Smith Regional Analysis

Economic Systems
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-2025-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 388 Seiten, Web PDF

Regional Analysis, Volume I: Economic Systems explores the interconnectedness of economic and social systems as they exist and develop in territorial-environmental systems. This volume concentrates on developing and refining models of trade and urban evolution, emphasizing evolutionary models and relationship between economic and political subsystems in the developmental process. Topics include the regional approach to economic systems; trade, markets, and urban centers in developing regions; spatio-economic organization in complex regional systems; and economic consequences of regional system organization. This publication is valuable to social and regional scientists, geographers, economists, social anthropologists, archeologists, sociologists, and political scientists interested in the implications of rural-urban relations and regional settlement patterns.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Smith, Carol A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Enzymes: Natural Products and Cancer Signaling: Isoprenoids, Polyphenols and Flavonoids;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Contributors;10
6;Preface;14
7;Chapter One: Introduction;16
7.1;References;21
8;Chapter Two: Perillyl Alcohol (Monoterpene Alcohol), Limonene;22
8.1;1. Introduction;23
8.2;2. Perillyl Alcohol;27
8.2.1;2.1. Perillyl Alcohol Mechanism of Action in Cancer Therapy and Pharmacokinetics;27
8.2.2;2.2. Perillyl Alcohol Biosafety and Adverse Effects in Clinical Application and Clinical Trials;30
8.3;3. Limonene;31
8.3.1;3.1. Limonene Pharmacokinetics;31
8.3.2;3.2. Limonene Anticancer Activity and Clinical Trials;33
8.3.3;3.3. Limonene Mechanisms of Action, Targets, and Clinical Applications;34
8.3.4;3.4. Limonene Biosafety and Adverse Effects;39
8.4;4. Concluding Remarks;40
8.5;Acknowledgment;41
8.6;References;41
9;Chapter Three: Ganoderic Acid and Lucidenic Acid (Triterpenoid);48
9.1;1. Introduction;49
9.2;2. Lucidenic Acids and Ganoderic Acids from Ganoderma Species;50
9.2.1;2.1. The Sources of Lucidenic Acids and Ganoderic Acids;50
9.2.2;2.2. The Biosynthesis of Ganoderic Acids;51
9.2.3;2.3. Optimization of the Fermentation Process;56
9.3;3. Biological Functions of Lucidenic Acids and Ganoderic Acids;58
9.3.1;3.1. Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effects;58
9.3.2;3.2. Cell Cycle Arrest;60
9.3.3;3.3. Anti-invasive Effect;60
9.3.4;3.4. Autophagy;63
9.3.5;3.5. Anti-inflammatory Effect;64
9.3.6;3.6. Antiosteoclastogenesis;64
9.3.7;3.7. Antiasthma;64
9.3.8;3.8. Antihepatitis B Activity;65
9.4;4. Pharmacokinetics of Ganoderic Acids;65
9.5;5. Conclusion;66
9.6;References;67
10;Chapter Four: Anticancer Effect and Molecular Targets of Saffron Carotenoids;72
10.1;1. Introduction;74
10.2;2. Anticancer Effect of Saffron and Its Carotenoids;74
10.3;3. Comparing the Efficacy of Crocetin, Crocin, and Other Components;75
10.4;4. Liposome Formulation of Saffron Compounds;79
10.5;5. Effect of Crocetin and Crocin on Macromolecule Synthesis and Structure;81
10.5.1;5.1. Effect on DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis;81
