Sperelakis Cell Physiology Sourcebook

A Molecular Approach
3. Auflage 2001
ISBN: 978-0-08-052880-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 1235 Seiten, Web PDF

This completely revised and updated source book provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of cell physiology and membrane biophysics. Intended primarily as a text for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and as a reference for researchers, this multidisciplinary book includes several new chapters and is an invaluable aid to scientists interested in cell physiology, biophysics, cell biology, electrophysiology, and cell signaling.* Includes broad coverage of both animal and plant cells * Appendices review basics of the propagation of action potentials, electricity, and cable properties

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sperelakis, Nicholas

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Cell Physiology Sourcebook: A Molecular Approach;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Contributors;12
6;Foreword to the First Edition;16
7;Foreword to the Second Edition;18
8;Foreword to the Third Edition;20
9;Preface to the First Edition;22
10;Preface to the Second Edition;24
11;Preface to the Third Edition;26
12;Section I: Biophysical Chemistry, Metabolism, Second Messengers, and Ultrastructure;28
12.1;Chapter 1. Biophysical Chemistry of Physiological Solutions;30
12.1.1;I. Introduction;30
12.1.2;II. Structure and Properties of Water;30
12.1.3;llI. Interactions Between Water and Ions;32
12.1.4;IV. Protons in Solution;34
12.1.5;V. Interactions Between Ions;35
12.1.6;VI. Cell Cations;37
12.1.7;VII. Cell Anions;38
12.1.8;VIII. Trace Elements;38
12.1.9;IX. Solute Transport: Basic Definitions;39
12.1.10;X. Measurement of Electrolytes and Membrane Potential;39
12.1.11;XI. Ionophores;40
12.1.12;XII. Summary;40
12.1.13;Bibliography;41
12.1.14;Appendix: Thermodynamics of Membrane Transport;43
12.2;Chapter 2. Physiological Structure and Function of Proteins;46
12.2.1;I. Molecular Structure of Proteins;46
12.2.2;II. Techniques for the Determination of the Structures of Proteins;52
12.2.3;III. Bulk Properties of Proteins: Proteins as Polyelectrolytes;55
12.2.4;IV. Relationship of Protein Structure to Function;59
12.2.5;V. Summary;68
12.2.6;Bibliography;68
12.3;Chapter 3. Structural Organization and Properties of Membrane Lipids;70
12.3.1;I. Introduction;70
12.3.2;II. Classification and Structures of Membrane Lipids;70
12.3.3;III. Structural Organizations of Membrane Lipids;78
12.3.4;IV. The Thermodynamic and Conformational Properties of Bilayers;80
12.3.5;V. Binary Phospholipid Mixtures;86
12.3.6;VI. Summary;89
12.3.7;Bibliography;89
12.4;Chapter 4. Cell Membranes and Model Membranes;92
12.4.1;I. Membrane Structure;92
12.4.2;II. Planar Lipid Bilayers;100
12.4.3;III. Ion Channel Properties in Planar Lipid Bilayers;101
12.4.4;IV. Gramicidin;102
12.4.5;V. Summary;105
12.4.6;Bibliography;105
12.5;Chapter 5. Lipid Domains and Biological Membrane Function;108
12.5.1;I. Introduction;108
12.5.2;II. General Structure of Biological Membranes;108
12.5.3;III. The Plasma Membrane Lipid Bilayer: Transbilayer Lipid Distribution;110
12.5.4;IV. Lateral Lipid Microdomains in Membranes;112
12.5.5;V. Transbilayer Asymmetry in Fluidity;113
12.5.6;VI. Lateral Plasma Membrane Lipid Domain Fluidity;114
12.5.7;VII. The Plasma Membrane Lipid Bilayer: Protein Distribution;114
12.5.8;VIII. Intracellular Membranes;117
12.5.9;IX. Membrane Biogenesis;118
12.5.10;X. Summary;119
12.5.11;Bibliography;119
12.6;Chapter 6. Ultrastructure of Cells;122
12.6.1;I. Introduction: The Plasma Membrane as the Basis of Cellularity;122
12.6.2;II. Nucleus;125
12.6.3;III. Endoplasmic Reticulum;128
12.6.4;IV. Golgi Apparatus;128
12.6.5;V. Lysosomes;130
12.6.6;VI. Mitochondria;132
12.6.7;VII. Cytoskeleton;134
12.6.8;VIII. Cell functions;140
12.6.9;IX. Special Tissues, Specialized Ultrastructure;141
12.6.10;X. Summary;143
12.6.11;Bibliography;144
