Stern Hyaluronan in Cancer Biology

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-08-092108-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 468 Seiten

Hyaluronan biology is being recognized as an important regulator of cancer progression. Paradoxically, both hyaluronan (HA) and hyaluronidases, the enzymes that eliminate HA, have also been correlated with cancer progression. Hyaluronan, a long-chain polymer of the extracellular matrix, opens up tissue spaces through which cancer cells move and metastasize. It also confers motility upon cells through interactions of cell-surface HA with the cytoskeleton. Embryonic cells in the process of movement and proliferation use the same strategy. It is an example of how cancer cells have commandeered normal cellular processes for their own survival and spread. There are also parallels between cancer and wound healing, cancer occasionally being defined as a wound that does not heal. The growing body of literature regarding this topic has recently progressed from describing the association of hyaluronan and hyaluronidase expression associated with different cancers, to understanding the mechanisms that drive tumor cell activation, proliferation, drug resistance, etc. No one source, however, discusses hyaluronan synthesis and catabolism, as well as the factors that regulate the balance. This book will offer a comprehensive summary and cutting-edge insight into Hyaluronan biology, the role of the HA receptors, the hyaluronidase enzymes that degrade HA, as well as HA synthesis enzymes and their relationship to cancer. Offers a comprehensive summary and cutting-edge insight into Hyaluronan biology, the role of the HA receptors, the hyaluronidase enzymes that degrade HA, as well as HA synthesis enzymes and their relationship to cancerChapters are written by the leading international authorities on this subject, from laboratories that focus on the investigation of hyaluronan in cancer initiation, progression, and disseminationFocuses on understanding the mechanisms that drive tumor cell activation, proliferation, and drug resistance

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stern, Robert

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Hyaluronan in Cancer Biology;2
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Short Contents;8
5;Full Contents;12
6;Preface;20
7;Foreword;24
8;List of Contributors;26
9;SECTION I HISTORICAL OVERVIEW;30
9.1;CHAPTER 1 Association Between Cancer and ‘‘Acid Mucopolysaccharides’’: An Old Concept Comes of Age, Finally;32
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;33
9.1.2;HYALURONAN;33
9.1.3;STROMAL–EPITHELIAL INTERACTION IN CANCER;36
9.1.4;HYALURONAN IN CANCER;38
9.1.5;ABNORMALITIES IN OTHER GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS OCCUR IN MALIGNANCY;40
9.1.6;CONCLUSIONS;41
10;SECTION II CELL BIOLOGY OF HYALURONAN IN CANCER;46
10.1;CHAPTER 2 Hyaluronan-CD44 Interactions and Chemoresistance in Cancer Cells;48
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;48
10.1.2;HYALURONAN, CD44, AND DRUG RESISTANCE;49
10.1.3;CELL-AUTONOMOUS REGULATION OF CELL SURVIVAL SIGNALING PATHWAYS BY HYALURONAN AND CD44;50
10.1.4;HYALURONAN, CD44, AND DRUG TRANSPORTERS;52
10.1.5;HYALURONAN, EMMPRIN, AND THE GLYCOLYTIC PHENOTYPE;54
10.1.6;HYALURONAN, CANCER STEM CELLS, AND DRUG RESISTANCE;55
10.1.7;CONCLUSIONS;57
10.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;58
10.2;CHAPTER 3 Growth Factor Regulation ofnbspHyaluronan Deposition innbspMalignancies;66
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;66
10.2.2;EXPRESSION OF HYALURONAN SYNTHASES AND HYALURONIDASES;68
