Sparagano Control of Poultry Mites (Dermanyssus)

2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-2731-3
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 146 Seiten

This book details worldwide research activities at laboratory and farm levels to control poultry red mites. It presents new control methods based on plants, predators or vaccine developments together with updated chemical, physical and managerial approaches.

Dr Olivier Sparagano is a Senior Lecturer in Animal Production Science and the Director of Research in the School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development at Newcastle University, UK. He is currently the President of the Society for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and the Honorary Meetings Secretary of the British Society for Parasitology. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed scientific publications and over 200 conference abstracts on parasitology and related topics.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sparagano, Olivier

Inhaltsverzeichnis

2;Control of poultry mites: where do we stand?;7
3;Prevalence and key figures for the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae infections in poultry farm systems;9
3.1;Introduction;10
3.1.1;Poultry data;10
3.1.2;Red mite prevalence;12
3.1.3;Associated costs;12
3.1.4;Prevalence seems to be dependent of several parameters;12
3.2;Discussion and conclusions;13
3.3;References;15
4;Evaluation of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae) susceptibility to some acaricides in field populations from Italy;17
4.1;Abstract;17
4.2;Introduction;18
4.3;Materials and methods;19
4.4;Results;19
4.5;Discussion;20
4.6;Acknowledgments;22
4.7;References;23
5;Exploration of the susceptibility of AChE from the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Mesostigmata) to organophosphates in field isolates from France;25
5.1;Abstract;25
5.2;Introduction;25
5.3;Materials and methods;27
5.3.1;Mites;27
5.3.2;AChE assays;27
5.3.2.1;Basic principle;27
5.3.2.2;Preliminary assays for the validation of the test;28
5.3.2.3;Exploration of kinetic parameters of extracted AChE;28
5.3.3;OP inhibitory assay;28
5.3.3.1;Progressive inhibition of AChE activity by OP over time;29
5.3.3.2;Screening of 39 field populations;29
5.3.4;Statistical analysis;29
5.4;Results;29
5.4.1;Validation of AChE extraction;29
5.4.2;Kinetic parameters of AChE in Dermanyssus gallinae;31
5.4.3;AChE inhibition screening;32
5.5;Discussion;32
5.5.1;Validation of the tests;32
5.5.2;Kinetics;32
5.5.3;Screening of 39 field populations;34
5.6;Conclusion;34
5.7;Acknowledgments;35
5.8;References;35
6;In vitro efficacies of oils, silicas and plant preparations against the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae;37
6.1;Abstract;37
6.2;Introduction;37
6.3;Materials and methods;38
6.3.1;Dermanyssus gallinae;38
6.3.2;Test substances;39
6.3.3;In vitro assay;39
6.3.3.1;Oils and plant preparations;39
6.3.3.2;Silicas (powders and liquid formulation);39
6.3.4;Data analysis;39
6.4;Results;42
6.4.1;Oils;42
6.4.2;Silicas;42
6.4.3;Plant preparations;42
6.5;Discussion;42
6.6;Acknowledgments;46
6.7;References;46
7;Variation in chemical composition and acaricidal activity against Dermanyssus gallinae of four eucalyptus essential oils;48
7.1;Abstract;48
7.2;Introduction;48
7.3;Materials and methods;49
7.3.1;Acaricidal effect;50
7.3.2;Essential oil composition;50
7.4;Results;50
7.4.1;Acaricidal effect;50
7.4.2;Essential oil composition;51
7.5;Discussion;51
7.6;Acknowledgments;54
7.7;References;54
8;Inert dusts and their effects on the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae);56
8.1;Introduction;56
8.2;Materials and methods;57
8.2.1;Mites;57
8.2.2;Inert dusts;58
8.2.3;Evaporation experiments;58
8.2.4;Tarsal exposure tests;59
8.2.5;Data analysis;59
8.3;Results;60
8.3.1;Evaporation experiment;60
8.3.2;Tarsal exposure test;63
8.4;Discussion;63
8.5;References;66
9;Candidate predators for biological control of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae;68
9.1;Introduction;69
9.2;Materials and methods;70
9.2.1;Mite inventory of poultry houses;70
9.2.2;Mite inventory of starling nests;70
9.2.3;Statistical analysis of mite-mite associations;71
9.2.4;Predation tests;71
9.2.5;Haematophagy tests;72
9.3;Results;72
9.3.1;Mite inventory of poultry houses and starling nests;72
9.3.2;Mite-mite associations;74
9.3.3;Predation tests;75
9.3.4;Haematophagy tests;77
9.4;Discussion;78
9.5;Appendix;82
9.6;References;83
10;The testing of antibodies raised against poultry red mite antigens in an in vitro feeding assay; preliminary screen for vaccine candidates;86
10.1;Abstract;86
10.2;Introduction;87
10.3;Materials and methods;88
10.3.1;Dermanyssus gallinae used in the experiments;88
10.3.2;Fractionation of Dermanyssus gallinae proteins;88
10.3.3;Immunisation of hens with the four protein fractions;88
10.3.4;PAGE gel and Western blots;89
10.3.5;Antibody extraction from egg yolk for in vitro assay;89
