Stemmer / Whitaker Handbook of the Neuroscience of Language

1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-0-08-056491-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 512 Seiten

In the last ten years the neuroscience of language has matured as a field. Ten years ago, neuroimaging was just being explored for neurolinguistic questions, whereas today it constitutes a routine component. At the same time there have been significant developments in linguistic and psychological theory that speak to the neuroscience of language. This book consolidates those advances into a single reference.
The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Language provides a comprehensive overview of this field. Divided into five sections, section one discusses methods and techniques including clinical assessment approaches, methods of mapping the human brain, and a theoretical framework for interpreting the multiple levels of neural organization that contribute to language comprehension. Section two discusses the impact imaging techniques (PET, fMRI, ERPs, electrical stimulation of language cortex, TMS) have made to language research. Section three discusses experimental approaches to the field, including disorders at different language levels in reading as well as writing and number processing. Additionally, chapters here present computational models, discuss the role of mirror systems for language, and cover brain lateralization with respect to language. Part four focuses on language in special populations, in various disease processes, and in developmental disorders. The book ends with a listing of resources in the neuroscience of language and a glossary of items and concepts to help the novice become acquainted with the field.
Editors Stemmer & Whitaker prepared this book to reflect recent developments in neurolinguistics, moving the book squarely into the cognitive neuroscience of language and capturing the developments in the field over the past 7 years.
* History section focuses on topics that play a current role in neurolinguistics research, aphasia syndromes, and lesion analysis
* Includes section on neuroimaging to reflect the dramatic changes in methodology over the past decade
* Experimental and clinical section reflects recent developments in the field

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stemmer, Brigitte

Whitaker, Harry A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Handbook of the Neuroscience of Language;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;8
5;Contributors;18
6;Preface;20
7;Prologue;22
8;PART I: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES;28
8.1;Chapter 1. Classical and Contemporary Assessment of Aphasia and Acquired Disorders of Language;30
8.1.1;1.1. Introduction;30
8.1.2;1.2. Nature of Language Deficits;31
8.1.3;1.3. Theoretical Models for the Assessment of Language Impairment;32
8.1.4;1.4. Classical Tests and Aphasia Assessment Procedures;33
8.1.5;1.5 Classical Tests for the Assessment of Language Impairment in Special Populations;35
8.1.6;1.6. Interface between Language and Other Cognitive Functions;36
8.1.7;1.7. Challenges and Future Directions;37
8.2;Chapter 2. The Hypothesis Testing Approach to the Assessment of Language;40
8.2.1;2.1. Introduction;40
8.2.2;2.2. What is the Hypothesis Testing Approach to Assessment?;40
8.2.3;2.3. Hypothesis Testing of Language Impairment: Assessment Resources and Considerations;43
8.2.4;2.4. Summary and Conclusions;47
8.2.5;2.5. Challenges and Future Directions;47
8.2.6;Appendix – Hypothesis Testing: A Worked Example;48
8.3;Chapter 3. The Intracarotid Amobarbital Test (Wada Test) and Complementary Procedures to Evaluate Language Before Epilepsy Surgery;50
8.3.1;3.1. Introduction;50
8.3.2;3.2. Historical Background;50
8.3.3;3.3. Current Clinical Use of the IAT;51
8.3.4;3.4. Rationale Underlying the IAT Procedure;51
8.3.5;3.5. Components of the IAT Procedure;52
8.3.6;3.6. Problems and Considerations in IAT Protocol Administration and Interpretation;53
