Steiner / Pirscher / Foelsche New Horizons in Occultation Research

Studies in Atmosphere and Climate
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-642-00321-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 316 Seiten

This book presents edited and peer-reviewed papers from the 3rd International Workshop on Occultations for Probing Atmosphere and Climate (OPAC-3), held in Austria. It provides a key reference on the current status in the field and looks toward new horizons.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Steiner, Andrea

Pirscher, Barbara

Foelsche, Ulrich

Kirchengast, Gottfried

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;10
4;Part I GNSS Occultation: Methodology,Analysis, and Applications;15
4.1;GPS Radio Occultation with CHAMP, GRACE-A, SAC-C, TerraSAR-X, and FORMOSAT-3 /COSMIC: Brief Review of Results from GFZ;16
4.1.1;1 Introduction;16
4.1.2;2 Status of Radio Occultation with CHAMP and GRACE;17
4.1.3;3 Data Analysis and Validation;18
4.1.3.1;3.1 Vertical Profiling of the Neutral Atmosphere;18
4.1.3.2;3.2 Ionosphere Profiling: Initial Results;19
4.1.3.3;3.3 Water Vapor Comparison with MOZAIC;20
4.1.3.4;3.4 Near-Real Time Data Processing;21
4.1.4;4 Selected RO Application: Global Gravity Wave Characteristics;22
4.1.5;5 GPS Radio Occultation with TerraSAR-X;24
4.1.6;6 Conclusions and Outlook;25
4.1.7;References;26
4.2;Error Estimate of Bending Angles in the Presence of Strong Horizontal Gradients;29
4.2.1;1 Introduction;29
4.2.2;2 Ray Manifold and its Description in the Phase Space;30
4.2.3;3 Radio Holographic Error Estimation;33
4.2.4;4 Numerical Simulations;34
4.2.5;5 Conclusions;37
4.2.6;References;37
4.3;Phase Transform Algorithm for Radio Occultation Data Processing;39
4.3.1;1 Introduction;39
4.3.2;2 The GRAS Instrument and Signal Regeneration;39
4.3.3;3 The Phase Transform Algorithm;43
4.3.4;4 Derivation of the Phase Transform Algorithm;44
4.3.5;References;49
4.4;Using Airborne GNSS Receivers to Detect Atmospheric Turbulence;50
4.4.1;1 Introduction;50
4.4.2;2 TheoryWeak Scattering;51
4.4.3;3 Results;52
4.4.3.1;3.1 Log-Amplitude Spectra: Analytic Forms;52
4.4.3.2;3.2 Simulation Studies and Parameter Estimation;53
4.4.3.3;3.3 Iterative Parameter Estimation;56
4.4.4;4 Conclusions and Outlook;57
4.4.5;References;58
4.5;The GRAS SAF Radio Occultation Processing Intercomparison Project ROPIC;60
4.5.1;1 Introduction;60
4.5.2;2 Data Set;62
4.5.3;3 Baseline of the Comparison;64
4.5.4;4 Results;66
4.5.5;5 Conclusion;69
4.5.6;References;70
4.6;Radio Occultation Soundings in Ionosphere and Space Weather Applications: Achievements and Prospects;73
4.6.1;1 Introduction;73
4.6.2;2 History of Ionospheric RO Soundings;74
4.6.3;3 Achievements;75
4.6.3.1;3.1 Ionospheric RO Science;76
4.6.3.2;3.2 Operational Services;79
4.6.4;4 Prospects for the Future;81
4.6.5;5 Conclusions;83
4.6.6;References;84
5;Part II Solar, Lunar, and Stellar Occultation for Atmospheric Studies;87
5.1;SCIAMACHY Solar Occultation: Ozone and NO 2 Profiles 200202007;88
5.1.1;1 Introduction;88
5.1.2;2 Retrieval Scheme;90
5.1.3;3 Validation with the Satellite Instruments HALOE and SAGE II;91
5.1.4;4 Ozone and NO 2 Profiles 20022006;92
5.1.5;5 Conclusions;94
5.1.6;References;94
5.2;Retrieval of Trace Gas Concentrations from Lunar Occultation Measurements with SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT;96
5.2.1;1 Introduction;96
5.2.2;2 Retrieval Methodology;98
5.2.3;3 Retrieval Results;99
5.2.4;4 Validation Results;102
5.2.5;5 Summary and Conclusions;104
5.2.6;References;104