12.7;Chapter 7. Energy Production and Metabolism;146
12.7.1;I. Introduction;146
12.7.2;II. Protein Enzymes;146
12.7.3;III. Enzyme Kinetics;147
12.7.4;IV. Enzyme Inhibitors;149
12.7.5;V. Metabolic Pathways;150
12.7.6;VI. Generation of Energy: Mitchell Chemiosmotic Hypothesis;153
12.7.7;VII. Food and Energy;155
12.7.8;VIII. Basic Pathways That Need to be Regulated;155
12.7.9;IX. Energy Forms Revisited;161
12.7.10;X. Cori Cycle;163
12.7.11;XI. Summary;164
12.7.12;Bibliography;165
12.8;Chapter 8. Physiology of Mitochondria;166
12.8.1;I. Introduction;166
12.8.2;II. Chemiosmotic Theory;166
12.8.3;III. What Determines the Respiration Rate in Cells?;167
12.8.4;IV. What Determines the Rate of ATP Synthesis in Cells?;168
12.8.5;V. Ion Leaks in Mitochondria;169
12.8.6;VI. The Mitochondrial Proton Cycle— the Uncoupling Proteins;171
12.8.7;VII. The Anion Exchange Carriers;172
12.8.8;VIII. The Mitochondrial Calcium Cycle;172
12.8.9;IX. The Mitochondrial Potassium Cycle;173
12.8.10;X. The Physiological Role of MitoKATp in Heart;174
12.8.11;XI. MitoKATp as the End Effector of Protection Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury;174
12.8.12;XII. The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (MPT);175
12.8.13;XIII. Mitochondrial Involvement in Apoptosis;176
12.8.14;XIV. Summary;177
12.8.15;Bibliography;177
12.9;Chapter 9. Signal Transduction;180
12.9.1;I. Introduction;180
12.9.2;II. Second Messengers;180
12.9.3;III. Signaling by Receptor Phosphorylation;190
12.9.4;IV. Other Signaling Mechanisms;190
12.9.5;V. Summary;192
12.9.6;Bibliography;192
12.10;Chapter 10. Calcium as an Intracellular Second Messenger: Mediation by Calcium-Binding Proteins;194
12.10.1;I. Introduction;194
12.10.2;II. Determination of Ca2+ Involvement in Physiological Processes;194
12.10.3;III. Ca2+ as an Intracellular Signal;195
12.10.4;IV. Creation of the Ca2+ Signal;195
12.10.5;V. Mediation of Ca2+ Signal;196
12.10.6;VI. Ca2+-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase II;197
12.10.7;VII. Annexins: Calcium-Dependent Phospholipid-Binding Proteins;198
12.10.8;VIII. Protein Kinase C;199
12.10.9;IX. Current Perspectives;200
12.10.10;X. Summary;203
12.10.11;Bibliography;204
12.11;Chapter 11. Regulation of Cellular Functions by Extracellular Calcium;206
12.11.1;I. Introduction;206
12.11.2;II. Systemic Calcium Homeostasis;206
12.11.3;III. The Calcium Receptor;207
12.11.4;IV. Calcium Receptor-Dependent Regulation of Cellular Functions;211
12.11.5;V. Summary;215
12.11.6;Bibliography;216
12.12;Chapter 12. Cellular Responses to Hormones;218
12.12.1;I. Introduction;218
12.12.2;II. Actions of Lipophilic Hormones via Intracellular Receptors;218
12.12.3;III. Cellular Actions of Protein and Amine Hormones via Plasma Membrane Receptors;224
12.12.4;IV. Integration of Signal Transduction Pathways in Health and Disease;231
12.12.5;V. Summary;232
12.12.6;Bibliography;232
13;Section II: Membrane Potential, Transport Physiology, Pumps, and Exchangers;234
13.1;Chapter 13. Diffusion and Permeability;236
13.1.1;I. Introduction;236
13.1.2;II. Fick's Law of Diffusion;237
13.1.3;III. Diffusion Coefficient;237
13.1.4;IV. Diffusion Across a Membrane with Partitioning;239
13.1.5;V. Electrodiffusion;240
13.1.6;VI. Ussing Flux Ratio Equation;242
13.1.7;VII. Summary;243
13.1.8;Appendix: Exponential Time Course of Diffusion;244
13.2;Chapter 14. Origin of Resting Membrane Potentials;246
13.2.1;I. Introduction;246
13.2.2;II. Passive Electrical Properties;246
13.2.3;III. Maintenance of Ion Distributions;248
13.2.4;IV. Equilibrium Potentials;253
13.2.5;V. Electrochemical Driving Forces and Membrane Ionic Currents;256
13.2.6;VI. Determination of Resting Potential and Net Diffusion Potential (Ediff);257
13.2.7;VII. Electrogenic Sodium Pump Potentials;259
13.2.8;VIII. Summary;262
13.2.9;Appendix;264
13.3;Chapter 15. Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium Potentials;270
13.3.1;I. Introduction;270
13.3.2;II. Mechanism for Development of the Gibbs-Donnan Potential;270
