Smith Reliability, Maintainability and Risk

Practical Methods for Engineers including Reliability Centred Maintenance and Safety-Related Systems
7. Auflage 2005
ISBN: 978-0-08-045893-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 368 Seiten

For over 30 years, Reliability, Maintainability and Risk has been recognised as a leading text for reliability and maintenance professionals. Now in its seventh edition, the book has been updated to remain the first choice for professional engineers and students. The seventh edition incorporates new material on important topics including software failure, the latest safety legislation and standards, product liability, integrity of safety-related systems, as well as delivering an up-to-date review of the latest approaches to reliability modelling, including cutsec ranking. It is also supported by new detailed case studies on reliability and risk in practice.
*The leading reliability reference for over 30 years
*Covers all key aspects of reliability and maintenance management in an accessible way with minimal mathematics - ideal for hands-on applications
*Four new chapters covering software failure, safety legislation, safety systems and new case studies on reliability and risk in practice

Dr David J Smith is the Proprietor of Technis Consultancy. He has written numerous books on Reliability and Safety over the last 35 years. His FARADIP database has become widely used, and his other software packages are also used throughout the profession. His PhD thesis was on the subject of reliability prediction and common cause failure. He contributed to the first drafting of IEC 61508 and chairs the IGEM panel which produces SR/15 (the gas industry safety related guidance). David is past President of the Safety and Reliability Society.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Smith, David J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Contents;6
3;Preface;12
4;Acknowledgements;14
5;Part One Understanding Reliability Parameters and Costs;16
5.1;The history of reliability and safety technology;18
5.1.1;Failure data;18
5.1.2;Hazardous failures;19
5.1.3;Reliability and risk prediction;20
5.1.4;Achieving reliability and safety-integrity;22
5.1.5;The RAMS-cycle;23
5.1.6;Contractual pressures;25
5.2;Understanding terms and jargon;26
5.2.1;Defining failure and failure modes;26
5.2.2;Failure Rate and Mean Time Between Failures;27
5.2.3;Interrelationships of terms;30
5.2.4;The Bathtub Distribution;32
5.2.5;Down Time and Repair Time;33
5.2.6;Availability, Unavailability and Probability of Failure on Demand;36
5.2.7;Hazard and risk-related terms;36
5.2.8;Choosing the appropriate parameter;37
5.2.9;Exercises;38
5.3;A cost-effective approach to quality, reliability and safety;39
5.3.1;Reliability and cost;39
5.3.2;Costs and safety;42
5.3.3;The cost of quality;45
6;Part Two Interpreting Failure Rates;50
6.1;Realistic failure rates and prediction confidence;52
6.1.1;Data accuracy;52
6.1.2;Sources of data;54
6.1.3;Data ranges;58
6.1.4;Confidence limits of prediction;61
6.1.5;Overall conclusions;64
6.2;Interpreting data and demonstrating reliability;65
6.2.1;The four cases;65
6.2.2;Inference and confidence levels;65
6.2.3;The Chi-square Test;66
6.2.4;Double-sided confidence limits;68
6.2.5;Summarizing the Chi-square Test;69
6.2.6;Reliability demonstration;69
6.2.7;Sequential testing;72
6.2.8;Setting up demonstration tests;74
6.2.9;Exercises;75
6.3;Variable failure rates and probability plotting;76
6.3.1;The Weibull Distribution;76
6.3.2;Using the Weibull Method;78
6.3.3;More complex cases of the Weibull Distribution;84
6.3.4;Continuous processes;85
6.3.5;Exercises;86
7;Part Three Predicting Reliability and Risk;88
7.1;Basic reliability prediction theory;90
7.1.1;Why predict RAMS?;90
7.1.2;Probability theory;90
7.1.3;Reliability of series systems;93
7.1.4;Redundancy rules;94
7.1.5;General features of redundancy;100
7.1.6;Exercises;103
7.2;Methods of modelling;104
7.2.1;Block Diagrams and Repairable Systems;104
7.2.2;Common cause (dependent) failure;111
7.2.3;Fault Tree Analysis;116
7.2.4;Event Tree Diagrams;124