5.3;Validation of GOMOS/Envisat High-Resolution Temperature Profiles (HRTP) Using Spectral Analysis;106
5.3.1;1 HRTP: Measurement Principle and Retrievals;106
5.3.2;2 Using Spectral Analysis for HRTP Validation: Motivation;108
5.3.3;3 Validation Results;110
5.3.3.1;3.1 Data Selection;110
5.3.3.2;3.2 Results of Spectra Comparison;111
5.3.4;4 Conclusions and Outlook;114
5.3.5;References;115
6;Part III GNSS Occultationfor Atmospheric Studies;117
6.1;Assimilation of Radio Occultation Data in the Global Meteorological Model GME of the German Weather Service;118
6.1.1;1 Data Assimilation at the DWD;118
6.1.2;2 Evaluation of Bending Angle Forward Operators;120
6.1.3;3 Monitoring;125
6.1.4;4 Assimilation Experiments;133
6.1.5;5 Conclusions;134
6.1.6;References;135
6.2;Sampling of the Diurnal Tide of Temperature Using Formosat-3/ COSMIC Data;137
6.2.1;1 Introduction;137
6.2.2;2 Local Time Sampling Using Formosat-3/COSMIC;138
6.2.3;3 Determination of the Diurnal Tide;141
6.2.4;4 Results and Discussion;142
6.2.5;5 Summary and Conclusions;145
6.2.6;References;145
6.3;Recent Advances in the Study of Stratospheric Wave Activity Using COSMIC and CHAMP GPS-RO;147
6.3.1;1 Introduction;147
6.3.2;2 COSMIC;148
6.3.2.1;2.1 Data Analysis Method;148
6.3.2.2;2.2 Tropics;150
6.3.2.3;2.3 Northern Hemisphere Winter;152
6.3.3;3 Ch152
6.3.3.1;3.1 Tropics;152
6.3.3.2;3.2 Polar Regions;153
6.3.4;4 Future Directions;155
6.3.5;References;155
6.4;Recent Advances in Gravity Wave Analysis from Long Term Global GPS Radio Occultation Observations;158
6.4.1;1 Introduction;158
6.4.2;2 GPS-RO Capabilities;159
6.4.3;3 Case Studies: Two WA Events over Andes;161
6.4.3.1;3.1 Specific Features of GW Generation and Propagation;161
6.4.3.2;3.2 Mesoscale Numerical Simulation and GWs Analysis;162
6.4.3.3;3.3 Comparison of Observed and Simulated GW Activity;166
6.4.4;4 Conclusions;168
6.4.5;References;168
6.5;New Applications and Advances of the GPS Radio Occultation Technology as Recovered by Analysis of the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC and CHAMP Data-Base;170
6.5.1;1 Introduction;170
6.5.2;2 Radio Occultation Method;171
6.5.3;3 Connection Between the Phase Acceleration and Intensity Variations: Experimental Validation;176
6.5.4;4 Wave-Breaking Effect and Determination of Internal Wave Parameters;178
6.5.5;5 Integral Behavior of Wave Activity in the Years 20012003;179
6.5.6;6 Conclusion;180
6.5.7;References;182
7;Part IV GNSS Occultation for Climate Studies;184
7.1;Climatologies Based on Radio Occultation Data from CHAMP and Formosat-3/COSMIC;185
7.1.1;1 Introduction;185
7.1.2;2 Context;187
7.1.3;3 Data and Method;188
7.1.4;4 Results and Discussion;190
7.1.4.1;4.1 Comparison with ECMWF Analyses;190
7.1.4.2;4.2 Consistency of Data from Different Satellites;192
7.1.5;5 Concluding Remarks;195
7.1.6;References;196
7.2;Testing Climate Models Using Infrared Spectra and GNSS Radio Occultation;199
7.2.1;1 Introduction;199
7.2.2;2 Radiative Feedbacks;200
7.2.3;3 Testing Feedbacks with CLARREO;202
7.2.4;4 Discussion;208
7.2.5;References;209
7.3;Construction of Consistent Temperature Records in the Lower Stratosphere Using Global Positioning System Radio Occultation Data and Microwave Sounding Measurements;211
7.3.1;1 Introduction;211
7.3.2;2 COSMIC-AMSU and AMSU-AMSU Calibration Methods;213
7.3.3;3 Results;214
7.3.3.1;3.1 Using COSMIC Data to Identify AMSU Biases Over Different Orbits and Locations;214
7.3.3.2;3.2 Using the Calibrated AMSU Data to Calibrate Other Overlapped AMSU Measurements;217
7.3.4;4 Conclusions and Future Work;219