13.3.3;III. Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium;272
13.3.4;IV. Quantitation of the Gibbs-Donnan Potential;272
13.3.5;V. Osmotic Considerations;273
13.3.6;VI. Summary;273
13.3.7;Bibliography;274
13.4;Chapter 16. Mechanisms of Carrier-Mediated Transport: Facilitated Diffusion, Cotransport, and Countertransport;276
13.4.1;I. Introduction;276
13.4.2;II. Electrochemical Potential;276
13.4.3;III. Carrier-Mediated Transport Mechanisms;277
13.4.4;Bibliography;286
13.5;Chapter 17. Sodium Pump Function;288
13.5.1;I. Introduction;288
13.5.2;II. Na+-K+ Transport;288
13.5.3;III. Transport Mechanism;289
13.5.4;IV. Na\K+-ATPase Structure;290
13.5.5;V. Cardiac Glycosides;294
13.5.6;VI. Summary;295
13.5.7;Bibliography;295
13.6;Chapter 18. Ca2 +-ATPases;298
13.6.1;I. Introduction;298
13.6.2;II. Sarcoplasmic Reticular (SR) Ca2 +-ATPase;299
13.6.3;III. Other ATPases;305
13.6.4;IV. Summary;306
13.6.5;Bibliography;307
13.7;Chapter 19. Na+-Ca2 + Exchange Currents;310
13.7.1;I. Introduction;310
13.7.2;II. Structure, Topology, and Distribution of the Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger;310
13.7.3;III. The Phylogerty of the Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger;311
13.7.4;IV. Isoforms of the Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger;311
13.7.5;V. Energetics of Na+-Ca2+ Exchange;311
13.7.6;VI. Methods and Problems Associated with the Measurement of Na+-Ca2+ Exchange Current;312
13.7.7;VII. Isolation of Na+-Ca2+ Exchange Current;315
13.7.8;VIII. Ionic Dependencies of Na+-Ca2 + Exchange Current;316
13.7.9;IX. Regulation of Na+-Ca2+ Exchange Current;317
13.7.10;X. Cur rent-Vol tage Relationships and Voltage Dependence of Na+-Ca2+ Exchange Current;319
13.7.11;XL Mechanism of Na+-Ca2+ Exchange;321
13.7.12;XII. Na+-Ca2+ Exchange Currents during the Cardiac Action Potential;322
13.7.13;XIII. Na+-Ca2+ Exchange Currents and Excitation-Contraction Coupling;323
13.7.14;XIV. Summary;324
13.7.15;Bibliography;325
13.8;Chapter 20. Intracellular Chloride Regulation;328
13.8.1;I. Introduction;328
13.8.2;II. Passive and Nonpassive Cl- Distribution across the Plasma Membrane;329
13.8.3;III. Active Transport Mechanisms for Cl;329
13.8.4;IV. Electroneutral Na+-K+-Cl- Cotransporters;330
13.8.5;V. Electroneutral K+-Cl- Cotransporters;340
13.8.6;VI. Electroneutral Na+-Cl- Cotransporter;342
13.8.7;VII. Cation-Chloride Cotransporters as Targets for Disease;343
13.8.8;VIII. Summary;343
13.8.9;Bibliography;343
13.9;Chapter 21. Osmosis and Regulation of Cell Volume;346
13.9.1;I. Introduction;346
13.9.2;II. Water Movement across Model Membranes;346
13.9.3;III. Mechanisms of Osmosis;352
13.9.4;IV. Water Movement across Cell Membranes;360
13.9.5;V. Regulation of Cell Volume under Isosmotic Conditions;363
13.9.6;VI. Regulation of Cell Volume under Anisosmotic Conditions;368
13.9.7;VII. Summary;378
13.9.8;Bibliography;378
13.10;Chapter 22. Intracellular pH Regulation;384
13.10.1;I. Introduction;384
13.10.2;II. pH and Buffering Power;384
13.10.3;III. Intracellular pH;386
13.10.4;IV. Organellar pH;386
13.10.5;V. Maintenance of a Steady-State pH;388
13.10.6;VI. Active Membrane Transport of Acids and Bases;389
13.10.7;VII. Cellular Functions Affected by Intracellular pH;393
13.10.8;VIII. Summary;398
13.10.9;Bibliography;398
13.10.10;Appendix: Techniques for pH Measurement;400
13.11;Chapter 23. Membrane Transport in Red Blood Cells;404
13.11.1;I. Introduction;404
13.11.2;II. Membrane and Cytoskeleton;404
13.11.3;III. Intracellular Environment;405
13.11.4;IV. Metabolism and Life Span;406
13.11.5;V. Membrane Transporters in Red Blood Cells;407
13.11.6;VI. Ionic and Osmotic Equilibrium and Cell Volume Regulation;410
13.11.7;VII. Anion Exchange and Conductance;413
13.11.8;VIII. Cytotoxic Calcium Cascade;415
13.11.9;IX. Summary;416
13.11.10;Bibliography;417
14;Section III: Membrane Excitability and Ion Channels;420
14.1;Chapter 24. Cable Properties and Propagation of Action Potentials;422
14.1.1;I. Introduction;422
14.1.2;II. Frequency-Modulated Signals;422
