Sorensen / Okata Megacities

Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-4-431-99267-7
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 418 Seiten

For the first time in human history, more than half the world’s population is urban. A fundamental aspect of this transformation has been the emergence of giant cities, or megacities, that present major new challenges. This book examines how issues of megacity development, urban form, sustainability, and unsustainability are conceived, how governance processes are influenced by these ideas, and how these processes have in turn influenced outcomes on the ground, in some cases in transformative ways. Through 15 in-depth case studies by prominent researchers from around the world, this book examines the major challenges facing megacities today. The studies are organized around a shared set of concerns and questions about issues of sustainability, land development, urban governance, and urban form. Some of the main questions addressed are: What are the most pressing issues of sustainability and urban form in each megacity? How are major issues of sustainability understood and framed by policymakers? Is urban form considered a significant component of sustainability issues in public debates and public policy? Who are the key actors framing urban sustainability challenges and shaping urban change? How is unsustainability, risk, or disaster imagined, and how are those concerns reflected in policy approaches? What has been achieved so far, and what challenges remain? The publication of this book is a step toward answering these and other crucial questions.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sorensen, Andre

Okata, Junichiro

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Megacities;4
2;Preface;6
3;Contents;8
4;List of Contributors;12
5;1.?: Introduction: Megacities, Urban Form, and Sustainability;15
5.1;1.1?A World of Giant Cities;16
5.2;1.2?Sustainable Megacities?;18
5.2.1;1.2.1?Defining Megacities;20
5.2.2;1.2.2?Giant Cities in Developed and Developing Countries;21
5.3;References;25
6;Part I: Asia;27
6.1;2.?: Tokyo’s Urban Growth, Urban Form and Sustainability;28
6.1.1;2.1?Introduction;28
6.1.2;2.2?History of Tokyo’s Urban Growth;29
6.1.3;2.3?Diversity of Urban Form Issues in Tokyo;35
6.1.3.1;2.3.1?Several Kinds of Urban Sprawl;35
6.1.3.2;2.3.2?Transit-Oriented Development (TOD);36
6.1.3.3;2.3.3?Intensification of Urban Centers;37
6.1.3.4;2.3.4?Redevelopment of Brownfields;40
6.1.3.5;2.3.5?Conservation of Historic Areas;43
6.1.3.6;2.3.6?Improvement of Vernacular or Popular Settlements;43
6.1.3.7;2.3.7?Maintenance and Improvement of the Suburbs;44
6.1.4;2.4?Previous Successes in Solving Urban Environmental Problems;45
6.1.4.1;2.4.1?Fighting Against Environmental Pollution in the 1970s;47
6.1.4.2;2.4.2?Reducing and Recycling Waste in the 1990s;48
6.1.4.3;2.4.3?“No Diesel Strategy” Campaign Since 1999;49
6.1.5;2.5?New Challenges to Enhance Urban Sustainability;50
6.1.5.1;2.5.1?Energy-Saving and a Shift to Renewable Energy;50
6.1.5.2;2.5.2?Tokyo After 10 Years Plan;51
6.1.6;2.6?Conclusion;52
6.1.7;References;53
6.2;3.?: In Search of Sustainable Urban Form for Seoul;55
6.2.1;3.1?Introduction;55
6.2.2;3.2?Evolution of the Metropolitan Urban Form of Seoul;56
6.2.2.1;3.2.1?The Greenbelt;59
6.2.2.2;3.2.2?Inner City Renewal;62
