Soga Nanostructured Materials for Solar Energy Conversion

1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-0-08-046830-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 614 Seiten

Nanostructured Materials for Solar Energy Conversion covers a wide variety of materials and device types from inorganic materials to organic materials. This book deals with basic semiconductor physics, modelling of nanostructured solar cell, nanostructure of conventional solar cells such as silicon, CIS and CdTe, dye-sensitized solar cell, organic solar cell, photosynthetic materials, fullerene, extremely thin absorber (ETA) solar cell, quantum structured solar cell, intermediate band solar cell, carbon nanotube, etc. including basic principle and the latest results. There are many books written on conventional p-n junction solar cells, but few books focus on new concepts in this area.
* Focuses on the use of nanostructured materials for solar energy
* Looks at a wide variety of materials and device types
* Covers both organic and inorganic materials

Autoren/Hrsg.

Soga, Tetsuo

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Copyright page;5
3;Table of Contents;12
4;Preface;6
5;Introduction;8
6;Part I: Fundamentals of Nanostructured Solar Cells;16
6.1;Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Solar Cell;18
6.1.1;1. Introduction;18
6.1.2;2. Fundamental Properties of Semiconductors [1–5];18
6.1.3;3. Basic Principles of p–n Junction Solar Cell;34
6.1.4;4. Basic Principles of Solar Cell using Nanocrystalline Materials;51
6.1.5;References;57
6.2;Chapter 2. Device Modeling of Nano-Structured Solar Cells;60
6.2.1;1. Introduction;60
6.2.2;2. Nano-Structured Solar Cells;61
6.2.3;3. The Concept of the Flat-Band Solar Cell;63
6.2.4;4. The Network Model (NM);73
6.2.5;5. The Effective Medium Model (EMM);75
6.2.6;6. The Equivalence Between the Network Model and the Effective Medium Model;76
6.2.7;7. Simulation Results;79
6.2.8;8. Excitonic Solar Cells;87
6.2.9;9. Conclusion;92
6.2.10;Acknowledgments;93
6.2.11;References;93
6.3;Chapter 3. Optical and Electrical Modeling of Nanocrystalline Solar Cells;96
6.3.1;1. Introduction;96
6.3.2;2. Optical Modeling of Nanocrystalline Films;99
6.3.3;3. Simulations of Performance of Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells;103
6.3.4;4. Prospects;116
6.3.5;References;117
6.4;Chapter 4. Mathematical Modelling of the Refractive Index and Reflectivity of the Quantum Well Solar Cell;120
6.4.1;1. Introduction;120
6.4.2;2. Modelling the QWSC’s Refractive Index and Reflectivity with the Modified Single Effective Oscillator Model;124
6.4.3;3. Quantum well Solar Cells Designs;139
6.4.4;References;142
7;Part II: Nanostructures in Conventional Thin Film Solar Cells;144
7.1;Chapter 5. Amorphous (Protocrystalline) and Microcrystalline Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells;146
7.1.1;1. Introduction;147
7.1.2;2. Materials Properties;149
7.1.3;3. Deposition Methods;157
7.1.4;4. Single Junction Cell;164
7.1.5;5. Multiband Gap Cells (Micromorph or Hybrid Cells);169
7.1.6;6. Modules and Production;172
7.1.7;Acknowledgments;176
7.1.8;References;176
7.2;Chapter 6. Thin-Film Solar Cells Based on Nanostructured CdS, CIS, CdTe and Cu2S;182
7.2.1;1. Background;182
7.2.2;2. Advantages of Nanostructures;188
7.2.3;3. Nanostructured CdS–CdTe and CdS–CIS Device Designs;189
7.2.4;4. Film and Device Characteristics;192
7.2.5;5. Heterojunctions and Schottky Diodes in Porous Alumina;196
7.2.6;6. Conclusion;202
7.2.7;Acknowledgments;202
7.2.8;References;202
8;Part III: Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells;206
8.1;Chapter 7. TiO2-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell;208
8.1.1;1. Introduction;208
8.1.2;2. Electron Transport Model;211
8.1.3;3. Electron Lifetime;213
8.1.4;4. Kinetic Competitions;214
8.1.5;5. Parameters Influencing Electron Diffusion Coefficient and Lifetime;215
8.1.6;6. Sensitizing Dyes;228
8.1.7;7. Hole Transport Layer;232
8.1.8;8. Counter Electrodes;233
8.1.9;9. Conclusion;234
8.1.10;Appendix: Methods to Measure Electron Diffusion Coefficients and Electron Lifetime;234
8.1.11;Acknowledgments;235
8.1.12;References;236
8.2;Chapter 8. Dye-Sensitized Nanostructured ZnO Electrodes for Solar Cell Applications;242
8.2.1;1. Introduction;242
8.2.2;2. Material Properties;244
8.2.3;3. Preparation of Zno for DNSC Application;248
8.2.4;4. The Dye-Sensitized Nanostructured Zno Solar Cell;255