14.1.3;III. Cable Properties;423
14.1.4;IV. Conduction of Action Potentials;427
14.1.5;V. External Recording of Action Potentials;431
14.1.6;VI. Summary;432
14.1.7;Bibliography;432
14.1.8;Appendix 1: Propagation in Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscles;434
14.1.9;Appendix 2: Derivation of the Cable Equation and the AC Length Constant;439
14.2;Chapter 25. Electrogenesis of Membrane Excitability;444
14.2.1;I. Introduction;444
14.2.2;II. Action Potential Characteristics;444
14.2.3;III. Electrogenesis of Action Potential;450
14.2.4;IV. Effect of Resting Potential on Action Potential;463
14.2.5;V. Electrogenesis of Afterpotentials;463
14.2.6;VI. Summary;465
14.2.7;Bibliography;465
14.3;Chapter 26. Patch-Clamp Techniques and Analysis;468
14.3.1;I. Introduction;468
14.3.2;II. Patch-Clamp or Gigaseal Technique;469
14.3.3;III. Single-Channel Analysis;471
14.3.4;IV. Whole-Cell Currents;476
14.3.5;V. Summary;479
14.3.6;Bibliography;479
14.4;Chapter 27. Structure and Mechanism of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels;482
14.4.1;I. Introduction: How Is Ion Channel Structure Studied?;482
14.4.2;II. Biochemistry of Ion Channels: Purification and Characterization of Voltage-Gated Channels;482
14.4.3;III. Channel Structure Investigation through Manipulation of DNA Sequences Encoding Channel Polypeptides;485
14.4.4;IV. Molecular Mechanisms of Channel Function: How Does One Investigate Them?;492
14.4.5;V. Isoforms of Voltage-Gated Channels as Part of a Large Superfamily;501
14.4.6;VI. Future Directions;502
14.4.7;VII. Summary;502
14.4.8;Bibliography;503
14.5;Chapter 28. Biology of Neurons;506
14.5.1;I. Introduction;506
14.5.2;II. Ultrastructure;506
14.5.3;III. Neuronal Cytoskeleton;507
14.5.4;IV. Axoplasmic Flow;509
14.5.5;V. Regulatory Mechanisms for Axonal Transport;510
14.5.6;VI. Summary;510
14.5.7;Bibliography;511
14.6;Chapter 29. Ion Channels in Nonexcitable Cells;512
14.6.1;I. Introduction;512
14.6.2;II. Types of Ion Channels in Nonexcitable Cells;512
14.6.3;III. Functional Role of Ion Channels in Nonexcitable Cells;528
14.6.4;IV. Summary;533
14.6.5;Bibliography;533
14.7;Chapter 30. Ion Channels in Sperm;536
14.7.1;I. Introduction;536
14.7.2;II. Sperm Responses to Egg Components;536
14.7.3;III. Sperm Ion Channels;542
14.7.4;IV. Summary;546
14.7.5;Bibliography;547
14.8;Chapter 31. Biology of Gap Junctions;550
14.8.1;I. Introduction;550
14.8.2;II. Advantages of Electrical Synapses in Excitable Cells;550
14.8.3;III. Ubiquitous Membrane Permeable functions;550
14.8.4;IV. Structural Candidates for the Permeable Cell Junction;551
14.8.5;V. Ultrastructural Characterization of Gap functions and Correlations with Cell Coupling;551
14.8.6;VI. Molecular and Structural Studies of Gap Junction Proteins;551
14.8.7;VII. Two Large Families of Gap Junction Proteins;553
14.8.8;VIII. Channels within Gap Junctions;554
14.8.9;IX. Evidence for Charge Selectivity;555
14.8.10;X. Channel Properties of Different Connexins;556
14.8.11;XI. Gating by Ions and Second Messengers;556
14.8.12;XII. Regulation of Functions of Connexin-Based Gap Junctions at Multiple Levels;557
14.8.13;XIII. Specific Biological Functions of Gap Junctions;558
14.8.14;XIV. Gap Junctions in Human Disease and in Murine Models of Human Disease;560
14.8.15;XV. Summary;562
14.8.16;Bibliography;562
14.9;Chapter 32. Biophysics of the Nuclear Envelope;566
14.9.1;I. Introduction;566
14.9.2;II. Permeability of the Nuclear Envelope;566
14.9.3;III. Structure of the Nuclear Envelope;567
14.9.4;IV. Structure of the Nuclear Pore;568
14.9.5;V. Electrophysiology of the Nucleus;570
14.9.6;VI. Osmotic Effects in the Nucleus;572
14.9.7;VII. Electrical and Diffusional Forces across the Nuclear Envelope;574
14.9.8;VIII. Modulation of Ionic Nuclear Permeability by ATP;579
14.9.9;IX. Cytoskeletal Interaction with the Nuclear Ionic Flux;579
14.9.10;X. Summary;582
14.9.11;Bibliography;583
14.10;Chapter 33. Regulation of Ion Channels by Phosphorylation;586
14.10.1;I. Introduction;586