10.2.3;HYALURONAN SIGNALING PROMOTES THE MALIGNANT PHENOTYPE OF TUMOR CELLS;69
10.2.4;REGULATION OF HYALURONAN LEVELS PRODUCED BY TUMOR CELLS;72
10.2.5;REGULATION OF HYALURONAN SYNTHESIS BY PERITUMORAL STROMA CELLS;73
10.2.6;FUTURE PERSPECTIVES;75
10.2.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;75
10.3;CHAPTER 4 Hyaluronan Binding Protein 1 (HABP1/p32/gC1qR): A New Perspective in Tumor Development;80
10.3.1;HYALURONAN BINDING PROTEIN 1 (HABP1);82
10.3.2;EVIDENCE FOR HABP1 TO BE INVOLVED IN TUMOR DEVELOPMENT;87
10.3.3;ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF HABP1 INDUCES APOPTOSIS, AUTOPHAGIC VACUOLES, AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION;90
10.3.4;ASSOCIATION OF ALLELIC LOSS AT 17P13.3 CHROMOSOME WITH CANCER INITIATION AND PROMOTION;93
10.3.5;CONCLUSION;94
10.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;95
11;SECTION III HYALURONAN RECEPTORS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS;98
11.1;CHAPTER 5 CD44 Meets Merlin and Ezrin: Their Interplay Mediates the Pro-Tumor Activity of CD44 and Tumor-Suppressing Effect of Merlin;100
11.1.1;CD44 PROMOTES TUMOR INVASION AND METASTASIS;101
11.1.2;CD44-MEDIATED SIGNALS AND THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTORS OF CD44;103
11.1.3;MERLIN ACTS AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, AND THE MUTANT FORMS OF THIS PROTEIN PROMOTE TUMORIGENESIS;105
11.1.4;THE FUNCTION OF MERLIN IS REGULATED BY ITS POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS;105
11.1.5;MERLIN COUNTERACTS THE EFFECT OF EZRIN AND INHIBITS THE CD44–HA INTERACTION AND CD44 FUNCTION;106
11.1.6;MERLIN IS INVOLVED IN SEVERAL IMPORTANT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS;107
11.1.7;MERLIN ACTS UPSTREAM OF THE HIPPO SIGNALING PATHWAY IN DROSOPHILA;108
11.1.8;A MODEL FOR CD44 SIGNALING THROUGH MERLIN AND THE ERM PROTEINS;110
11.1.9;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;111
11.2;CHAPTER 6 Hyaluronan-Mediated CD44 Interaction with Receptor and Non-Receptor Kinases Promotes Oncogenic Signaling, Cytoskeleton Activation and Tumor Progression;118
11.2.1;HYALURONAN (HA) METABOLISM IN CANCER PROGRESSION;118
11.2.2;CD44 (AN HA RECEPTOR) IN TUMOR PROGRESSION;120
11.2.3;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;130
11.3;CHAPTER 7 Adhesion and Penetration: Two Sides of CD44 Signal Transduction Cascades in the Context of Cancer Cell Metastasis;138
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION: HA, CD44, THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT, AND METASTASIS;138
11.3.2;PENETRATION: CD44 PROMOTED INVASION AND INTRAVASATION;140
11.3.3;CELL–CELL ADHESION: ROLE OF CD44 IN PROMOTING EXTRAVASATION;146
11.3.4;THE ROLE OF CD44 IN PROMOTING TISSUE-SPECIFIC METASTASIS;150
11.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;151
11.4;CHAPTER 8 Involvement of CD44, a Molecule with a Thousand Faces, in Cancer Dissemination;156
11.4.1;PROLOGUE;157
11.4.2;THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE CD44 OF LB CELLS AND HYALURONATE – IN VITRO STUDIES;161
11.4.3;ELUCIDATION OF HA BINDING MECHANISM IN LB CELLS;164
11.4.4;THERAPY OF THE MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA: BLOCKING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN CD44 AND ITS LIGAND BY TARGETING THE CD44 VARIANT WITH RELEVANT ANTIBODY;167
11.4.5;GENE VACCINATION WITH CD44 VARIANT CONSTRUCT, RATHER THAN WITH STANDARD CD44 CONSTRUCT, GENERATES RESISTANCE TO TUMOR GROWTH;169
11.4.6;EPILOGUE;170
11.4.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;172
11.5;CHAPTER 9 - RHAMM/HMMR: An Itinerant and Multifunctional Hyaluronan Binding Protein That Modifies CD44 Signaling and Mitotic Spindle Formation;176
