Spathelf Sustainable Forest Management in a Changing World: a European Perspective

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-3301-7
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 19, 260 Seiten

Reihe: Managing Forest Ecosystems

Yet another book on the topic of ‘Sustainable Forest Management’ can only be justified by new information that is of direct relevance. The contents of this volume concentrate on the very latest factors and developments, thus, hopefully, contributing both to the book’s attractiveness and to closing gaps in the discipline’s database. This book is written for researchers in the field of forest management, international forestry, and climate change-related issues, legal and policy advisors, as well as for managers of private companies who deal with SFM. The authors of the various sections are scientists in the field of forestry and other environmental sciences. They represent different institutions, mainly universities and research agencies in Germany, but also high-level international institutions in development co-operation, such as the World Bank, FAO, and IIASA. The scope of the book is to refresh the meanings and perceptions of SFM against the background of the rapid changes in our natural and social environment. Climate change and the rapid increase of atmospheric CO concentration is a global process 2 with negative impacts of different kinds, among others on natural ecosystems such as forests. A crucial issue therefore is how forest management can contribute to forest conservation in light of changing climatic conditions. Moreover, policy changes such as the introduction of certification schemes and the new emphasis laid on Non-Wood Forest Products justify the re-evaluation of the role of SFM in delivering ecological goods and services from our forests.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Spathelf, Peter

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;9
2;Introduction: Some Basic Remarks on Sustainable Forest Management, Environment and Global Ethics;11
3;Sustaining the World’s Forests: Managing Competing Demands for a Vital Resource – The Role of the World Bank1;18
3.1;Box 1 Why forests matter to Africa;19
3.2;The Forces and Dynamics Affecting the World’s Forests;20
3.2.1;Forest Law Enforcement and Governance;20
3.2.2;Forests in Poverty-Reduction Strategies;21
3.2.3;Global Values from Forests;22
3.2.4;Demand;23
3.3;Some Controversies Surrounding Forests;23
3.3.1;Forests and Poverty Reduction;23
3.3.2;Governance Issues;24
3.3.3;Protecting Global Environmental Services;24
3.4;Actions of the International Community Toward Sustainable Forest Management;25
3.4.1;The Rio Earth Summit;25
3.4.2;The Kyoto Protocol;26
3.4.3;The United Nations Forum on Forests;26
3.4.4;Independent Forest Certification;27
3.4.5;Designation of Protected Areas;27
3.5;Consequences of the Failure to Manage Forests Sustainably;28
3.6;The World Bank’s Engagement in Sustainable Forest Management;28
3.6.1;The World Bank’s Forests Strategy;29
3.7;Box 2 Mexico: Second Community Forestry Project;31
3.8;Box 3 Forest Law Enforcement and Governance;32
3.8.1;The World Bank Group’s Forest Lending Portfolio;33
3.8.2;Recent Developments with Potential Impact on Forests;34
3.9;The World Bank’s New Initiatives: Response to Climate Change and the Role of Forests;35
3.9.1;The World Bank Strategic Framework on Climate Change;36
3.9.2;Financing Forests and Climate Change;36
3.9.3;Carbon Credits and Payments;36
3.9.4;Sources for Technical Assistance;37
3.9.5;Source of Concessional Financing;38
3.9.6;Growing Forests Partnership;38
3.9.7;Coherence or Confusion;39
3.9.8;Are International Interventions Relevant?;39
3.10;Conclusion;40
3.11;Useful Web Links on Forestry Conservation and Management;40
4;Conservation of Tropical Forests and Climate Change Mitigation;42
4.1;Introduction;42
4.2;Loss of Tropical Forests: A Complex Phenomenon with a Simple Root Cause;43