6.2.2.3;3.2.3?Suburban New Town Development;65
6.2.3;3.3?Seoul’s Metropolitan Form and Sustainability Issues;70
6.2.3.1;3.3.1?Compactness: Population Density Vs. Building Density;70
6.2.3.2;3.3.2?Morphological Dimensions;71
6.2.3.3;3.3.3?Concentration Vs. Decentralized Concentration;72
6.2.4;3.4?Conclusion;74
6.2.5;References;76
6.3;4.?: Sustainable Development, Urban Form, and Megacity Governance and Planning in Tehran;78
6.3.1;4.1?Emergence of a Metropolis;78
6.3.2;4.2?Patterns of Urban Form;81
6.3.3;4.3?Urban Governance;85
6.3.4;4.4?Planning the Megacity;88
6.3.5;4.5?Challenges of Sustainable Development;90
6.3.6;4.6?Environmental Risks;93
6.3.7;4.7?Managing Urban Growth;96
6.3.8;4.8?Conclusion;100
6.3.9;References;101
6.4;5.?: Re-Forming the Megacity: Calcutta and the Rural–Urban Interface*;103
6.4.1;5.1?Introduction;103
6.4.2;5.2?Millennial Calcutta;104
6.4.3;5.3?The Politics of the Mega-City;112
6.4.4;5.4?Re-Forming the Megacity;116
6.4.5;References;118
6.5;6.?: Landscapes of Water in Delhi: Negotiating Global Norms and Local Cultures;120
6.5.1;6.1?Introduction;120
6.5.2;6.2?The Historic Walled City of Shahjahanabad;123
6.5.3;6.3?Colonialism and Urban Growth5;125
6.5.4;6.4?The Water Crisis in Postcolonial Delhi;131
6.5.5;6.5?Modernity, Sustainability, and Water;136
6.5.6;References;140
6.6;7.?: Bangkok’s Urban Evolution: Challenges and Opportunities for Urban Sustainability;142
6.6.1;7.1?Introduction;142
6.6.1.1;7.1.1?Sustaining Bangkok, Sustaining Thailand;143
6.6.1.2;7.1.2?The Thai Cultural Frame: Culture as “Flow” and the Formal/Informal Dichotomy;144
6.6.1.3;7.1.3?A Laissez-Faire Attitude Towards “Planning”: The Self-Organizing City and the City in Need of Reorganization;146
6.6.2;7.2?Bangkok’s Urban Evolution;147
6.6.2.1;7.2.1?The Indigenous City (Rama I – Rama III, 1782–1851);148
6.6.2.2;7.2.2?The Transition City (Rama IV – Early Rama IX, 1851–1946);149
6.6.2.3;7.2.3?The Modern City (Rama IX, 1946 – Present): Capital and Technology-Led Change;150
6.6.3;7.3?Bangkok’s Superblocks;154
6.6.3.1;7.3.1?Patterns of Lateral Expansion: Fragmentation Through Time, Space, and Scales;154
6.6.3.2;7.3.2?Patterns of Movement: From Fluid Khlongs to Clogged Roads;155
6.6.3.3;7.3.3?Patterns of Suburbanization: Villages in the City;156
6.6.4;7.4?Urban Plans and Visions for Bangkok’s Development and Sustainability;158
6.6.4.1;7.4.1?Decentralized-Concentration Vision for Bangkok;159
6.6.4.2;7.4.2?Official Visions Vs. the Reality on the Ground;160
6.6.4.3;7.4.3?Alternative and Speculative Visions;162
6.6.5;7.5?Conclusion;166
6.6.6;References;167
6.7;8.?: Urban Dualism in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area;171
6.7.1;8.1?Introduction;171
6.7.2;8.2?A Brief History of the JMA: The Formation of Social Dualism;173
6.7.2.1;8.2.1?Colonial Urbanism: The Beginning of Dualism in Jakarta’s Urban Form;173
6.7.2.2;8.2.2?Post-Colonial Urban: A City to Reflect National Pride;175
6.7.2.3;8.2.3?Modern Urban: The Excitement of Property Development and the Economic Crisis;176
6.7.3;8.3?Urbanization in JMA: The Birth of a Megalopolis;178
6.7.4;8.4?The Creation of Spaces in the JMA: Reinforcing Spatial Segregation;183
6.7.4.1;8.4.1?New Residential Areas: Creating Centers;185
6.7.4.2;8.4.2?Kampungs: Vernacular Urban Residential Settlements;188
6.7.4.3;8.4.3?Malls, Apartments, and Office Buildings: Modern Urban Space;190