7.3;Quantifying the reliability models;128
7.3.1;The reliability prediction method;128
7.3.2;Allowing for diagnostic intervals;129
7.3.3;FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis);131
7.3.4;Human factors;133
7.3.5;Simulation;138
7.3.6;Comparing predictions with targets;143
7.3.7;Exercises;144
7.4;Risk assessment (QRA);145
7.4.1;Frequency and consequence;145
7.4.2;Perception of risk and ALARP;145
7.4.3;Hazard identification;147
7.4.4;Factors to quantify;152
8;Part Four Achieving Reliability and Maintainability;158
8.1;Design and assurance techniques;160
8.1.1;Specifying and allocating the requirement;160
8.1.2;Stress analysis;162
8.1.3;Environmental stress protection;165
8.1.4;Failure mechanisms;165
8.1.5;Complexity and parts;168
8.1.6;Burn-in and screening;170
8.1.7;Maintenance strategies;171
8.2;Design review and test;172
8.2.1;Review techniques;172
8.2.2;Categories of testing;173
8.2.3;Reliability growth modelling;178
8.2.4;Exercises;181
8.3;Field data collection and feedback;182
8.3.1;Reasons for data collection;182
8.3.2;Information and difficulties;182
8.3.3;Times to failure;183
8.3.4;Spreadsheets and databases;184
8.3.5;Best practice and recommendations;186
8.3.6;Analysis and presentation of results;187
8.3.7;Examples of failure report forms;188
8.4;Factors influencing down time;191
8.4.1;Key design areas;191
8.4.2;Maintenance strategies and handbooks;198
8.5;Predicting and demonstrating repair times;211
8.5.1;Prediction methods;211
8.5.2;Demonstration plans;219
8.6;Quantified reliability centred maintenance;223
8.6.1;What is QRCM?;223
8.6.2;The QRCM decision process;224
8.6.3;Optimum replacement (discard);225
8.6.4;Optimum spares;227
8.6.5;Optimum proof test;227
8.6.6;Condition monitoring;229
8.7;Systematic failures, especially software;230
8.7.1;Programmable devices;230
8.7.2;Software-related failures;232
8.7.3;Software failure modelling;233
8.7.4;Software quality assurance;234
8.7.5;Modern/formal methods;240
8.7.6;Software checklists;243
9;Part Five Legal, Management and Safety Considerations;248
9.1;Project management;250
9.1.1;Setting objectives and specifications;250
9.1.2;Planning, feasibility and allocation;251
9.1.3;Programme activities;251
9.1.4;Responsibilities;253
9.1.5;Functional safety capability;254
9.1.6;Standards and guidance documents;255
9.2;Contract clauses and their pitfalls;256
9.2.1;Essential areas;256
9.2.2;Other areas;259
9.2.3;Pitfalls;261
9.2.4;Penalties;262
9.2.5;Subcontracted reliability assessments;264
9.2.6;Examples;265
9.3;Product liability and safety legislation;266
9.3.1;The general situation;266
9.3.2;Strict liability;267
9.3.3;The Consumer Protection Act 1987;268
9.3.4;Health and Safety at Work Act 1974;268
9.3.5;Insurance and product recall;270
9.4;Major incident legislation;272
9.4.1;History of major incidents;272
9.4.2;Development of major incident legislation;273
9.4.3;CIMAH safety reports;274
9.4.4;Offshore safety cases;277
9.4.5;Problem areas;278
9.4.6;The COMAH directive (1999);279
9.4.7;Rail;280
9.5;Integrity of safety-related systems;281
9.5.1;Safety-related or safety-critical?;281
9.5.2;Safety-integrity levels (SILs);282
9.5.3;Programmable electronic systems (PESs);285
9.5.4;Current guidance;287
9.5.5;Framework for certification;289
9.6;A case study: The Datamet Project;291
9.6.1;Introduction;291
9.6.2;The DATAMET concept;291
9.6.3;The contract;294
9.6.4;Detailed design;295
9.6.5;Syndicate study;295
9.6.6;Hints;295
9.7;A case study: Gas Detection System;297
9.7.1;Safety-integrity target;297
9.7.2;Random hardware failures;298
9.7.3;ALARP;300
9.7.4;Architectures;300
9.7.5;Life-cycle activities;300
9.7.6;Functional safety capability;300
10;Glossary;301
11;Percentage points of the Chi-square distribution;309
12;Microelectronics failure rates;313
13;General failure rates;315
14;Failure mode percentages;322
15;Human error rates;325
16;Fatality rates;327
17;Answers to exercises;329
18;Bibliography;335
19;Scoring criteria for BETAPLUS common cause model;338
20;Example of HAZOP;345
21;HAZID checklist;349
22;Markov analysis of redundant systems;352
23;Index;358