4.3;Box 1 Case Study Bolivia: From Old to New Deforestation (from a Model of Conservation to Uncertainty);47
4.4;Avoidance of Deforestation Has Become REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countri;52
4.4.1;Different Expectations and Perspectives on REDD;52
4.4.2;Market-Linked Approaches Rather Than Market-based Approaches;54
4.4.3;How to Turn REDD-Transfers into Avoided Deforestation – Opportunity Costs and Governance Issues;54
4.4.4;The Role of the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility;55
4.4.5;The Political Dimension of REDD;56
4.5;Will Conservation Gain from REDD?;57
5;The State of Europe’s Forests: 2007 – Report of the Fifth Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe for Su;61
5.1;History;61
5.2;Box 1 The MCPFE Definition of “Sustainable Forest Management”;62
5.3;The State and Development of Europe’s Forests;62
5.3.1;Forest Resources and Their Contribution to Global Carbon Cycles;64
5.3.2;Health and Vitality of Forest Ecosystems;64
5.3.3;Productive Function of Forests;65
5.3.4;Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems;65
5.3.5;Protective Functions;66
5.3.6;Socio-economic Functions and Conditions;66
5.3.7;Forest Policy and Institutional Scope;67
6;Sustainable Forest Management in the Tropics – Still a Long Way to Go?;69
6.1;Deforestation;69
6.2;The Principles of Sustainable Forest Management;72
6.2.1;Terms Commonly Used in Tropical Forest Management;72
6.2.2;Land Tenure and Utilization of Tropical and Subtropical Forests;74
6.2.3;Degraded and Secondary Forests;75
6.2.4;Management Systems for Tropical and Subtropical Forests;76
6.2.5;SFM in the Brazilian Amazon;77
6.3;Reduced-Impact Logging (RIL) in the Brazilian Amazon – a Comparative Case Study;81
6.4;SFM – Still a Long Way to Go? A Synthesis;88
7;Non–wood Forest Products for Livelihoods and Sustainable Development;91
7.1;Concept, Definitions, and Scope;91
7.2;Typology of Non-wood Forest Products;92
7.2.1;Foods;92
7.2.2;Medicinal Plants;93
7.2.3;Fibres;94
7.2.4;Chemicals;94
7.2.5;Ornamentals;94
7.3;Socio-economic Importance of NWFP;94
7.4;Trade in Non-wood Forest Products;95
7.5;Trends in Production and Trade;96
7.5.1;Rattan;97
7.5.2;Bamboo;97
7.6;Challenges and Opportunities;98
7.6.1;Challenges;98
7.6.2;Key Areas of Future Work;98
7.6.2.1;Resource development;98
7.6.2.2;Product and marketing improvement;99
7.6.2.3;Policy and institutional support;99
7.6.3;Opportunities;99
8;Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources: The Basis for Adaptability in Managed Forests;100
8.1;Introduction;100
8.1.1;Conservation of Genetic Sustainability;100
8.1.2;How to Foster Genetic Diversity?;102
8.1.3;What Are Forest Genetic Resources?;103
8.2;Priorities of Forest Genetic Conservation;104
8.3;Evaluation of Genetic Conservation Units;105
8.3.1;Conservation Value (Qualitative Aspect);106
8.3.2;Conservation Urgency (Endangerment Aspect);106
8.4;Characterising Genetic Structures;108
8.5;Genetic Monitoring;108
8.6;Measures for the Conservation of Genetic Resources;109
8.7;Conservation of Genetic Resources as Part of Forest Management;111
8.8;Conservation of Genetic Resources in Protected Areas;112
8.9;Conserving Genetic Resources from Adapted Provenances of Tree and Shrub Species;113
8.10;Genetic Adaptability and Climate Change;114
8.11;Future Role of Forest Genetics in the Conservation of Adaptability;117
8.11.1;Tasks of Part A;117
8.11.2;Tasks of part B;119
9;Adaptive Forest Management: A Prerequisite for Sustainable Forestry in the Face of Climate Change;122
9.1;Introduction;122
9.2;Climate-Change Pressures in Europe;124
9.3;Impacts on Central European Forests;125
9.4;Strategies of Adaptive Forest Management;128
9.5;Implementation of Adaptive Forest Management Using Silvicultural Operations;131
9.5.1;Strategic Considerations;131
9.5.2;Silvicultural Options;132
9.5.3;Tree-Species Selection;132
9.6;Regeneration and Felling Options;133
9.7;Site Preparation and Stand Establishment;135