6.7.4.4;8.4.4?Conservation of Colonial Heritage: Remembering the Orderly Past;192
6.7.5;8.5?Concluding Remarks: Urban Dualism and Sustainable Urban Form;194
6.7.6;References;196
7;Part II: Europe and North America;200
7.1;9.?: Strategic Planning for London: Integrating City Design and Urban Transportation;201
7.1.1;9.1?Introduction;201
7.1.2;9.2?Greater London;202
7.1.3;9.3?Governing Greater London;206
7.1.4;9.4?Strategic Planning;211
7.1.5;9.5?The Green Belt;211
7.1.5.1;9.5.1?Positive Effects;213
7.1.5.2;9.5.2?Negative Effects;214
7.1.5.3;9.5.3?The Value of the Green Belt;216
7.1.6;9.6?The London Plan;216
7.1.6.1;9.6.1?Vertical Integration;219
7.1.6.2;9.6.2?Horizontal Integration;220
7.1.6.3;9.6.3?Success Factors;221
7.1.6.4;9.6.4?Critical Comments;223
7.1.7;9.7?Conclusion;225
7.1.8;References;226
7.2;10.?: Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul;229
7.2.1;10.1?Sustainable Istanbul;231
7.2.2;10.2?Early Development Until the 1950s;233
7.2.3;10.3?Istanbul After the 1980s;239
7.2.4;10.4?Towards an Ecological Urbanism for the Istanbul Archipelago;242
7.2.5;References;247
7.3;11.?: Toronto Megacity: Growth, Planning Institutions, Sustainability;250
7.3.1;11.1?Introduction;250
7.3.2;11.2?The Emergence of a New Development System;255
7.3.2.1;11.2.1?The Metro Development Control Regime;258
7.3.2.2;11.2.2?The Metro Concept of Urban Form and Mobility;263
7.3.3;11.3?Toronto Urban Form 1954?2006;265
7.3.4;11.4?Toronto Megacity Sustainability;271
7.3.5;References;274
7.4;12.?: Los Angeles: Urban Development in the Postsuburban Megacity;277
7.4.1;12.1?Introduction: The Need for Postsuburban Reinvention;277
7.4.2;12.2?The Los Angeles Region;278
7.4.3;12.3?Postsuburbanity;280
7.4.4;12.4?Tactical Incrementalism;284
7.4.5;12.5?Conclusion;289
7.4.6;References;290
8;Part III: Latin America;292
8.1;13.?: Mexico City: Power, Equity, and Sustainable Development;293
8.1.1;13.1?Introduction to the Post-Apocalyptic City;293
8.1.2;13.2?Framing the Sustainable Cities Discourse;294
8.1.3;13.3?Key Environmental Issues;296
8.1.3.1;13.3.1?Sustainable Transportation and Air Quality;297
8.1.3.2;13.3.2?Land Conservation;299
8.1.3.3;13.3.3?Waste Management;302
8.1.3.4;13.3.4?The Sustainability of Water;303
8.1.4;13.4?Planning Environmental Sustainability in Mexico City;305
8.1.4.1;13.4.1?The Green Plan;307
8.1.4.2;13.4.2?Preliminary Results: The First Address to Citizens;308
8.1.5;13.5?Final Remarks;310
8.1.6;References;311
8.2;14.?: Bogotá’s Recovery Process;313
8.2.1;14.1?Introduction;313
8.2.2;14.2?Urban Form and Sustainable Development in Bogotá;313
8.2.2.1;14.2.1?A Rapid Urban Development;313
8.2.2.2;14.2.2?Urban Development in the Twentieth Century;314
8.2.2.3;14.2.3 The Effects of Accelerated Urban Development;316
8.2.2.4;14.2.4?The Changes of the 1990s;317
8.2.2.5;14.2.5?Urban Development and Sustainability;317
8.2.3;14.3?Recent Urban Development;318
8.2.3.1;14.3.1?The Urban Crisis of the 1980s;318
8.2.3.2;14.3.2?The City in the Last Fifteen Years;321
8.2.3.3;14.3.3?Urban Development;322
8.2.3.4;14.3.4?Transport;324
8.2.4;14.4?The End of the Crisis;327
8.2.4.1;14.4.1?Strengthening Local Governance and Public Finances;327
8.2.4.2;14.4.2?Finances;328
8.2.4.3;14.4.3?Increase in Welfare Investment;329
8.2.4.4;14.4.4?The New Planning Regime;330
8.2.4.5;14.4.5?The Recovery of Territorial Planning and Long-Term Vision: The Project Plan Articulated in a City Project;330