10.3.6;In vitro feeding assay;89
10.4;Results;91
10.4.1;Protein fractionation;91
10.4.2;Immunoreactivity of chickens to protein fractions;92
10.4.3;In vitro feeding assay;92
10.5;Discussion;93
10.6;Acknowledgments;95
10.7;References;95
11;The poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae): a potential vector of pathogenic agents;97
11.1;Abstract;97
11.2;Introduction;97
11.3;Materials and methods;101
11.3.1;Dermanyssus gallinae as an experimental vector of Salmonella enteritidis;101
11.3.2;Natural carriage of Salmonella by Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry farms;102
11.3.3;Dermanyssus gallinae as the carrier of other bacteria in poultry farms;102
11.4;Results and discussion;103
11.5;Conclusions;105
11.6;Acknowledgments;106
11.7;References;106
12;Endosymbiotic bacteria living inside the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae);109
12.1;Abstract;109
12.2;Introduction;110
12.3;Materials and methods;111
12.3.1;Poultry red mites;111
12.3.2;Red mite preparation;111
12.3.3;DNA extraction and PCR amplification of endosymbiotic bacteria DNA;111
12.3.4;Universal PCR amplification of 16S rDNA fragments and TTGE analysis;111
12.3.5;Specific PCR amplification of endosymbiontic bacteria DNA;112
12.3.6;DNA sequencing;112
12.4;Results;113
12.4.1;Nucleotide sequence accession numbers;113
12.4.2;BLAST queries;114
12.5;Discussion;114
12.6;Acknowledgments;115
12.7;References;115
13;Molecular phylogenetic assessment of host range in five Dermanyssus species;118
13.1;Abstract;118
13.2;Introduction;119
13.3;Materials and methods;120
13.3.1;Field sampling;120
13.3.2;Restricted study areas;120
13.3.3;Nests' analysis;120
13.3.4;Molecular analysis;120
13.3.5;Phylogenetic reconstruction;123
13.3.6;Bioassays;123
13.4;Results;125
13.4.1;Inventory of Dermanyssus species from wild and domestic bird;125
13.4.1.1;Apus apus, the black swift;129
13.4.1.2;Sturnus vulgaris, the European starling;129
13.4.1.3;Parus major and P. caeruleus, the great tit and the blue tit;129
13.4.1.4;Alaudidae, the larks;130
13.4.1.5;Hirundinidae, the swallows;130
13.4.2;Phylogenetic analysis;130
13.4.3;Populations sharing haplotypes;130
13.4.4;Observed host range;131
13.4.4.1;Comparison between literature and field data;131
13.4.4.2;Host transfer of populations from four Dermanyssus species;133
13.4.4.2.1;D. gallinae;133
13.4.4.2.2;D. longipes and D. carpathicus;133
13.4.4.2.3;D. hirundinis;133
13.5;Discussion;133
13.5.1;D. gallinae: several lineages, some more specialized than others;133
13.5.2;Assessments on host specificity using observed host range and ecological observations;134
13.5.2.1;Host spectrum enlarging within the most synanthropic clade (D. gallinae);134
13.5.3;Host switches via nest sharing of host birds;135
13.5.4;Synanthropicity and nest microenvironment;136
13.5.5;Role of the ecosystem in the nest environment;136
13.6;Perspectives;137
13.7;Acknowledgments;137
13.8;Appendix;138
13.9;References;145
14;Phylogenetic relationship between Dermanyssus gallinae populations in European countries based on mitochondrial COI gene sequences;146
14.1;Abstract;146
14.2;Introduction;146
14.3;Materials and methods;147
14.3.1;Mite samples;147
14.3.2;DNA extraction and detection of Dermanyssus gallinae;148
14.3.3;PCR amplification and DNA sequencing;148
14.3.4;Phylogenetic analysis;149
14.4;Results;149
14.4.1;Sequences analysis;149
14.4.2;Intra genetic variability and pairwise comparisons between samples;149
14.4.3;UK samples;149
14.4.4;French samples;154
14.4.5;Italian samples;155
14.4.6;Amino acid sequences;155
14.4.7;Phylogenetic analysis;155
14.5;Discussion and conclusion;155
14.6;Acknowledgments;157
14.7;References;157
15;Monitoring of Dermanyssus gallinae in free-range poultry farms;159
15.1;Abstract;159
15.2;Introduction;160
15.3;Materials and methods;161
15.3.1;The farms;161
15.3.2;Description of the traps used;161
15.3.3;Examination of the bird droppings;162
15.3.4;Experimental design;162
15.3.5;Statistical data analysis;162
15.4;Results;163
15.4.1;Comparison of the different methods for quantitative evaluation of the presence of Dermanyssus gallinae in a flock;163
15.4.2;Performance of the various assessment methods when there is a sudden fall in the population of Dermanyssus gallinae;164
15.4.3;Comparison of the number of mites obtained from six areas of the same building;164
15.5;Discussion;166
15.6;Acknowledgments;167
15.7;References;167
16;Preventing introduction and spread of Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry facilities using the HACCP method;169
16.1;Abstract;169
16.2;Introduction;169
16.3;HACCP development;170
16.3.1;Hazard analysis;171
16.3.2;Critical control point identification;171
16.3.3;Establishing critical limits;179
16.3.4;Monitoring;179
16.3.5;Corrective actions;180
16.3.6;Documentation and validation;180
16.3.7;Checklist;180
16.4;Conclusions and discussion;181
16.5;Acknowledgments;182
16.6;References;182