14.10.2;II. Types of Ca+ Channels;586
14.10.3;III. Cyclic AMP Stimulation of L-type Ca2+ Channels;588
14.10.4;IV. Cyclic GMP Inhibition of the Ca2+ Current;590
14.10.5;V. Inhibition by Muscarinic Agonists;595
14.10.6;VI. Protein Kinase C and Calmodulin Protein Kinase;596
14.10.7;VII. Na+, K+, and If Channels;596
14.10.8;VIII. Summary;596
14.10.9;Bibliography;597
14.11;Chapter 34. Direct Regulation of Ion Channels by G Proteins;600
14.11.1;I. Introduction;600
14.11.2;II. The G Protein Cyclic Reaction Mediates Receptor-to-Channel Signal Transmission;600
14.11.3;III. Electrophysiological Evidence for KG Channel Activation Mediated by G Proteins;600
14.11.4;IV. Direct Coupling of KG Channel Subunits to Gßy;601
14.11.5;V. Modulation of KG Channel Activity by PIP2 and Na+ Ions;604
14.11.6;VI. Participation of RGS Proteins in K Channel Regulation;605
14.11.7;VII. G-Protein-lnhibition of Calcium Channels;605
14.11.8;VIII. G Protein âa Subunits Inhibit Neuronal Ca2+ Channels;605
14.11.9;IX. Direct Interaction of Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels and Gßy;606
14.11.10;X. Conclusion;607
14.11.11;Bibliography;607
14.12;Chapter 35. Developmental Changes in Ion Channels;612
14.12.1;I. Introduction;612
14.12.2;II. Cardiomyocytes;612
14.12.3;III. Skeletal Muscle Fibers;618
14.12.4;IV. Neurons;621
14.12.5;V. Summary;623
14.12.6;Bibliography;624
14.13;Chapter 36. Regulation of Ion Channels by Membrane Proteins and Cytoskeleton;628
14.13.1;I. Introduction;628
14.13.2;II. Domain-Dependent Distribution of Ion Channels by Cytoskeleton-Associated and Cytoskeleton Proteins;628
14.13.3;III. Role of Phosphorylation in Cytoskeletal Protein-Directed Clustering of Ion Channels;639
14.13.4;IV. Regulation of Ion Channel Function by Cytoskeletal Proteins;640
14.13.5;V. Mechanosensitive Gating of Ion Channels and Cytoskeleton;644
14.13.6;VI. Summary of Cytoskeleton Effects on Ion Channels;644
14.13.7;Bibliography;645
15;Section IV: Ion Channels as Targets for Toxins, Drugs, and Genetic Diseases;650
15.1;Chapter 37. Ion Channels as Targets for Toxins;652
15.1.1;I. Introduction;652
15.1.2;II. Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channels;652
15.1.3;III. Voltage-Activated and Ca2+-Activated Potassium Channels;659
15.1.4;IV. Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels;664
15.1.5;V. Other Toxins and Channels;666
15.1.6;VI. Summary;667
15.1.7;Bibliography;667
15.2;Chapter 38. Ion Channels as Targets for Drugs;670
15.2.1;I. Calcium Channels;670
15.2.2;II. Sodium (Na+) Channels;674
15.2.3;Bibliography;676
15.3;Chapter 39. Ion Channels as Targets for Disease;680
15.3.1;I. Introduction;680
15.3.2;II. Ion Channel Diseases;680
15.3.3;III. Cl- Channels;682
15.3.4;IV. Na+ Channels;686
15.3.5;V. Ca2+ Channels;690
15.3.6;VI. K+ Channels;693
15.3.7;VII. Neurotransmitter-Gated Channels;695
15.3.8;VIII. Summary;696
15.3.9;Bibliography;697
16;Section V: Synaptic Transmission and Sensory Transduction;700
16.1;Chapter 40. Ligand-Gated Ion Channels;702
16.1.1;I. Introduction;702
16.1.2;II. Classes of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels;703
16.1.3;III. Basic Physiological Features;703
16.1.4;IV. Molecular Structure;706
16.1.5;V. Neuronal Acetylcholine Receptor Channels;709
16.1.6;VI. .-Aminobutyric Acid and Glycine

Receptor Channels;710
16.1.7;VII. Glutamate Receptor Channels;711
16.1.8;VIII. Summary;713
16.1.9;Bibliography;713
16.2;Chapter 41. Synaptic Transmission;716
16.2.1;I. Introduction;716
16.2.2;II. Structure and Function of Chemical Synapses: An Overview;716
16.2.3;III. Neurotransmission;718
16.2.4;IV. Summary;730
16.2.5;Bibliography;730
16.3;Chapter 42. Excitation-Secretion Coupling;732
16.3.1;I. Introduction;732
16.3.2;II. Cellular Components Involved in Excitation-Secretion Coupling;732
16.3.3;III. Cellular and Molecular Events in Chromaffin, Mast Cells, and Neuronal Synaptic Vesicles;738
16.3.4;IV. Hormone Release in Endocrine Cells;745
16.3.5;V. Summary;747
16.3.6;Bibliography;749