11.5.1;INTRODUCTION;176
11.5.2;RHAMM AND CANCER;178
11.5.3;EXTRACELLULAR AND INTRACELLULAR RHAMM ONCOGENIC FUNCTIONS IN CULTURE;181
11.5.4;RHAMM PROTEIN FORMS CONTROL MULTIPLE SIGNALING NETWORKS;186
11.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;194
11.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;194
12;SECTION IV HYALURONAN SYNTHESIS;198
12.1;CHAPTER 10 Altered Hyaluronan Biosynthesis in Cancer Progression;200
12.1.1;INTRODUCTION;200
12.1.2;HA BIOSYNTHESIS;201
12.1.3;ALTERED HA SYNTHESIS IN CANCER;202
12.1.4;TUMOR–STROMAL INTERACTION;203
12.1.5;NOVEL FUNCTION OF HA IN STROMAL CELL RECRUITMENT;205
12.1.6;EPITHELIAL–MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION CAUSED BY HA OVERPRODUCTION;207
12.1.7;ROLES OF HA-RICH ECM IN TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS;208
12.1.8;CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES;210
12.1.9;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;211
13;SECTION V HYALURONAN DEGRADATION, THE HYALURONIDASES, AND THE PRODUCTS OF DEGRADATION;216
13.1;CHAPTER 11 Hyaluronidase: Both a Tumor Promoter and Suppressor;218
13.1.1;INTRODUCTION;218
13.1.2;HYALURONIDASES;219
13.1.3;HAase EXPRESSION IN TUMOR CELLS;221
13.1.4;HAase FUNCTIONS IN GENITO-URINARY TUMORS;223
13.1.5;REGULATION OF HAase GENE EXPRESSION;226
13.1.6;HAase AND SIGNALING;227
13.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;231
13.2;CHAPTER 12 Hyaluronidases in Cancer Biology;236
13.2.1;INTRODUCTION;236
13.2.2;HYALURONIDASES AND THEIR STRUCTURE;238
13.2.3;A CATABOLIC SCHEME FOR HYALURONAN;239
13.2.4;THE WARBURG EFFECT;239
13.2.5;HYALURONIDASE INHIBITORS;241
13.2.6;HYALURONIDASE INHIBITORS;241
13.2.7;HYALURONIDASE MODULATES CD44 EXPRESSION;242
13.2.8;HYALURONAN FRAGMENTATION;242
13.2.9;HYALURONIDASES AS ANTI-CANCER CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS;244
13.2.10;HYALURONIDASES IN CANCER PROGRESSION;245
13.2.11;THE CONUNDRUMS INVOLVING HYALURONIDASES IN MALIGNANCY;245
13.3;CHAPTER 13 Hyaluronan Fragments: Informational Polymers Commandeered by Cancers;250
13.3.1;INTRODUCTION;250
13.3.2;PRODUCTION OF HA FRAGMENTS;251
13.3.3;RECEPTORS OF HA FRAGMENTS;253
13.3.4;DIFFERENT SIZES OF HA HAVE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS;259
13.3.5;CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS;275
13.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;278
14;SECTION VI HYALURONAN IN CANCER EPITHELIAL-STROMAL INTERACTIONS;284
15;CHAPTER 14 Hyaluronan in Human Tumors: Importance of Stromal and Cancer Cell-Associated Hyaluronan;286
15.1;HYALURONAN ACCUMULATION IN MALIGNANT TUMORS;287
15.2;HYALURONAN ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER CELLS;288
15.3;STROMAL ACCUMULATION OF HYALURONAN;296
15.4;MECHANISMS OF HYALURONAN ACCUMULATION IN TUMORS;299
15.5;HOW DOES HYALURONAN CONTRIBUTE TO CANCER PROGRESSION?;303
15.6;CONCLUSIONS;307
15.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;307
16;CHAPTER 15 The Oncofetal Paradigm Revisited: MSF and HA as Contextual Drivers of Cancer Progression;314
16.1;INTRODUCTION;315
16.2;MSF: ITS MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND SPECTRUM OF BIOACTIVITIES;316
16.3;THE ONCOFETAL PATTERN OF MSF EXPRESSION: CONTEXTUAL CONTROL BY ECM AND SOLUBLE FACTORS;321
16.4;THE CONTEXTUAL CONTROL OF TARGET CELL RESPONSE TO MSF BY ECM AND SOLUBLE FACTORS;326
16.5;AN EXTENDED ONCOFETAL PARADIGM OF CANCER PATHOGENESIS: THE INTER DEPENDENT CONTRIBUTION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS;329
16.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;332