8.3.7;3.7. IAT in Pediatric Populations;55
8.3.8;3.8. Validation and Reliability Studies;55
8.3.9;3.9. Supplementary and Alternative Techniques for Establishing Language Lateralization;56
8.3.10;3.10. Challenges and Future Directions;58
8.4;Chapter 4. Architectonic Language Research;60
8.4.1;4.1. Introduction;60
8.4.2;4.2. Broca's Region;62
8.4.3;4.3. Wernicke's Region;66
8.4.4;4.4. Other Regions Involved in Language;67
8.4.5;4.5. Interhemispheric Cytoarchitectonic Differences;67
8.4.6;4.6. Cytoarchitectonic Maps for the Analysis of Language;68
8.4.7;4.7. Challenges and Future Directions;69
8.5;Chapter 5. Microgenesis of Language: Vertical Integration of Linguistic Mechanisms Across the Neuraxis;72
8.5.1;5.1. Introduction;72
8.5.2;5.2. Principles of Brain Structure and Function;73
8.5.3;5.3. From Anatomical Structure to Neurolinguistic Function;76
8.5.4;5.4. Time Dynamics of Fronto–Temporal Activations;78
8.5.5;5.5. Vertical Integration: Coordination of Internal and External Contexts for Meaning;80
8.5.6;5.6. Challenges and Future Directions: Levels of Brain, Levels of Language?;80
8.6;Chapter 6. A Brief Introduction to Common Neuroimaging Techniques;84
8.6.1;6.1. Introduction;84
8.6.2;6.2. Electromagnetic Functional Neuroimaging Techniques;85
8.6.3;6.3. Hemodynamic Functional Neuroimaging Techniques;87
8.6.4;6.4. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation;91
8.6.5;6.5. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy;92
8.6.6;6.6. Challenges and Future Directions;93
9;PART II: NEUROIMAGING OF LANGUAGE;96
9.1;Chapter 7. PET Research of Language;98
9.1.1;7.1. Introduction;98
9.1.2;7.2. PET versus fMRI – Some Methodological Issues;99
9.1.3;7.3. Crucial PET Findings;100
9.1.4;7.4. Challenges and Future Directions;105
9.2;Chapter 8. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Research of Language;108
9.2.1;8.1. Introduction;108
9.2.2;8.2. Recognizing Auditory Input as Speech;109
9.2.3;8.3. Word Representation: Form and Meaning;110
9.2.4;8.4. From Words to Sentences: Syntactic Processing;111
9.2.5;8.5. From Words to Sentences: Semantic Processing of Sentences;112
9.2.6;8.6. From Sentences to Discourse;113
9.2.7;8.7. Challenges and Future Directions;114
9.3;Chapter 9. Event-Related Potentials in the Study of Language;118
9.3.1;9.1. Introduction;118
9.3.2;9.2. Language-Related Components and Their Functional Significance;119
9.3.3;9.3. Challenges and Future Directions;130
9.4;Chapter 10. Direct Electrical Stimulation of Language Cortex;132
9.4.1;10.1. Introduction;132
9.4.2;10.2. Description of the Technique;132
9.4.3;10.3. Comparison to Other Techniques;134
9.4.4;10.4. Selected Findings with Cortical Stimulation Technique;134
9.4.5;10.5. Challenges and Future Directions;138
9.5;Chapter 11. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) as a Tool for Studying Language;142
9.5.1;11.1. Introduction;142
9.5.2;11.2. Assessing Hemispheric Specialization for Language with TMS;143
9.5.3;11.3. Different Effects of TMS On Task Performance: Posterior Temporal Cortex and Picture Naming;145
9.5.4;11.4. TMS Studies of Semantic and Phonological Processing in LIFG;147
9.5.5;11.5. Speech Perception and the Motor System;147
9.5.6;11.6. Representation of Actions and Verbs in the Motor System and Frontal Cortex;148
9.5.7;11.7. TMS Studies in Patients with Aphasia;149
9.5.8;11.8. Challenges and Future Directions;150
10;PART III: EXPERIMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE OF LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION;152
10.1;Chapter 12. Disorders of Phonetics and Phonology;154
10.1.1;12.1. Introduction;154
10.1.2;12.2. Changing Concepts in the Neurolinguistic Analysis of Phonetics and Phonology;154
10.1.3;12.3. Anatomical and Computational Complexity for Broca's Area;156
10.1.4;12.4. Intractable Problems in the Neurolinguistics of Segmental Paraphasias;157
10.1.5;12.5. Challenges and Future Directions;161
10.2;Chapter 13. Impaired Morphological Processing;164
10.2.1;13.1. Introduction;164
10.2.2;13.2. Noun versus Verb Morphology;165