16.4;Chapter 43. Stimulus-Response Coupling in Metabolic Sensor Cells;752
16.4.1;I. Introduction;752
16.4.2;II. Stimulus-Secretion Coupling in the Pancreatic Islet Cells;752
16.4.3;III. Metabolic Sensing as Protection from Hypometabolic Injury;763
16.4.4;IV. Stimulus-Secretion Coupling in Carotid Chemoreceptor Cells;764
16.4.5;V. Stimulus-Contraction Coupling in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells;767
16.4.6;VI. Coupling of Oxygen Sensing to Red Cell Production by Erythropoietin-Secreting Cells;768
16.4.7;Bibliography;769
16.5;Chapter 44. Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Eukaryotic Cells;772
16.5.1;I. Introduction;772
16.5.2;II. MS Channel Breakthroughs;772
16.5.3;III. Stimulation of MS Channel Activity;775
16.5.4;IV. Diversity of MS Channels;776
16.5.5;V. MS Channels in Patches: Stretch Versus Damage Plus Stretch;779
16.5.6;VI. The Role of the Membrane Skeleton;780
16.5.7;VII. Delay and Adaptation: Mechanically Fragile Aspects of MS Channel Behavior;780
16.5.8;VIII . Physiology of MS Channels;781
16.5.9;IX. Other Explorations of MS Channels;783
16.5.10;X. Models for Gating of MS Channels;784
16.5.11;XI. Summary and Conclusions;785
16.5.12;Bibliography;785
16.6;Chapter 45. Sensory Receptors and Mechanotransduction;788
16.6.1;I. Introduction;788
16.6.2;II. Sensory Transduction;788
16.6.3;III. Sensory Adaptation;789
16.6.4;IV. Information Transmission by Sensory Receptors;790
16.6.5;V. Mechanoreceptors;791
16.6.6;VI. Experimental Mechanoreceptor Preparations;792
16.6.7;VII. Steps in Mechanoreception;793
16.6.8;VIII. Efferent Control of Mechanoreceptors;797
16.6.9;IX. Summary;798
16.6.10;Bibliography;798
16.7;Chapter 46. Acoustic Transduction;802
16.7.1;I. Introduction;802
16.7.2;II. Mammalian Inner Ear Structure;802
16.7.3;III. Cell Physiology of Endolymph Homeostasis;802
16.7.4;IV. Cell Physiology of Acoustic Transduction;809
16.7.5;V. Summary;815
16.7.6;Bibliography;816
16.7.7;Appendix: Self-Referencing Electrodes for the Measurement of Extracellular Potential and Chemical Gradients;819
16.8;Chapter 47. Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channels;822
16.8.1;I. Introduction;822
16.8.2;II. Physiological Roles and Locations;822
16.8.3;III. Control by Cyclic Nucleotide Enzyme Cascades;823
16.8.4;IV. Functional Properties;824
16.8.5;V. Molecular Structure;828
16.8.6;VI. Functional Modulation;829
16.8.7;VII. Summary;830
16.8.8;Bibliography;831
16.9;Chapter 48. Visual Transduction;834
16.9.1;I. Introduction;834
16.9.2;II. Photoreceptor Cells;834
16.9.3;III. Physiology of Visual Transduction;835
16.9.4;IV. Molecular Mechanisms;837
16.9.5;V. Summary;840
16.9.6;Bibliography;841
16.10;Chapter 49. Gustatory and Olfactory Sensory Transduction;842
16.10.1;I. Introduction;842
16.10.2;II. Taste Receptor Cells;842
16.10.3;III. Olfactory Receptor Cells;851
16.10.4;IV. Summary;856
16.10.5;Bibliography;857
16.10.6;Appendix: Infrared Sensory Organs;859
16.11;Chapter 50. Electroreceptors and Magnetoreceptors;866
16.11.1;I. Introduction;866
16.11.2;II. Ampullary Electroreceptors;867
16.11.3;III. Tuberous Electroreceptors;873
16.11.4;IV. Gymnotid Tuberous Electroreceptors;873
16.11.5;V. Mormyroidea;877
16.11.6;Bibliography;879
16.11.7;Appendix: The Biophysics of Electroreception in Ampullary Organs of Elasmobranch Fishes;884
17;Section VI: Muscle and Other Contractile Systems;890
17.1;Chapter 51. Skeletal Muscle Action Potentials;892
17.1.1;I. Introduction;892
17.1.2;II. General Overview of Electrogenesis of the Action Potential;893
17.1.3;III. Ion Channel Activation and Inactivation;893
17.1.4;IV. Mechanisms of Repolarization;894
17.1.5;V. Voltage-Dependent Cl- Channels;896
17.1.6;VI. ATP-Dependent K+ Channels;897
17.1.7;VII. Slow Delayed Rectifier K+ Current;899
17.1.8;VIII. Electrogenesis of Depolarizing Afterpotentials;899
17.1.9;IX. Ca2+-Dependent Slow Action Potentials;900
17.1.10;X. Developmental Changes in Membrane Properties;902
17.1.11;XI. Electrogenic Na+-K+ Pump Stimulation;902
17.1.12;XII. Slow Fibers;903