10.5.2;5.2. Protein Binding;82
10.6;6. Effects on Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, and Signaling Pathways;83
10.7;7. Role of Saffron Components on Chemoprevention;86
10.8;8. Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Protective Effect of Saffron Components against Various Damages in Different Tissues;88
10.9;9. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Saffron;91
10.10;10. Safety;93
10.11;11. Other Mechanisms;93
10.12;12. Conclusions;94
10.13;References;94
11;Chapter Five: Zerumbone from Ginger (Monoterpenoid);102
11.1;1. Introduction;103
11.2;2. Characteristic Feature;104
11.3;3. Target Pathways by Zerumbone;104
11.3.1;3.1. Survival;104
11.3.1.1;3.1.1. Caspase Family;104
11.3.1.2;3.1.2. Bcl Family;104
11.3.1.3;3.1.3. c-FLIP;105
11.3.1.4;3.1.4. G2/M Cell Cycle;105
11.3.2;3.2. Proliferation;105
11.3.2.1;3.2.1. Cyclin B1/CDK1;105
11.3.2.2;3.2.2. Tumor Necrosis Factor;105
11.3.3;3.3. Invasion;105
11.3.4;3.4. Angiogenesis;105
11.4;4. Nuclear Factor-Kappa B;106
11.5;5. Future Perspectives;106
11.6;References;107
12;Chapter Six: Research Progress on Natural Triterpenoid Saponins in the Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy of Cancer;110
12.1;1. Introduction;111
12.2;2. Triterpenoid Saponins in the Prevention and Therapy of Cancers;112
12.3;3. Anticancer Properties and Molecular Mechanisms of Triterpenoid Saponins;113
12.3.1;3.1. Inhibition of Proliferation;113
12.3.2;3.2. Induction of Apoptosis and Autophagy;125
12.3.2.1;3.2.1. Apoptosis;125
12.3.2.2;3.2.2. Autophagy;128
12.3.3;3.3. Attenuation of Invasion and Metastasis;129
12.3.4;3.4. Inhibition of Angiogenesis;130
12.3.5;3.5. Anti-inflammatory Effects;132
12.3.6;3.6. Antioxidative Effects;133
12.3.7;3.7. Inhibition of Multidrug Resistance;133
12.3.8;3.8. Inhibition of CSCs;134
12.3.9;3.9. Modulation of MicroRNAs;135
12.4;4. Structure-Activity Relationships of Anticancer Activities of Triterpenoid Saponins;136
12.5;5. Clinical Studies;137
12.6;6. Summary and Perspectives;138
12.7;References;139
13;Chapter Seven: Neem Limonoids as Anticancer Agents: Modulation of Cancer Hallmarks and Oncogenic Signaling;146
13.1;1. Introduction;147
13.2;2. Cytotoxicity of Neem Limonoids;148
13.3;3. Neem Limonoids and Hallmarks of Cancer;151
13.3.1;3.1. Inhibition of Cell Proliferation;151
13.3.2;3.2. Apoptosis Induction;153
13.3.3;3.3. Effects on Tumor Invasion and Angiogenesis;154
13.3.4;3.4. Anti-Inflammatory Effects;154
13.3.5;3.5. Immunomodulatory Effects;154
13.3.6;3.6. Antioxidant Activity;155
13.4;4. Oncogenic Signaling;155
13.4.1;4.1. NF-.B Signaling;155
13.4.2;4.2. Wnt/ß-Catenin Signaling;156
13.4.3;4.3. PI3K/Akt Signaling;156
13.4.4;4.4. MAPK Signaling;157
13.4.5;4.5. JAK/STAT Signaling;157
13.5;5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives;157
13.6;References;158
14;Chapter Eight: Curcumin: A Potent Modulator of Multiple Enzymes in Multiple Cancers;164
14.1;1. Introduction;165
14.2;2. Structure-Activity Relationship of Curcumin;167
14.3;3. Curcumin Binds and Modulates Multiple Enzymes;168
14.3.1;3.1. Lipoxygenases;169
14.3.2;3.2. Cyclooxygenases;169
14.3.3;3.3. Xanthine Oxidase;170
14.3.4;3.4. Proteasomes;170
14.3.5;3.5. Ca2+-ATPase of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum;171
14.3.6;3.6. Matrix Metalloproteinases;172