10.2.3;13.3. Regular versus Irregular Morphology;166
10.2.4;13.4. Impairments of Inflectional Morphology;167
10.2.5;13.5. Impairments of Derivational Morphology;170
10.2.6;13.6. Impairments in Compounding;170
10.2.7;13.7. Challenges and Future Directions;171
10.3;Chapter 14. Disorders of Lexis;174
10.3.1;14.1. Introduction;174
10.3.2;14.2. Disorders of Lexis: A Brief Overview;174
10.3.3;14.3. Words in the Brain;176
10.3.4;14.4. The Domain of Lexical Disorders, the Notion of a Mental Lexicon, and the Notion of Word;177
10.3.5;14.5. A Framework for Understanding Disorders of Lexis;179
10.3.6;14.6. Challenges and Future Directions;179
10.4;Chapter 15. Disorders of Syntax;182
10.4.1;15.1. Introduction;182
10.4.2;15.2. The Endgame: Theory Unification;183
10.4.3;15.3. Syntactic Comprehension in Broca's Aphasia;184
10.4.4;15.4. The Linear Models;184
10.4.5;15.5. A Hierarchical Model: The Double-Dependency Hypothesis;187
10.4.6;15.6. What Have We Learnt?;188
10.4.7;15.7. Challenges and Future Directions;189
10.5;Chapter 16. The Neural Bases of Text and Discourse Processing;192
10.5.1;16.1. Introduction;192
10.5.2;16.2. Cognitive and Linguistic Principles of Discourse Processing;192
10.5.3;16.3. The Neuroscience of Text and Discourse Comprehension;194
10.5.4;16.4. Right Hemisphere Contributions to Discourse Comprehension;197
10.5.5;16.5. Summary and Conclusions;199
10.5.6;16.6. Challenges and Future Directions;200
10.6;Chapter 17. Neuropragmatics: Disorders and Neural Systems;202
10.6.1;17.1. Introduction;202
10.6.2;17.2. Pragmatic Disorders in Adult Clinical Populations;202
10.6.3;17.3. Explaining Linguistic Pragmatic Impairments in Clinical Populations;205
10.6.4;17.4. Neural Systems Underlying Pragmatic Abilities;206
10.6.5;17.5. Challenges and Future Directions;213
10.7;Chapter 18. The Role of Memory Systems in Disorders of Language;216
10.7.1;18.1. Introduction;216
10.7.2;18.2. The Declarative and Procedural Memory Systems;216
10.7.3;18.3. Language and the Declarative and Procedural Memory Systems;218
10.7.4;18.4. Disorders of Grammar and Procedural Memory;219
10.7.5;18.5. Disorders of Lexicon and Declarative Memory;223
10.7.6;18.6. Challenges and Future Directions;224
10.8;Chapter 19. The Relation of Human Language to Human Emotion;226
10.8.1;19.1. Introduction;226
10.8.2;19.2. Language and Emotion: Theoretical Perspectives;226
10.8.3;19.3. Universality of Emotion Expression in Language;227
10.8.4;19.4. The Linguistic Communication of Emotion;227
10.8.5;19.5. Prosodic Communication;228
10.8.6;19.6. Syntactic Structures as Reflective of Attitudinal Meaning;228
10.8.7;19.7. Language Affects Emotions;229
10.8.8;19.8. Pragmatics – Language Use – and Emotional Expression;230
10.8.9;19.9. Brain Structures Underlying Emotional Language;230
10.8.10;19.10. Affect Lexicon;232
10.8.11;19.11. Dysprosodic Disturbances;232
10.8.12;19.12. Pragmatic Deficits Following Brain Damage;232
10.8.13;19.13. Assessment of Communicative Competence for Emotional Expression;233
10.8.14;19.14. Summary;233
10.8.15;19.15. Challenges and Future Directions;233
10.9;Chapter 20. Acquired Reading and Writing Disorders;236
10.9.1;20.1. Introduction;236
10.9.2;20.2. Déjerine's Classical Anatomo-Functional Diagram of Reading (1891, 1892);237
10.9.3;20.3. Classical Neurolinguistic Classification of Acquired Spelling Disorders;237
10.9.4;20.4. Dual-Route Models of Reading and Cognitive Accounts of Acquired Dyslexia;239
10.9.5;20.5. Dual-Route Models of Spelling and Cognitive Accounts of Acquired Dysgraphia;241
10.9.6;20.6. Principles for the Assessment of Reading and Spelling Impairments;242
10.9.7;20.7. Reading and Spelling Disorders in Languages with Different Scripts;243
10.9.8;20.8. Neuroanatomy of Written Language;243
10.9.9;20.9. Challenges and Future Directions;244
10.10;Chapter 21. Number Processing;246
10.10.1;21.1. Introduction;246
10.10.2;21.2. The Representation of Numbers;247
10.10.3;21.3. Number Manipulation: Transcoding;249
10.10.4;21.4. Calculation;250
10.10.5;21.5. Numbers and Calculation in the Brain;251