17.1.13;XIII. Conduction of the Action Potential;903
17.1.14;XIV. Excitation Delivery to Fiber Interior;905
17.1.15;XV. Summary;909
17.1.16;Bibliography;910
17.2;Chapter 52. Cardiac Action Potentials;914
17.2.1;I. Introduction;914
17.2.2;II. Resting Membrane Potential;914
17.2.3;III. Currents During Phases of the Action Potential;915
17.2.4;IV. Additional Currents Contributing to the Action Potential;920
17.2.5;VI. Automaticity;922
17.2.6;VII. Summary;924
17.2.7;Bibliography;924
17.3;Chapter 53. Smooth Muscle Action Potentials and Electrical Profiles;926
17.3.1;I. Introduction;926
17.3.2;II. Determinants of Membrane Potential;928
17.3.3;III. Voltage-Gated Ion Channels;928
17.3.4;IV. Receptor Modulation of Membrane Potential;931
17.3.5;V. Heterogeneous Electrical Properties of Smooth Muscle Cells;934
17.3.6;VI. Summary;936
17.3.7;Bibliography;936
17.4;Chapter 54. Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscle;938
17.4.1;I. Introduction;938
17.4.2;II. Overview of EC Coupling;938
17.4.3;III. Speed of Skeletal Muscle Activation;940
17.4.4;IV. Membrane Architecture of EC Coupling;941
17.4.5;V. Mechanisms of Interaction between DHPRs and RyRs;946
17.4.6;VI. Summary;951
17.4.7;Bibliography;952
17.5;Chapter 55. Ca2 + Release from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Muscle;954
17.5.1;I. Introduction;954
17.5.2;II. Mechanisms of EC Coupling;955
17.5.3;III. Isolation of Membrane Fractions Enriched in RyR/Ca2+ Release Channels;956
17.5.4;IV. Isolation and Structure of RyRs;956
17.5.5;V. Molecular Cloning and Expression of RyRs;957
17.5.6;VI. RyRs Are High-Conductance Ligand-Gated Channels;959
17.5.7;VII. Identification of Functional Regions of Skeletal Muscle RyR;963
17.5.8;VIII. Summary;965
17.5.9;Bibliography;965
17.6;Chapter 56. Contraction of Muscles;968
17.6.1;I. Introduction;968
17.6.2;II. The Mechanisms of Force Production and Shortening: Muscle Mechanics;969
17.6.3;III. Muscle Energetics;976
17.6.4;IV. Muscle Metabolism;978
17.6.5;V. Comparative Muscle Physiology;979
17.6.6;VI. Summary;984
17.6.7;Bibliography;984
17.7;Chapter 57. Amoeboid Movement, Cilia, and Flagella;986
17.7.1;I. Introduction;986
17.7.2;II. Amoeboid Movement and Acting-Based Systems;986
17.7.3;III. Eukaryote Cilia and Flagella;993
17.7.4;IV. Other Microtubule Systems;1004
17.7.5;V. Summary;1009
17.8;Chapter 58. Centrin-Based Contraction and Bacterial Flagella;1012
17.8.1;I. Spasmonemes and Centrin-Containing Structures;1012
17.8.2;II. Prokaryote Locomotion;1019
17.8.3;III. Gliding and Other Movements;1023
17.8.4;IV. Summary;1027
17.8.5;Bibliography;1027
17.9;Chapter 59. Effects of High Pressure on Cellular Processes;1030
17.9.1;I. Introduction;1030
17.9.2;II. Molecular Effects of Pressure and Temperature;1031
17.9.3;III. Cellular Effects;1037
17.9.4;IV. Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Animals and Humans;1041
17.9.5;V. Adaptation to High Pressure;1045
17.9.6;VI. Summary;1046
17.9.7;Bibliography;1046
17.10;Chapter 60. Electrocytes of Electric Fish;1052
17.10.1;I. Introduction;1052
17.10.2;II. Anatomy of Electrophorus and Mechanism of the Electrical Discharge;1052
17.10.3;III. Electrocyte Membrane Electrophysiology;1054
17.10.4;IV. Comparative Physiology of Electrophorus and Torpedo—Models for Mammalian Excitable Cells;1059
17.10.5;V. Summary;1063
17.10.6;Bibliography;1064
18;Section VII: Protozoa and Bacteria;1066
18.1;Chapter 61. Physiological Adaptations of Protists;1068
18.1.1;I. Introduction;1068
18.1.2;II. Biophysical Constraints of Scale: The Example of Filter-Feeding;1069
18.1.3;III. Nutrition and Excretion;1070
18.1.4;IV. Energetic Adaptations: Fermentative Microbodies;1072
18.1.5;V. Sensory Adaptations, Membrane Potentials, and Ion Channels;1074
18.1.6;VI. Incorporation of Physiological Units from Other Cells;1079
18.1.7;VII. Structures with Unknown Functions;1081
18.1.8;VIII. Protistan Responses to Gravity and to Gradients of Oxygen and Light: An Example from Physiological Ecology;1083
18.1.9;IX. Summary: Protisten Diversity;1085
