Sparks Environmental Soil Chemistry

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8920-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 267 Seiten, Web PDF

As the author states in his Preface, this book is written at a time when scientific and lay communities recognize that knowledge of environmental chemistry is fundamental in understanding and predicting the fate of pollutants in soils and waters, and in making sound decisions about remediation of contaminated soils. Environmental Soil Chemistry presents the fundamental concepts of soil science and applies them to environmentally significant reactions in soil. Clearly and concisely written for undergraduate and beginning graduate students of soil science, the book is likewise accessible to all students and professionals of environmental engineering and science. Chapters cover background information useful to students new to the discipline, including the chemistry of inorganic and organic soil components, soilacidity and salinity, and ion exchange and redox phenomena. However, discussion also extends to sorption/desorption, oxidation-reduction of metals and organic chemicals, rates of pollutant reactions as well as technologies for remediating contaminated soils. Supplementary reading lists, sample problems, and extensive tables and figures make this textbook accessible to readers. - Provides students with both sound contemporary training in the basics of soil chemistry and applications to real-world environmental concerns - Timely and comprehensive discussion of important concepts including: Sorption/desorption, Oxidation-reduction of metals and organics, Effects of acidic deposition and salinity on contaminant reactions - Boxed sections focus on sample problems and explanations of key terms and parameters - Extensive tables on elemental composition of soils, rocks and sediments, pesticide classes, inorganic minerals, and methods of decontaminating soils - Clearly written for all students and professionals in environmental science and environmental engineering as well as soil science

DONALD L. SPARKS is the Unidel S. Hallock du Pont Chair and Francis Alison Professor at the University of Delaware. He is internationally recognized for his research in the areas of kinetics of biogeochemical processes and surface chemistry of natural materials. His research has focused on fate and transport of trace metals in soil and water, soil remediation, water quality, and carbon sequestration in soils. Dr. Sparks is the author of two previous editions of Environmental Soil Chemistry and more than 350 refereed papers and book chapters. He is fellow of five scientific societies, and he has been the recipient of major awards and lectureships including the Geochemistry Medal from the American Chemical Society, the Liebig Medal from the International Union of Soil Sciences, the Einstein Professorship from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Philippe Duchaufour Medal from the European Geosciences Union. Dr. Sparks served as president of the Soil Science Society of America and the International Union of Soil Sciences, has served on advisory committees for several national laboratories and national and international centers and institutes, and served as chair of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Committee for Soil Sciences and other NAS Committees.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sparks, Donald L.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Environmental Soil Chemistry ;4
3;Copyright Page ;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;PREFACE;12
6;CHAPTER 1. ENVIRONMENTAL SOIL CHEMISTRY: AN OVERVIEW;14
6.1;Evolution of Soil Chemistry;15
6.2;The Modern Environmental Movement;16
6.3;Contaminants in Waters and Soils;17
6.4;Case Study of Pollution of Soils and Waters;24
6.5;Soil Decontamination;32
6.6;Suggested Reading;35
7;CHAPTER 2. INORGANIC SOIL COMPONENTS;36
7.1;Introduction;36
7.2;Pauling's Rules;38
7.3;Primary Soil Minerals;43
7.4;Secondary Soil Minerals;44
7.5;Specific Surface of Soil Minerals;54
7.6;Surface Charge of Soil Minerals;56
7.7;Identification of Minerals by X-Ray Diffraction Analyses;60
7.8;Use of Clay Minerals to Retain Organic Contaminants;61
7.9;Suggested Reading;64
8;CHAPTER 3. CHEMISTRY OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER;66
8.1;Introduction;66
8.2;Effects of Soil Formation Factors on SOM Contents;68
8.3;Composition of SOM;70
8.4;Fractionation of SOM;76
8.5;SOM Structure;78
8.6;Functional Groups and Charge Characteristics;80
8.7;Humic Substance–Metal Interactions;82
8.8;SOM–Clay Complexes;90
8.9;Retention of Pesticides and Other Organic Substances by Humic Substances;91
8.10;Suggested Reading;92
9;CHAPTER 4. SOIL SOLUTION–SOLID PHASE EQUIUBRIA;94
9.1;Introduction;94
9.2;Measurement of the Soil Solution;95
9.3;Speciation of the Soil Solution;97
9.4;Ion Activity and Activity Coefficients;103
9.5;Dissolution and Solubility Processes;105
9.6;Suggested Reading;110
10;CHAPTER 5. SORPTION PHENOMENA ON SOILS;112
10.1;Introduction and Terminology;112
10.2;Surface Functional Groups;113
10.3;Surface Complexes;115
10.4;Adsorption Isotherms;117
10.5;Equilibrium-Based Adsorption Models;120
10.6;Surface Precipitation;141
10.7;Sorption of Metal Cations;143
10.8;Sorption of Anions;144
10.9;Points of Zero Charge;147
10.10;Desorption;149
10.11;Use of Spectroscopic and Microscopic Methods in Determining Mechanisms for Sorption - Desorption Phenomena;151
10.12;Suggested Reading;152
11;CHAPTER 6. ION EXCHANGE PROCESSES;154
11.1;Introduction;154
11.2;Characteristics of Ion Exchange;155
12;CHAPTER 7. KINETICS OF SOIL CHEMICAL PROCESSES;172
12.1;Rate-Limiting Steps and Time Scales of Soil Chemical Reactions;172
12.2;Rate Laws;174
12.3;Determination of Reaction Order and Rate Constants;176
12.4;Kinetic Models;178
12.5;Kinetic Methodologies;182
12.6;Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates;188
12.7;Kinetics of Important Soil Chemical Processes;189
12.8;Suggested Reading;198
13;CHAPTER 8. REDOX CHEMISTRY OF SOILS;200
13.1;Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Potentials;200
13.2;Eh vs pH and pe vs pH Diagrams;204
13.3;Measurement and Use of Redox Potentials;208
13.4;Submerged Soils;209
13.5;Redox Reactions Involving Inorganic and Organic Pollutants;209
13.6;Suggested Reading;215
14;CHAPTER 9. THE CHEMISTRY OF SOIL ACIDITY;216
14.1;Introduction;216
14.2;Historical Perspective of Soil Acidity;219
14.3;Solution Chemistry of Aluminum;220
14.4;Exchangeable and Nonexchangeable Aluminum;223
14.5;Soil Acidity;225
14.6;Liming Soils;229
14.7;Suggested Reading;229
15;CHAPTER 10. THE CHEMISTRY OF SALINE AND SODIC SOILS;232
15.1;Introduction;232
15.2;Causes of Soil Sahnity;233
15.3;Sources of Soluble Salts;234
15.4;Important Salinity and Sodicity Parameters;235
15.5;Classification And Reclamation Of Saline And Sodic Soils;240
15.6;Effects of Soil Salinity and Sodicity on Soil Structural Properties;242
15.7;Effects of Soil Salinity on Plant Growth;243
15.8;Suggested Reading;245
16;APPENDIX A;246
17;APPENDIX B;249
18;REFERENCES;250
19;INDEX;272