10.10.6;21.6. Challenges and Future Directions;253
10.11;Chapter 22. Neurolinguistic Computational Models;256
10.11.1;22.1. Introduction;256
10.11.2;22.2. The Computer and the Brain;256
10.11.3;22.3. Structured Models;257
10.11.4;22.4. Emergent Models;260
10.11.5;22.5. Challenges and Future Directions;262
10.12;Chapter 23. Mirror Neurons and Language;264
10.12.1;23.1. Introduction;264
10.12.2;23.2. Multiple Mirror Systems and the Language-Ready Brain;265
10.12.3;23.3. Praxis, Language and the Action-Oriented Perception of Scenes;266
10.12.4;23.4. Modeling the Canonical and Mirror Systems for Grasping;268
10.12.5;23.5. Imitation and Mirror Neurons: In Search of Subtlety;269
10.12.6;23.6. Challenges and Future Directions;272
10.13;Chapter 24. Lateralization of Language across the Life Span;274
10.13.1;24.1. Introduction;274
10.13.2;24.2. Brain Development;275
10.13.3;24.3. Changes Associated with Aging;278
10.13.4;24.4. Interpretive Complexities;279
10.13.5;24.5. Challenges and Future Directions;281
10.14;Chapter 25. Interhemispheric Interaction in the Lateralized Brain;284
10.14.1;25.1. Introduction;284
10.14.2;25.2. Functional Hemispheric Asymmetry;285
10.14.3;25.3. Advantages and Challenges of Hemispheric Asymmetry;285
10.14.4;25.4. Mechanisms of Interhemispheric Interaction;287
10.14.5;25.5. Individual Variation;290
10.14.6;25.6. Challenges and Future Directions;292
11;PART IV: CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE OF LANGUAGE;294
11.1;A: Language in Special Populations and in Various Disease Processes;294
11.1.1;Chapter 26. Acute Aphasias;296
11.1.1.1;26.1. Introduction;296
11.1.1.2;26.2. Approaches to Classifying Acute Aphasias;298
11.1.1.3;26.3. Non-stable Syndromes of Acute Aphasia;301
11.1.1.4;26.4. Challenges and Future Directions;303
11.1.2;Chapter 27. Language in Dementia;306
11.1.2.1;27.1. Introduction;306
11.1.2.2;27.2. Phonology and Speech Errors in Dementia;306
11.1.2.3;27.3. Lexical Retrieval and Naming Difficulty in Dementia;307
11.1.2.4;27.4. Semantic Memory Difficulty in Dementia;308
11.1.2.5;27.5. Grammatical Deficits in Dementia;311
11.1.2.6;27.6. Discourse Deficit in Dementia;311
11.1.2.7;27.7. Challenges and Future Directions;312
11.1.3;Chapter 28. Frontal Lobes and Language;316
11.1.3.1;28.1. Introduction;316
11.1.3.2;28.2. Pragmatic Inference;316
11.1.3.3;28.3. Social Cognition;318
11.1.3.4;28.4. Discourse Production;320
11.1.3.5;28.5. Challenges and Future Directions;322
11.1.4;Chapter 29. The Torque Defines the Four Quadrants of the Human Language Circuit and the Nuclear Symptoms of Schizophrenia Identify their Component Functions;326
11.1.4.1;29.1. Introduction;326
11.1.4.2;29.2. Bi-hemispheric Theory of Language;327
11.1.4.3;29.3. Principles of Connectivity of Hetero-Modal Association Cortex;328
11.1.4.4;29.4. Anomalies of Anatomical Asymmetry and Schizophrenia;329
11.1.4.5;29.5. The Central Paradox and Its Resolution;330
11.1.4.6;29.6. How Do the Nuclear Symptoms Arise?;331
11.1.4.7;29.7. Challenges and Future Directions;332
11.1.5;Chapter 30. Stuttering and Dysfluency;336
11.1.5.1;30.1. Introduction;336
11.1.5.2;30.2. Definition and Clinical Characteristics of Dysfluency;337
11.1.5.3;30.3. The Physiology of Stuttering;340
11.1.5.4;30.4. Theories of Stuttering;341
11.1.5.5;30.5. Animal Modeling of Stuttering;342
11.1.5.6;30.6. Challenges and Future Directions;343
11.1.6;Chapter 31. Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Model for Understanding the Relationship Between Language and Memory;346
11.1.6.1;31.1. Introduction;346
11.1.6.2;31.2. Do MTLE Patients Show Language Abnormalities?;348
11.1.6.3;31.3. What Specific Evidence Is There Showing Medial Temporal Lobe Involvement in Language?;349
11.1.6.4;31.4. Are There Anatomical Connections That Allow the Medial Temporal Lobe to Influence Language?;350
11.1.6.5;31.5. What Might the Medial Temporal Lobe Contribute to Language Processing?;351
11.1.6.6;31.6. What Accounts for the Language Deficits in MTLE?;352
11.1.6.7;31.7. Challenges and Future Directions;353