18.1.10;Bibliography;1086
18.2;Chapter 62. Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells;1090
18.2.1;I. Introduction;1090
18.2.2;II. Prokaryotic Cytology;1090
18.2.3;III. Metabolic Strategies;1095
18.2.4;IV. Energetics of Bacterial Cells;1096
18.2.5;V. Solute Transport;1097
18.2.6;VI. Stress Responses;1098
18.2.7;VII. Prokaryotes Living in Extreme Environments;1099
18.2.8;VIII. Summary;1101
18.2.9;Bibliography;1101
19;Section VIII: Plant Cells, Photosynthesis, and Bioluminescence;1104
19.1;Chapter 63. Plant Cell Physiology;1106
19.1.1;I. Introduction;1106
19.1.2;II. Plant Cell Ultrastructure;1106
19.1.3;III. Cell-to-Cell Communication;1113
19.1.4;IV. Membrane Transport;1115
19.1.5;V. Signal Perception and Response;1117
19.1.6;VI. Summary;1120
19.1.7;Bibliography;1120
19.2;Chapter 64. Photosynthesis;1124
19.2.1;I. Introduction;1124
19.2.2;II. Chloroplasts;1125
19.2.3;III. Biochemistry of Carbon Assimilation;1126
19.2.4;IV. Formation of ATP;1129
19.2.5;V. Photosynthetic Electron Transport;1133
19.2.6;VI. Regulation of Photosynthesis;1138
19.2.7;VII. Summary;1139
19.2.8;Bibliography;1139
19.3;Chapter 65. Bioluminescence;1142
19.3.1;I. Introduction;1142
19.3.2;II. Physical and Chemical Mechanisms;1142
19.3.3;III. Luminous Organisms: Abundance, Diversity, and Distribution;1143
19.3.4;IV. Functions of Bioluminescence;1143
19.3.5;V. Bacterial Luminescence;1146
19.3.6;VI. Dinoflagellate Luminescence;1149
19.3.7;VII. Coelenterates and Ctenophores;1151
19.3.8;VIII. Fireflies;1153
19.3.9;IX. Other Organisms: Other Chemistries;1154
19.3.10;X. Applications of Bioluminescence;1156
19.3.11;XI. Summary;1156
19.3.12;Bibliography;1157
20;Section IX: Cell Division and Programmed Cell Death;1160
20.1;Chapter 66. Regulation of Cell Division in Higher Eukaryotes;1162
20.1.1;I. Introduction;1162
20.1.2;II. General Overview;1163
20.1.3;III. Participants in the Cell Cycle;1168
20.1.4;IV. Transgenic Mice;1182
20.1.5;V. Summary;1182
20.1.6;Bibliography;1183
20.2;Chapter 67. Cancer Cell Properties;1188
20.2.1;I. Introduction;1188
20.2.2;II. The Cell Cycle;1188
20.2.3;III. Genome Stability;1190
20.2.4;IV. Cell Adhesion and Motility;1191
20.2.5;V. Apoptosis;1193
20.2.6;VI. Summary;1195
20.2.7;Bibliography;1195
20.3;Chapter 68. Apoptosis;1198
20.3.1;I. Introduction;1198
20.3.2;II. Morphological Characterization of Cell Death;1198
20.3.3;III. Regulation of Programmed Cell Death;1200
20.3.4;IV. Roles of Physiological Cell Death;1208
20.3.5;V. Frontiers in the Study of Apoptosis;1209
20.3.6;VI. Summary;1209
20.3.7;Bibliography;1209
20.4;Chapter 69. Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Cells;1212
20.4.1;I. Introduction;1212
20.4.2;II. Types of Radiation;1212
20.4.3;III. Interactions of Radiation with Matter;1213
20.4.4;IV. Measuring Radiation;1214
20.4.5;V. DNA Damage and Chromosome Breaks;1214
20.4.6;VI. Cell Survival Curves;1216
20.4.7;VII. Sensitivity and Phase of the Cell Cycle;1218
20.4.8;VIII. Molecular Checkpoint Genes;1220
20.4.9;IX. Repair of Radiation Damage;1220
20.4.10;X. The Mechanism of Sublethal Damage Repair;1221
20.4.11;XI. The Oxygen Effect;1222
20.4.12;XII. Radiation Quality and Biological Effects;1223
20.4.13;XIII. Radioprotectors;1225
20.4.14;XIV. Summary;1227
20.4.15;Bibliography;1227
20.4.16;Appendix;1230
20.5;Chapter 70. Review of Electricity and Cable Properties;1232
20.5.1;I. Introduction;1232
20.5.2;II. Definition of Circuit Elements and Ohm's Law;1232
20.5.3;III. Resistors and Conductances in Series and In Parallel;1233
20.5.4;IV. Kirchhoffs Laws;1234
20.5.5;V. Nature of Capacitors;1234
20.5.6;VI. Capacitors in Parallel and Series;1235
20.5.7;VII. Capacitive Reactance;1236
20.5.8;VIII. Membrane Impedance;1236
20.5.9;X. Membrane Time Constant;1238
20.5.10;XI. Specific Resistance and Specific Capacitance;1240
20.5.11;XII. Biological Cable Decrement;1242
20.5.12;XIII. Inductance, Inductive Reactance, and Oscillations;1244
20.5.13;XIV. Electromagnetic Spectrum;1246
20.5.14;Bibliography;1246
21;Index;1248