Stoops / Marcelino / Mees Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-08-093230-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 752 Seiten

Soil micromorphology deals with the microscopic study of undisturbed soil and regolith samples, making use especially of thin sections and petrographic techniques. It exists as a discipline for almost 70 years. Micromorphology is used by pedologists, quaternary geologists, sedimentologists, and since two decennia intensively by archaeologists. This book provides the state of art in the field of genetic interpretation of micromorphological features, which is not restricted to the classic genetic soil horizons, but also covers processes of soil material formation and weathering, and the results of human activities and regoliths in a wider sense.
State of art in the field of genetic interpretation of micromorphological featuresOver 2,600 different referencesWritten by 46 leading experts in the field

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stoops, Georges

Marcelino, Vera

Mees, Florias

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Interpretation ofMicromorphologicalFeatures of Soils andRegoliths;2
2;Copyright;5
3;Contents;6
4;Contributors;26
5;Preface;30
6;List of Abbreviations;32
7;Chapter 1. Micromorphology as a Tool inSoil and Regolith Studies;34
7.1;1. Introduction;34
7.2;2. Soil and Regolith Genesis;35
7.3;3. Soil and Regolith Classification;36
7.4;4. Palaeopedology, Quaternary Geologyand Archaeology;37
7.5;5. Soil Management and Other Applications;38
7.6;6. Correlations Between Micromorphologyand Physical Data;39
7.7;7. Monitoring Experimental Work and Analyses;39
7.8;8. Conclusions;41
7.9;References;41
8;Chapter 2. Micromorphological Featuresand Their Relation toProcesses and Classification:General Guidelines and Keys;48
8.1;1. Introduction;48
8.1.1;1.1 Criteria for in situ Formation and Relative Chronology;48
8.1.2;1.2 Relicts of the Parent Material;50
8.2;2. Key to Features;51
8.2.1;2.1 Microstructure and c/f-Related Distribution Patterns;52
8.2.2;2.2 Groundmass;57
8.2.3;2.3. Organic material;60
8.2.4;2.4. Pedofeatures;61
8.2.5;References;66
9;Chapter 3. Colluvial and Mass Wasting Deposits;70
9.1;1. Introduction;70
9.2;2. General Features of Translocated Material;71
9.3;3. Colluvial Deposits;72
9.3.1;3.1. Laminated Colluvium;72
9.3.2;3.2. Non-laminated Colluvium;74
9.3.3;3.3. Post-depositional Alterations;74
9.4;4. Mass Wasting Deposits;75
9.4.1;4.1. Solifluction deposits;76
9.4.2;4.2. Landslides;76
9.4.3;4.3. Debris-flow deposits;77
9.4.4;4.4. Grain-flow deposits;78
9.4.5;5. Conclusions;79
9.5;Acknowledgments;79
9.6;References;79
10;Chapter 4. Saprolites;82
10.1;1. Introduction;82
10.2;2. The Saprolite Profile;83
10.3;3. General Micromorphological Features;83
10.4;4. Saprolites on Specific Lithological Rock Types;85
10.4.1;4.1. Igneous Rocks;85
10.4.2;4.2. Metamorphic Rocks;91
10.4.3;4.3. Sedimentary Rocks;95
10.5;5. Conclusions;96
10.6;References;96
11;Chapter 5. Pedoplasmation: Formation of Soil Material;102
11.1;1. Introduction;102
11.2;2. General Features;103
11.3;3. Disappearance of the Original Rock Fabric;104
11.4;4. Development of Microstructure and Porosity;106
11.5;5. Other Changes;107
11.5.1;5.1. Changes in Grain-Size Distribution;107
11.5.2;5.2. Colour Homogenisation and Limpidity Changes;107
11.5.3;5.3. Changes of the b-Fabric;108
11.6;6. Pedoplasmation on Carbonate Rocks;109
11.7;7. Conclusions;111
11.8;References;111
12;Chapter 6. Frost Action;114