11.1.7;Chapter 32. Subcortical Language Mechanisms;356
11.1.7.1;32.1. Introduction;356
11.1.7.2;32.2. Distribution of Pathology in Subcortical Stroke and Degenerative Disorders Associated with Language Impairment;356
11.1.7.3;32.3. Emerging Neuroscience of the Basal Ganglia;359
11.1.7.4;32.4. Mechanisms of Non-thalamic Subcortical Aphasia;359
11.1.7.5;32.5. Summary: Non-thalamic Subcortical Aphasia;360
11.1.7.6;32.6. Emerging Neuroscience of the Thalamus;360
11.1.7.7;32.7. Mechanisms of Thalamic Aphasia;363
11.1.7.8;32.8. Summary: Thalamic Aphasia;365
11.1.7.9;32.9. Challenges and Future Directions;365
11.1.8;Chapter 33. Language and Communication Disorders in Multilinguals;368
11.1.8.1;33.1. Introduction;368
11.1.8.2;33.2. Language Impairments;369
11.1.8.3;33.3. Implicit and Explicit Memory;370
11.1.8.4;33.4. Pathological Language Mixing and Switching;371
11.1.8.5;33.5. Experimental Studies;372
11.1.8.6;33.6. Assessment of Language Disorders in Multilingual Speakers;373
11.1.8.7;33.7. Multilingual Aphasia Rehabilitation;373
11.1.8.8;33.8. Challenges and Future Directions: The Cerebral Organization of Languages;374
11.1.9;Chapter 34. Language and Communication in Aging;378
11.1.9.1;34.1. Introduction;378
11.1.9.2;34.2. Language Changes in Healthy Aging;378
11.1.9.3;34.3. Aging and Bilingualism;380
11.1.9.4;34.4. Distinguishing Language in Healthy Aging from That in Mild Cognitive Impairment and AD;380
11.1.9.5;34.5. Explanations for Language Changes in Healthy Aging;382
11.1.9.6;34.6. Challenges and Future Directions;383
11.2;B: Language and Communication in Developmental Disorders;386
11.2.1;Chapter 35. Acquired Epileptiform Aphasia or Landau–Kleffner Syndrome: Clinical and Linguistic Aspects;388
11.2.1.1;35.1. Introduction;388
11.2.1.2;35.2. Language Regression and Epilepsy;389
11.2.1.3;35.3. The Nature of the Language Deficit;390
11.2.1.4;35.4. The Spectrum of Regressive Language Disorders and Epilepsy;391
11.2.1.5;35.5. Challenges and Future Directions;391
11.2.2;Chapter 36. Language and Communication in Williams Syndrome;394
11.2.2.1;36.1. Introduction;394
11.2.2.2;36.2. Language in WS: The Evidence;395
11.2.2.3;36.3. Theoretical Approaches to the Neurocognitive Study of WS;396
11.2.2.4;36.4. Characterizing Language and Communication in WS;397
11.2.2.5;36.5. Language in WS: Connecting the Dots;400
11.2.2.6;36.6. Challenges and Future Directions;401
11.2.3;Chapter 37. Language and Communication Disorders in Autism and Asperger Syndrome;404
11.2.3.1;37.1. Introduction;404
11.2.3.2;37.2. Language Deficits in Autism;405
11.2.3.3;37.3. Explaining Language and Communication Deficits in ASD;408
11.2.3.4;37.4. Challenges and Future Directions;411
11.3;C: Recovery from, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Language and Communication Disorders;414
11.3.1;Chapter 38. Spontaneous Recovery of Aphasia;416
11.3.1.1;38.1. Introduction;416
11.3.1.2;38.2. Soundly Established Factors Affecting Recovery;417
11.3.1.3;38.3. Factors That May Affect Spontaneous Recovery;418
11.3.1.4;38.4. Why Spontaneous Recovery?;419
11.3.1.5;38.5. Challenges and Future Directions;421
11.3.2;Chapter 39. Therapeutic Approaches in Aphasia Rehabilitation;424
11.3.2.1;39.1. Introduction;424
11.3.2.2;39.2. How to Approach Aphasia Therapy;425
11.3.2.3;39.3. A Stage-Oriented Framework: Fitting the Therapeutic Approach to the Stage of Recovery;426
11.3.2.4;39.4. Specific Neuropsychological and Psycholinguistic Approaches to the Treatment of Lexical and Syntactic Disorders;429
11.3.2.5;39.5. Efficacy Studies of Aphasia Therapy;432
11.3.2.6;39.6. Challenges and Future Directions;432
11.3.3;Chapter 40. The Pharmacological Treatment of Aphasia;434
11.3.3.1;40.1. Introduction;434
11.3.3.2;40.2. Stroke: How Does It Cause Language Deficits?;434
11.3.3.3;40.3. Subacute (and Chronic) Stroke: Enhancing Neural Transmission and Neuroplasticity;438
11.3.3.4;40.4. Summary: The State of Play of Pharmacological Intervention in Aphasia;440
11.3.3.5;40.5. Challenges and Future Directions;440
11.3.4;Chapter 41. Recovery and Treatment of Acquired Reading and Spelling Disorders;444