14.3.7;3.7. Histone Acetyltransferases and Deacetylases;172
14.3.8;3.8. DNA Methyltransferase 1;173
14.3.9;3.9. DNA Polymerase .;174
14.3.10;3.10. Ribonucleases;174
14.3.11;3.11. Glyoxalase I;175
14.4;4. Curcumin Binds and Modulates PKs;175
14.4.1;4.1. Protein Kinases;175
14.4.2;4.2. Cellular Sarcoma;176
14.4.3;4.3. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3ß;176
14.4.4;4.4. ErbB2;177
14.5;5. Curcumin Directly Binds and Modulates Protein Reductases;177
14.5.1;5.1. Thioredoxin Reductase;177
14.5.2;5.2. Aldose Reductase;178
14.6;6. Others;178
14.7;7. Curcumin Clinical Trials in Cancer;179
14.8;8. Future Perspectives;180
14.9;Acknowledgment;181
14.10;References;181
15;Chapter Nine: Molecular Targets of Honokiol: A Promising Phytochemical for Effective Cancer Management;190
15.1;1. Introduction;191
15.2;2. Honokiol: Structure-Activity Relationship;192
15.3;3. Anticancer Effect of Honokiol;193
15.3.1;3.1. Cell-Cycle Arrest;193
15.3.2;3.2. Apoptosis Induction;193
15.3.3;3.3. Antiangiogenic Effect;194
15.3.4;3.4. Inhibition of Migration and Invasion;194
15.4;4. Molecular Targets of Honokiol;195
15.4.1;4.1. Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription;195
15.4.2;4.2. Nuclear Factor Kappa B;197
15.4.3;4.3. Beta-Catenin;197
15.4.4;4.4. Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin;198
15.4.5;4.5. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor;199
15.4.6;4.6. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Its Receptor;200
15.4.7;4.7. Hypoxia-Inducible Factors;200
15.4.8;4.8. Cyclooxygenases;201
15.5;5. Pharmacokinetics of Honokiol;202
15.6;6. Conclusion and Future Outlook;203
15.7;Acknowledgments;204
15.8;References;204
16;Chapter Ten: Effects of Tea Catechins on Cancer Signaling Pathways;210
16.1;1. Introduction;211
16.2;2. Chemistry, Bioavailability, and Biotransformation of Tea Catechins;212
16.2.1;2.1. Chemistry;212
16.2.2;2.2. Bioavailability;213
16.2.3;2.3. Biotransformation;214
16.3;3. Inhibition of Tumorigenesis by Tea Catechins in Animal Models and Possible Mechanisms;214
16.3.1;3.1. Inhibition of Tumorigenesis in the Digestive Tract;215
16.3.2;3.2. Inhibition of Lung Tumorigenesis;215
16.3.3;3.3. Inhibition of Prostate Carcinogenesis;216
16.3.4;3.4. Human Studies;216
16.4;4. Biochemical Activities of Tea Catechins;217
16.4.1;4.1. Antioxidant and Pro-oxidative Activities In Vitro and In Vivo;217
16.4.2;4.2. High-Affinity Binding Proteins as Targets of EGCG;219
16.4.3;4.3. Inhibition of Enzyme Activities;221
16.5;5. Modulating Signaling Pathways and Cell Functions;222
16.5.1;5.1. Inhibition of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Other Receptors;222
16.5.2;5.2. Effects on 67LR;225
16.5.3;5.3. Inhibition of Wnt Signaling;226
16.5.4;5.4. Epigenetic Mechanisms;226
16.5.4.1;5.4.1. Affecting Epigenetic DNA Methylation and Histone Modification;226
16.5.4.2;5.4.2. Effect on MicroRNA;226
16.5.5;5.5. Other Mechanisms;227
16.5.5.1;5.5.1. Modulating p53-Dependent Events;227
16.5.5.2;5.5.2. Binding to Lipids;227
16.5.5.3;5.5.3. Binding to Nucleic Acids;228
16.6;6. Issues in Extrapopulating Studies In Vitro to Situations In Vivo;228
16.7;7. Concluding Remarks;229
16.8;Acknowledgments;230
16.9;References;230
17;Author Index;238
18;Subject Index;268
19;Color Plate;274