surface Acoustic Wave Devices;161
7.2.1;1 Introduction;162
7.2.2;2 SAW Based Microactuator;162
7.2.3;3 Proposed Microactuator Operation;163
7.2.4;4 Theoretical Model;164
7.2.5;5 Electric Potential at Output IDT;166
7.2.6;6 Boundary Condition Analysis;168
7.2.7;7 Simulations and Results;169
7.2.8;8 Conclusion;172
7.2.9;References;173
7.3;Wide Band Linearization of a Millimetre-Wave, Linear Frequency Modulated Radar Employing a Surface Acoustic Wave, Delay Line Discriminator;175
7.3.1;1 Introduction;175
7.3.2;2 The Need for Linearisation;176
7.3.3;3 Radar Front-End Overview;177
7.3.4;4 Closing the Loop;179
7.3.5;5 Results;181
7.3.6;6 Conclusion;185
7.3.7;References;185
8;Part IV Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors;188
8.1;Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Piezoelectric Actuators in Co- Located Configuration for Active Vibration Control Applications;189
8.1.1;1 Introduction;190
8.1.2;2 Technologies and Test Proof;191
8.1.3;3 Results and Discussion;197
8.1.4;4 Conclusion;201
8.1.5;References;201
8.2;A Transmit Reflect Detection System for Fibre Bragg Grating Acoustic Emission and Transmission Sensors;205
8.2.1;1 Introduction;205
8.2.2;2 Theory;206
8.2.3;3 Experiments;209
8.2.4;4 Results;212
8.2.5;5 Discussion;216
8.2.6;6 Conclusion;218
8.2.7;References;219
9;Part V Magnetic Sensor;221
9.1;A Real-Time Tracking System for an Endoscopic Capsule using Multiple Magnetic Sensors;223
9.1.1;1 Introduction;223
9.1.2;2 The Proposed Tracking System;225
9.1.3;3 Hardware and Interface;225
9.1.4;4 System Software;228
9.1.5;5 Experimental Results;234
9.1.6;6 Conclusions;239
9.1.7;References;239
10;Part VI Ultrasonic;242
10.1;High Frequency Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Porous Aluminium Samples;243
10.1.1;1 Introduction;243
10.1.2;2 Experimental System;244
10.1.3;3 Porous Aluminium Samples;248
10.1.4;4 Finite Element Modeling;249
10.1.5;5 Experimental Results;251
10.1.6;6 Conclusions;253
10.1.7;References;254
11;Part VII Capacitive Sensors;256
11.1;Capacitance-Based Sensing of Material Moisture in Bulk Solids: Applications and Restrictions;257
11.1.1;1 Introduction;257
11.1.2;2 Classical Measurement Setup;258
11.1.3;3 Impact of Moisture Distribution;260
11.1.4;4 Planar Measurement Setup;265
11.1.5;5 Conclusion;269
11.1.6;References;269
12;Part VIII Sensors Based on CNT;272
12.1;The Design and Performance of Tactile/ Proximity Sensors Made of Carbon Microcoils;273
12.1.1;1 Introduction;273
12.1.2;2 Experimental Details;276
12.1.3;3 Results and Discussion;276
12.1.4;4 Conclusions;282
12.1.5;References;282
13;Part IX Novel Sensors Techniques;285
13.1;Post-Earthquake Pipeline Leak Detection Technologies;287
13.1.1;1 Introduction;287
13.1.2;2 Technology Overview;288
13.1.3;3 Technology Selection Criteria;302
13.1.4;4 Summary;303
13.1.5;References;304
13.2;Multiple-Rangefinders Calibration Based on Light- Section Method Using Spheres;307
13.2.1;1 Introduction;307
13.2.2;2 Light-Section Method;309
13.2.3;3 Calibration Method;310
13.2.4;4 Calibration Result;315
13.2.5;5 Conclusion;319
13.2.6;References;319
13.3;An Adaptive Wiener Filter for Automatic Speech Recognition in a Car Environment with Non- Stationary Noise;321
13.3.1;1 Introduction;321
13.3.2;2 Wiener Filter;322
13.3.3;3 Automatic Speech Recognition;327
13.3.4;4 Experiments;328
13.3.5;5 Conclusion;335
13.3.6;References;336
13.4;3D-Shape Recognition Based Tactile Sensor;339
13.4.1;1 Introduction;339
13.4.2;2 Contact Classification;340
13.4.3;3 Tactile Sensor and Application;344
13.4.4;4 Experimental Evaluation;349
13.4.5;5 Conclusions;352
13.4.6;References;353
13.5;Development of A Low Cost Compact Low Profile Phase Array Antenna for RFID Applications;355
13.5.1;1 Introduction;355
13.5.2;2 Phased Array Antenna for RFID Readers;357
13.5.3;3 Development of Phased Array Antenna at 900MHz;358
13.5.4;4 Conclusion;363
13.5.5;References;363
13.6;Implementation and Characterization of a Novel Acoustic Imaging through Beamformers for Automotive Applications;365
13.6.1;1 Rationale;365
13.6.2;2 Array of Sensors and Beamforming;366
13.6.3;3 Development;370
13.6.4;4 Conclusions;376
13.6.5;References;380
13.7;Development of a Smart Home for Elder-People Based on Wireless Sensors;383
13.7.1;1 Introduction;384
13.7.2;2 System Architecture;386
13.7.3;3 Hardware Design;387
13.7.4;4 Software;390
13.7.5;5 System Prototype and Experimental Results;395
13.7.6;6 Current and FutureWork;395
13.7.7;7 Conclusions;400
13.7.8;References;400
13.8;Optimisation of the Nelder-Mead Simplex Method for Its Implementation in A Self- Mixing Laser Displacement Sensor;403
13.8.1;1 Introduction;403
13.8.2;2 The Self-Mixing Effect;404
13.8.3;3 Displacement Measurement;406
13.8.4;4 TheParameter.;414
13.8.5;5 Implementation of Adapted Nelder Mead FSM in Stateflow;419
13.8.6;6 Conclusion;421
13.8.7;References;421
14;Index;423