8.2.4.6;14.4.6?The Different Planning Scales: Centers and Zonal Planning;331
8.2.4.7;14.4.7?Development Standards: An Instrument for Regulating Private Actions in the City and Making Them Sustainable;332
8.2.5;14.5?Actions and Policies Towards Sustainable Development;333
8.2.5.1;14.5.1?Civic Culture: Creating a Safer City;333
8.2.5.2;14.5.2?Security;334
8.2.5.3;14.5.3?Complementary Safety and Security Programs;336
8.2.5.4;14.5.4?Reconstructing City Spaces;338
8.2.5.5;14.5.5?The Recovery of Public Space;338
8.2.5.6;14.5.6?The Restoration of Environmental Systems;340
8.2.5.7;14.5.7?A New System of Transport and Mobility;341
8.2.5.8;14.5.8?New and Better Facilities;343
8.2.6;14.6?Challenges;343
8.2.6.1;14.6.1?Mobility;344
8.2.6.2;14.6.2?Welfare Housing;344
8.2.6.3;14.6.3?Planning in the City-Region;344
8.2.7;14.7?Conclusion;345
8.2.8;References;345
8.3;15.?: Socially Sustainable Urban Development: The Case of São Paulo;347
8.3.1;15.1?New Urban Legislation: The Embú Letter;350
8.3.2;15.2?The Onerous Grant (Outorga Onerosa) Mechanism;351
8.3.3;15.3?The New Constitution and Urban Development;352
8.3.4;15.4?What is a Joint Urban Operation?;353
8.3.5;15.5?The Practice of Urban Operations;354
8.3.6;15.6?Urban Operations in Sao Paulo Since 1991;355
8.3.6.1;15.6.1?The Anhangabaú-Centro Urban Operation (Law 12.349/97);355
8.3.6.2;15.6.2?The Àgua Branca Urban Operation (Law n. 11.774/95);356
8.3.6.3;15.6.3?The Faria Lima Urban Operation (Law n. 11.732/95);357
8.3.6.4;15.6.4?The Àgua Espraiada Urban Operation (Law 13.260/2001);359
8.3.6.5;15.6.5?The Rio Verde-Jacu Urban Operation (Law 13.872/04);360
8.3.7;15.7?Impact of Urban Operations;361
8.3.8;15.8?Cepacs: A New Instrument of Value Capture;362
8.3.9;15.9?Price Increase of Land in Urban Operations;363
8.3.10;15.10?Real Estate Concentration and Tax Collection;364
8.3.11;15.11?Impact on Construction Density, Population, and Gentrification;365
8.3.12;15.12?A New Master Plan;366
8.3.13;15.13?New Urban Operations and the General Reduction of Floor Area Ratio;366
8.3.14;15.14?ZEISs and Social Sustainability;368
8.3.15;15.15?ZEPAMs: The Right of Preference and Environmental Sustainability;368
8.3.16;15.16?The Problem of Transportation;368
8.3.17;15.17?Conclusions;371
8.3.18;References;373
8.4;16.?: Sustainability and Urban Form: The Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires*;374
8.4.1;16.1?Introduction;374
8.4.2;16.2?Urban Configuration Processes in the MRBA;376
8.4.3;16.3?Transformations in the MRBA’s Layout in the Last 20 Years;381
8.4.4;16.4?Sustainability, Livability, and Planning in the MRBA;385
8.4.4.1;16.4.1?Types of Growth, Land Occupation, and Urban Form;387
8.4.4.2;16.4.2?The Right to the City and Access to Land by Low-Income Groups;388
8.4.4.3;16.4.3?Urban Quality and Environment Related Conflicts;390
8.4.5;16.5?Governance and Planning Approaches in Buenos Aires;391
8.4.6;References;395
9;Part IV: Conclusion;396
9.1;17.?: Megacity Sustainability: Urban Form, Development, and Governance;397
9.1.1;17.1 Urban Form;398
9.1.1.1;17.1.1 Sprawl;399
9.1.1.2;17.1.2 Polycentricity and Social Polarization;402
9.1.2;17.2 Land, Land Valorization, and Infrastructure Building;404
9.1.3;17.3 Governance Questions and Issues;410
9.1.3.1;17.3.1 Fragmented Governance;411
9.1.3.2;17.3.2 Colonial Legacies of Dualistic Urbanism;414
9.1.3.3;17.3.3 Bogotá;415
9.1.4;References;417