9.8;Thinning;135
9.9;‘New’ Species and Provenances;136
9.10;Conclusions and Outlook;139
10;A Scientific Perspective for Silviculture;147
10.1;Introduction;147
10.2;The scientific Object of Silviculture;148
10.3;The Role of Theory in Silviculture;151
10.3.1;Examples of the Formation of New Silvicultural Hypotheses;151
10.3.1.1;Testing Existing Silvicultural Recommendations;151
10.3.2;Applying Consolidated Theory from Disciplines Outside Forest Science to Solve Silvicultural Problems;154
10.3.2.1;Considering Uncertainty to Implement Sustainable Management;154
10.3.3;Making the Consequences of Management Constraints Transparent;156
10.4;Concluding Statement;156
11;Forest-Related Climate Mitigation Options: Dialogues for Exploring Opportunities and Threats;161
11.1;The Role of Forests in Stabilising the Climate System;161
11.2;Why Has Halting Deforestation Not Succeeded So Far?;163
11.3;What Is the Relevance of Forest-Related Low-Cost Backstop Options?;165
11.4;Five Types of Dialogues;167
11.5;Discussion;170
12;Key Challenges in Forest Protected Area Management;174
12.1;Introduction;174
12.2;Changing Conservation Paradigms;176
12.3;Box 1 Community conserved areas and forest conservation;181
12.4;Challenging Conservation Targets;181
12.5;Box 2 Fire frequency and management effectiveness;183
12.6;Global Change and Climate Change;184
12.7;Box 3 Forest protected areas and mining, oil, and gas;185
12.8;Protected areas and armed conflict;186
12.9;Conclusions;187
13;Forest Organisations in Change: Examples from the Tropics and Subtropics;195
13.1;Objectives and Conceptual Framework;195
13.2;Historical Overview and Genesis of the Organisation System;196
13.2.1;Traditional Forest Use;197
13.2.2;Colonial Forest Use and Administration;198
13.2.3;Decolonisation: Forests for National Growth;198
13.2.4;Internationalisation of Forest Organisations;199
13.2.5;Polarisation;199
13.2.6;Globalisation;199
13.2.7;Lessons Learnt from the Historical Review;200
13.3;Current Forest Organisations in the Tropics;201
13.3.1;Introduction;201
13.3.2;Forest Organisations on State Land;201
13.3.2.1;State Forest Administration;201
13.3.2.2;State Forest Enterprises;202
13.3.2.3;Forest Concessions;203
13.3.2.4;Taungya;204
13.3.2.5;Joint Forest Management;204
13.3.3;Forest Organisations on Community Land;206
13.3.3.1;Community Forestry;207
13.3.3.2;Forest User Groups;208
13.3.4;Forest Organisations on Private Land;209
13.3.4.1;The Farm-Household System;209
13.3.4.2;Private Forest-Farmers Associations;211
13.3.4.3;Medium and Large-Scale Private Forest Enterprises;212
13.3.4.4;Outgrower Schemes;213
13.3.4.5;Private Service Enterprises;213
13.3.5;Synthesis of the Case-Study Results;214
13.3.6;Outlook and Conclusions;215
14;Forestry or “The Art of Flying Blind”. Sustainability in an Era of Global Change;220
14.1;Introduction;220
14.2;The Concept of Sustainability and the Compensation of Uncertainty and Contingency;222
14.3;Future Orientations in Contemporary Forestry;224
14.3.1;The Shaping Force of Future Concepts;224
14.3.2;Current Orientation in German Forestry vis-à-vis the Future;227
14.4;Sustainability and the Anticipation of Future – Uncertainty as a Decision-Making Problem;230
14.4.1;Sustainability as a Moral Claim – the Future as a Problem of Normative Uncertainty;231
14.4.2;Sustainability as Strategic Planning – the Future as a Problem of Cognitive Uncertainty;232
14.5;The Art of Flying Blind – Adaptive Management as a Means to Sustainability;233
15;Sustainable Forest Management as a Model for Sustainable Development: Conclusions Toward a Concrete Vision;239
15.1;More Responsibility for the Conservation of the Forests Worldwide;240
15.2;Environmentally Sound Management of Forests and No Timber Use from Exploitation and Disputable Sources;241
15.3;Promotion of Close-to-Nature Forestry and Adaptive Management;241
15.4;Communication of Forest Use as a Model for Sustainable Use;241
16;Index;243