11.3.4.1;41.1. Introduction;444
11.3.4.2;41.2. Illustrative Cases;445
11.3.4.3;41.3. Limits of the Syndrome-Based Approach;447
11.3.4.4;41.4. Suggested Treatment of the Lexical Components;448
11.3.4.5;41.5. Challenges and Future Directions;450
11.3.5;Chapter 42. The Role of Electronic Devices in the Rehabilitation of Language Disorders;454
11.3.5.1;42.1. Introduction;454
11.3.5.2;42.2. Provision of Therapy;455
11.3.5.3;42.3. Computer-Based Treatment and Language;456
11.3.5.4;42.4. Diagnosis and Assessment;456
11.3.5.5;42.5. Outcome Measurement and Audit;457
11.3.5.6;42.6. Alternative Communication;457
11.3.5.7;42.7. Support for Everyday Life;458
11.3.5.8;42.8. Challenges and Future Directions;458
12;PART V: RESOURCES;460
12.1;Chapter 43. Resources in the Neuroscience of Language: A Listing;462
12.1.1;Journals;462
12.1.2;Books;464
12.1.3;Source Books;467
12.1.4;Professional Associations and Societies;468
13;Glossary;470
13.1;A;470
13.2;B;471
13.3;C;471
13.4;D;472
13.5;E;473
13.6;F;473
13.7;G;474
13.8;H;474
13.9;I;474
13.10;J;474
13.11;L;475
13.12;M;475
13.13;N;476
13.14;O;476
13.15;P;476
13.16;R;478
13.17;S;478
13.18;T;479
13.19;U;479
13.20;V;479
13.21;W;479
14;Index;480
14.1;A;480
14.2;B;481
14.3;C;482
14.4;D;482
14.5;E;483
14.6;F;483
14.7;G;484
14.8;H;484
14.9;I;484
14.10;J;484
14.11;L;485
14.12;M;485
14.13;N;486
14.14;O;486
14.15;P;487
14.16;R;487
14.17;S;488
14.18;T;489
14.19;V;489
14.20;W;489
15;Color Plates;491

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Contributors Katrin Amunts Research Center Juelich, INB-3, Medicine, 52425 Juelich, Germany: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Michael A. Arbib Computer Science Department, Neuroscience Program and USC Brain Project, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Claudius Bartels Deptartment of Neurology, University of Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany Anna Basso Department of Neurological Sciences, Milan University, Milan 20122, Italy Alan Beretta Department of Linguistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Stephanie B. Boswell Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital/Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA Hugh W. Buckingham Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Linguistics Program, Louisiana State University, LA 70803, USA Stefano F. Cappa Vita-Salute University and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano 20132, Italy Sarah S. Christman Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA John F. Connolly Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition (CERNEC), Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada Timothy J. Crow SANE POWIC, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK Gianfranco Denes Department of Linguistics, Università Ca’ Foscari, 30100, Venezia, Italy Joseph T. Devlin Department of Psychology, University College London, London WCIE 6BT, UK Mayada Elsabbagh Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK Pam Enderby ScHARR HSR Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Gwen Frishkoff Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; NeuroInformatics Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA Guido Gainotti Neuropsychology Service of the Policlinico Gemelli, Catholic University of Rome, 00168 Roma, Italy Barry Gordon Cognitive Neurology/Neuropsychology Group, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA Murray Grossman Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA Uri Hasson Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Joseph B. Hellige Psychology Department, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045-2659, USA Argye E. Hillis Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Merrill Hiscock Department of Psychology and Center for Neuro-Engineering and Cognitive Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5022, USA Barry Horwitz Brain Imaging and Modeling Section, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communications Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Gonia