8.2.5;5. Future Outlook;264
8.2.6;Acknowledgments;265
8.2.7;References;265
8.3;Chapter 9. Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells;270
8.3.1;1. Introduction;270
8.3.2;2. General Aspects;271
8.3.3;3. Fabrication Procedures;272
8.3.4;4. Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency;275
8.3.5;5. Interfacial Blocking Layers;280
8.3.6;6. Operational Stability;283
8.3.7;7. Future Outlook;286
8.3.8;Acknowledgments;287
8.3.9;References;287
9;Part IV: Organic- and Carbon-Based Solar Cells;290
9.1;Chapter 10. Nanostructure and Nanomorphology Engineering in Polymer Solar Cells;292
9.1.1;1. Introduction;292
9.1.2;2. Nanomorphology of Polymer–Fullerene Bulk Heterojunctions;302
9.1.3;3. Design Concepts for Ordered Bulk Heterojunctions;322
9.1.4;4. Conclusion;330
9.1.5;References;330
9.2;Chapter 11. Nanostructured Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells;334
9.2.1;1. Introduction;334
9.2.2;2. Photophysical Properties of Organic p-Conjugated Materials;335
9.2.3;3. Characteristics of Simple Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells;338
9.2.4;4. Characteristics of Hybrid-Type Heterojunction Solar Cells;343
9.2.5;5. Summary;346
9.2.6;References;348
9.3;Chapter 12. The Application of Photosynthetic Materials and Architectures to Solar Cells;350
9.3.1;1. Why Photosynthesis?;350
9.3.2;2. Organic Photovoltaic and Photosynthesis Compared;351
9.3.3;3. Integration of Photosynthetic Complexes in Organic Photovoltaic;356
9.3.4;4. Synthetic Implementations of Photosynthetic Architectures;362
9.3.5;5. Conclusion;371
9.3.6;References;372
9.4;Chapter 13. Fullerene Thin Films as Photovoltaic Material;376
9.4.1;1. Introduction;376
9.4.2;2. Discovery of C60 and Molecular Structure of Fullerenes;378
9.4.3;3. Synthesis of Fullerenes;384
9.4.4;4. Crystalline Structure of Pristine and Doped C60 Solids;386
9.4.5;5. Growth of Fullerene Thin Films;389
9.4.6;6. Electrical and Photoelectrical Properties of Fullerene Thin Films;392
9.4.7;7. General Features of Various Fullerene-Based Photovoltaic Solar Cells;397
9.4.8;8. Inorganic C60-Based Solar Cells;400
9.4.9;9. Organic C60-Based Photovoltaic Devices;414
9.4.10;10. Photovoltaic Devices with High Fullerenes;435
9.4.11;11. Conclusion;444
9.4.12;References;445
10;Part V: Other Nanostructures ;460
10.1;Chapter 14. Nanostructured ETA-Solar Cells;462
10.1.1;1. Introduction;462
10.1.2;2. ETA-Solar Cell Principle;463
10.1.3;3. Deposition Techniques;464
10.1.4;4. ETA-Solar Cell Components;471
10.1.5;5. Various Types of ETA-Solar Cells;479
10.1.6;6. Conclusion;494
10.1.7;Acknowledgments;495
10.1.8;References;495
10.2;Chapter 15. Quantum Structured Solar Cells;500
10.2.1;1. Introduction;500
10.2.2;2. Relaxation Dynamics of Hot Carriers in Bulk Semiconductors;503
10.2.3;3. Multiple Exciton Generation in Quantum Dots;519
10.2.4;4. Quantum Dot Solar Cell Configurations;522
10.2.5;Conclusion;525
10.2.6;Acknowledgments;526
10.2.7;References;526
10.3;Chapter 16. Quantum Well Solar Cells and Quantum Dot Concentrators;532
10.3.1;1. Introduction;532
10.3.2;2. Strain-Balanced Quantum Well Solar Cells;533
10.3.3;3. Ideal Dark-Current Behaviour at Concentrator Current Levels;536
10.3.4;4. Modelling the n~2 and n=1 Dark-Current Behaviour;538
10.3.5;5. Photon Recycling in SB-QWSCs;541
10.3.6;6. Photon Recycling in SB-QWSCs;544
10.3.7;7. QWSCs for Tandem and Thermophotovoltaic Applications;545
10.3.8;8. The Quantum Dot Concentrator;546
10.3.9;9. Conclusion;550
10.3.10;Acknowledgments;550
10.3.11;References;550
10.4;Chapter 17. Intermediate Band Solar Cells (IBSC) Using Nanotechnology;554
10.4.1;1. Introduction;554
10.4.2;2. Circuit Model for the Intermediate Band Solar Cell;558
10.4.3;3. The Quantum Dot Intermediate Band Solar Cell (QD–IBSC);565
10.4.4;4. Optical and Electrical Characterization of Quantum-Dot Intermediate Band Solar Cells;569
10.4.5;5. Summary;577
10.4.6;Acknowledgments;578
10.4.7;References;579
10.5;Chapter 18. Nanostructured Photovoltaics Materials Fabrication and Characterization;582
10.5.1;1. Introduction;582
10.5.2;2. III–V Quantum Dot Synthesis;587
10.5.3;3. Colloidal Quantum Dot Synthesis;589
10.5.4;4. Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis;594
10.5.5;5. Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis;598
10.5.6;6. Nanomaterial Complexes;600
10.5.7;7. Nanostructured Material Characterization;600
10.5.8;References;604
11;Index;610