7.3.5;References;220
7.4;Lower Stratospheric Temperatures from CHAMP RO Compared to MSU/AMSU Records: An Analysis of Error Sources;222
7.4.1;1 Introduction;222
7.4.2;2 Data;223
7.4.2.1;2.1 GPS RO Temperature Climatologies;224
7.4.2.2;2.2 ECMWF Analyses;225
7.4.2.3;2.3 MSU/AMSU Brightness Temperatures;225
7.4.2.4;2.4 HadAT2 Radiosonde Data;225
7.4.3;3 Method;226
7.4.3.1;3.1 Synthetic MSU Temperatures Using Weighting Functions;227
7.4.3.2;3.2 Synthetic MSU Temperatures Using RTTOVS_8.5;228
7.4.4;4 Results and Discussion;228
7.4.4.1;4.1 Comparison of TLS Temperatures;228
7.4.4.2;4.2 Discussion of Error Contributions to RO TLS Data;232
7.4.5;5 Summary, Conclusions, and Outlook;234
7.4.6;References;235
7.5;SimVis: An Interactive Visual Field Exploration Tool Applied to Climate Research;238
7.5.1;1 Introduction;238
7.5.2;2 Data;239
7.5.3;3 Method;240
7.5.3.1;3.1 SimVis -- The Simulation Visualization Tool;240
7.5.3.1.1;3.1.1 Feature-Based Visualization and Brushing;240
7.5.3.1.2;3.1.2 Linked Views;241
7.5.3.1.3;3.1.3 Focus+Context Visualization, 3D View;241
7.5.3.1.4;3.1.4 Derived Data;241
7.5.3.1.5;3.1.5 Types of Views;242
7.5.3.2;3.2 SimVis Application to Climate Data;242
7.5.4;4 Results;243
7.5.5;5 Conclusions and Outlook;247
7.5.6;References;247
7.6;Trend Indicators of Atmospheric Climate Change Based on Global Climate Model Scenarios;249
7.6.1;1 Introduction;249
7.6.2;2 Data;250
7.6.3;3 Method;251
7.6.4;4 Results;253
7.6.5;5 Discussion with Respect to RO;256
7.6.6;6 Summary and Conclusions;258
7.6.7;References;259
8;Part V Future Occultation Missions;262
8.1;ROSA 0 The Italian Radio Occultation Mission Onboard the Indian OCEANSAT-2 Satellite;263
8.1.1;1 Introduction;263
8.1.2;2 The ROSA Receiver;264
8.1.3;3 Software Development;267
8.1.4;4 Scientific Activities;269
8.1.4.1;4.1 Space Geodesy;269
8.1.4.2;4.2 Climate;270
8.1.4.3;4.3 Space Weather;271
8.1.5;5 Conclusions and Remarks;272
8.1.6;References;273
8.2;Radio Occultation Mission in Korea Multi-Purpose SatelliteKOMPSAT-5;274
8.2.1;1 Introduction;274
8.2.2;2 KOMPSAT-5;274
8.2.3;3 AOPOD System;275
8.2.3.1;3.1 IGOR Receiver and GPS Antennas;275
8.2.3.2;3.2 Laser Retro Reflector Array;278
8.2.4;4 Occultation Characteristics;279
8.2.4.1;4.1 Mission Orbit;279
8.2.4.2;4.2 Occultation Characteristics;279
8.2.5;5 Occultation Data Processing System;279
8.2.6;6 Summary and Conclusions;281
8.2.7;References;282
8.3;The Contribution of PROBA2-LYRA Occultations to Earth Atmosphere Composition Analysis;283
8.3.1;1 Introduction;283
8.3.2;2 Forward Model of the Atmosphere Transmittance;284
8.3.3;3 Retrieval Process;287
8.3.4;4 Results;288
8.3.5;5 Conclusion;290
8.3.6;References;290
8.4;The Active Temperature, Ozone and Moisture Microwave Spectrometer (ATOMMS);292
8.4.1;1 Introduction;292
8.4.2;2 High Altitude Initialization of the Hydrostatic and Abel Integrals;294
8.4.2.1;2.1 Constraining the Abel Bending Angle Integral;295
8.4.2.2;2.2 Hydrostatic Integral Constraint;296
8.4.3;3 Assessing the Impact of Turbulence on ATOMMS Observations and Retrievals;297
8.4.3.1;3.1 Simulation Results for Variations in the Refractive Index;298
8.4.3.2;3.2 Determining the Wet Refractive Index Structure Parameter, C 2 -5pt nw ;300
8.4.3.3;3.3 Comparison with Turbulence Estimates of Gorbunov and Kirchengast (2007);302
8.4.4;4 Simulated Retrieval Errors (Clear Sky);303
8.4.5;5 An Approach for Retrievals in the Presence of Inhomogeneous Liquid Water Clouds;304
8.4.6;6 ATOMMS Aircraft to Aircraft Occultation Demonstration;307
8.4.7;References;309
9;Author Index;311