Jarema Department of Linguistics, University of Montreal and Research Center, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3W 1W5 Marcel Kinsbourne Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, New York, NY 10003, USA Kerry Ledoux Cognitive Neurology/Neuropsychology Group, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA Andrew W. Lee Department of Cerebrovascular Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Ping Li Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA Gary Libben Department of Linguistics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E5 Phan Luu Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA; Electrical Geodesics, Inc., Eugene, OR 97403, USA Claudio Luzzatti Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy Joël Macoir Département de réadaptation, Programme de maîtrise en orthophonie, Université Laval, Québec (QC), G1K 7P4, Canada Brian MacWhinney Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Skye McDonald School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052 NSW, Australia Kirsten R. Mohn Department of Neurology (CB 7025), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7025, USA Stephen E. Nadeau Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center 1601 SW Archer Road Gainesville, FL 32608-1197, USA Lyndsey Nickels Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science (MACCS), Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia Loraine K. Obler Program in Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA Michel Paradis Department of Linguistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A7; Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Seija Pekkala Department of Speech Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland Charles A. Perfetti Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA Brian Petheram Faculty of Computing, Engineering, & Mathematical Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK; Speech & Language Therapy Research Unit, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK Frank A. Rodden Section of Experimental MR of the CNS, Department of Neuroradiology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany David B. Rosenfield Speech and Language Center, Neurological Institute, The Methodist Hospital/Weill Cornell College of Medicine, Department of Communicative Disorders, University of Houston Shepherd School of Music, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA Carlo Semenza Department of Psychology, University of Trieste, 34124 Trieste, Italy Michael Siegal Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TP, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy Steven L. Small Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Luise Springer Collaborative Research Centre “Media and Cultural Communication”, University of Cologne, D-50969 Köln, Germany; School of Speech and Language Therapy, University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany Karsten Steinhauer Centre for Research on Language, Mind and Brain (CRLMB) and School of Communication Sciences and Disorders (SCSD), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada Brigitte Stemmer Faculty of Arts and Science and Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Luca Surian Department of Cognitive Sciences and Education, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto (TN), Italy Joseph I. Tracy Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital/Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA Alexander I. Tröster Department of Neurology (CB 7025), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7025, USA Don M. Tucker Electrical Geodesics, Inc., Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Oregon Eugene, OR, USA Yves Turgeon Restigouche Health Authority, Campbellton Regional Hospital, Campbellton, NB, Canada E3N 3H3 Michael T. Ullman Brain and Language Laboratory, Departments of Neuroscience, Linguistics, Psychology and Neurology, Georgetown...