17;SECTION VII HYALURONAN AND INDIVIDUAL CANCERS;336
17.1;CHAPTER 16 Hyaluronan Synthesis and Turnover in Prostate Cancer;338
17.1.1;OVERVIEW OF PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSION;338
17.1.2;HA SYNTHASES AND HYALURONIDASES;339
17.1.3;GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PROSTATE CANCER;340
17.1.4;INFLAMMATION RESPONSE AND HYPOXIA;340
17.1.5;TUMORIGENESIS;342
17.1.6;ANGIOGENESIS AND LYMPHANGIOGENESIS;347
17.1.7;METASTASIS AND BONE TURNOVER;348
17.2;CHAPTER 17 Role of Hyaluronan and CD44 innbspMelanoma Progression;358
17.2.1;HYALURONAN AND MELANOMA;358
17.2.2;INTERACTION OF HYALURONAN AND MELANOMA CELLS;360
17.2.3;HYALURONAN METABOLISM, MELANOMA, AND UV-B;363
17.2.4;CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES;365
17.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;366
17.3;CHAPTER 18 Role of Hyaluronan Metabolism in the Initiation, Invasion, and Metastasis of Breast Cancer;370
17.3.1;THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT OF BREAST CANCER;370
17.3.2;INTRATUMORAL HYALURONAN LOCALIZATION DURING BREAST CANCER TUMORIGENESIS AND PROLIFERATION;371
17.3.3;METABOLISM OF HYALURONAN IN BREAST CANCER – DYSREGULATION OF A FINELY TUNED PROCESS;372
17.3.4;THE CO-ORDINATED FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF HA METABOLISM IN BREAST CANCER;382
17.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;384
18;SECTION VIII CLINICAL USES OF HYALURONAN-RELATED BIOMATERIALS AS ANTI-CANCER AGENTS;390
18.1;CHAPTER 19 Clinical Use of Hyaluronidase in Combination Cancer Chemotherapy: A Historic Perspective;392
18.1.1;INTRODUCTION;392
18.1.2;CLINICAL APPLICATION OF HYALURONIDASE IN PERIPHERAL CIRCULATORY DISORDER;394
18.1.3;CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF HYALURONIDASE IN MALIGNANT DISEASE;394
18.1.4;HYALURONIDASE PREPARATIONS IN ADDITIONAL CLINICAL STUDIES IN VIENNA;395
18.1.5;EXTENDED STUDIES OF THE USE OF HYALURONIDASE AS ADJUNCTS IN CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY;396
18.1.6;SIDE EFFECTS OBSERVED DURING CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL USES OF HYALURONIDASE;399
18.1.7;APPLICATION OF HYALURONIDASE IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS OF CANCER;400
18.1.8;OVERVIEW AND ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS;401
18.1.9;CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SUMMARY;403
18.2;CHAPTER 20 Exploiting the Hyaluronan– CD44 Interaction for Cancer Therapy;408
18.2.1;EXPLOITING THE HYALURONAN–CD44 INTERACTION FOR CANCER THERAPY;409
18.2.2;INTERFERENCE WITH CD44-HA INTERACTIONS;410
18.2.3;HA-INDUCED SENSITIZATION TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS;421
18.2.4;TARGETING CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS;421
18.2.5;CD44 MEDIATED CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY;424
18.2.6;GENE THERAPY BY DOWN REGULATION OF CD44 PRODUCTION;425
18.2.7;GENE THERAPY BY PRODUCTION OF CYTOTOXIC GENES THROUGH CD44 REGULATION;426
18.2.8;CONCLUSION;427
18.2.9;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;428
19;SECTION IX A NEW PERSPECTIVE;434
20;CHAPTER 21 Hyaluronidase-2 and Its Role as a Cell-Entry Receptor for Sheep Retroviruses That Cause Contagious Respiratory Tract Cancers;436
20.1;ONCOGENIC SHEEP RETROVIRUSES;436
20.2;IDENTIFICATION OF HYAL-2 AS THE CELL-ENTRY RECEPTOR FOR JSRV AND ENTV;438
20.3;HYAL-2 LOCATION AND ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY;441
20.4;HYAL-2 ROLE IN SHEEP RETROVIRUS ONCOGENESIS?;443
20.5;HYAL-2 ROLE IN SHEEP PLACENTAL MORPHOGENESIS;445
20.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;445
21;Index;448
22;Color Plate;456