12.1;1. Introduction;114
12.2;2. Microstructure;116
12.2.1;2.1. Platy and Lenticular Microstructure;116
12.2.2;2.2. Granular Microstructure;123
12.2.3;2.3. Microstructure Stability;124
12.3;3. Groundmass;126
12.3.1;3.1. Micromass;126
12.3.2;3.2. Coarse Material;126
12.4;4. Pedofeatures;129
12.5;5. Implications for Pedostratigraphy;134
12.6;6. Summary and Conclusions;135
12.7;References;137
13;Chapter 7. Vertic Features;142
13.1;1. Introduction;142
13.2;2. Microstructure;143
13.3;3. Groundmass;145
13.3.1;3.1. Coarse Fraction;145
13.3.2;3.2. Micromass;146
13.3.3;3.3. Pedofeatures;149
13.4;4. Degradation of Vertic Features in Cultivated Soils;153
13.5;5. Vertic Features in Palaeosoils;154
13.6;6. Conclusions;154
13.7;References;155
14;Chapter 8. Redoximorphic Features;162
14.1;1. Introduction;162
14.2;2. General Genetic Aspects;163
14.3;3. Nature and Identification;164
14.3.1;3.1. Intrusive Redox Pedofeatures;165
14.3.2;3.2. Impregnative Redox Pedofeatures;166
14.3.3;3.3. Depletion Redox Pedofeatures;168
14.4;4. Significance;169
14.4.1;4.1. Duration of Water Saturation;169
14.4.2;4.2. Special Cases;172
14.4.3;4.3. Relict versus Contemporary Features;173
14.5;5. Conclusions;175
14.6;References;175
15;Chapter 9. Calcium Carbonate Features;182
15.1;1. Introduction;182
15.1.1;1.1. Carbonate Mineralogy;182
15.1.2;1.2. Microscopic Techniques;183
15.1.3;1.3. Terminology;184
15.2;2. Groundmass;185
15.2.1;2.1. Coarse Fraction;185
15.2.2;2.2. Micromass;187
15.3;3. Pedofeatures;187
15.3.1;3.1. Coatings;187
15.3.2;3.2. Hypo- and Quasi-Coatings;191
15.3.3;3.3. Infillings;192
15.3.4;3.4. Nodules;196
15.3.5;3.5. Root-Related Features;198
15.3.6;3.6. Calcified Filaments;202
15.3.7;3.7. Biogenic Crystal Intergrowths;203
15.4;4. Recrystallisation and Dissolution;207
15.4.1;4.1. Recrystallisation;207
15.4.2;4.2. Dissolution;208
15.5;5. Associated Features;209
15.5.1;5.1. Dissolution of Silicate Minerals;209
15.5.2;5.2. Calcium Oxalate Occurrences;211
15.6;6. Formations with Combinations of Calcareous Features;213
15.6.1;6.1. Palustrine Carbonates;213
15.6.2;6.2. Complex Calcrete Profiles;214
15.7;7. Conclusions;214
15.8;References;215
16;Chapter 10. Gypsic Features;228
16.1;1. Introduction;228
16.2;2. Crystal Morphology;229
16.2.1;2.1. Occurrences in Nature;229
16.2.2;2.2. Experimental Studies;230
16.3;3. Groundmass;231
16.3.1;3.1. Powdery Gypsic Materials;233
16.3.2;3.2. Microcrystalline gypsic materials;233
16.3.3;3.3. Rupture-resistant Gypsic Materials;234
16.3.4;3.4. Aeolian Gypsic Materials;236
16.4;4. Pedofeatures;236
16.4.1;4.1. Infillings and Coatings;237
16.4.2;4.2. Nodules;237
16.4.3;4.3. Crystals and Crystal Intergrowths;238
16.5;5. Other Features Common in Soils with Gypsum;241
16.5.1;5.1. Dissolution Features;241
16.5.2;5.2. Calcite Pseudomorphs;242
16.6;6. Discussion and Conclusions;243
16.7;References;244
17;Chapter 11. Textural Pedofeatures and Related Horizons;250
17.1;1. Introduction;250
17.2;2. Clay Coatings;251
17.2.1;2.1. General Characteristics;251
17.2.2;2.2. Confusion with Micromorphologically Similar Features;252
17.2.3;2.3. Formation;253
17.2.4;2.4. Destruction and Alteration;257
17.2.5;2.5. Related Features;261
17.3;3. Textural Pedofeatures Other Than Clay Coatings;261
17.3.1;3.1. Coarse-Grained Coatings;261
17.3.2;3.2. Layered Coatings;262
17.3.3;3.3. Infillings;262
17.3.4;3.4. Silt Cappings;263
17.4;4. Horizons Related to Occurrences of TexturalPedofeatures;263
17.4.1;4.1. General Aspects;263
17.4.2;4.2. Argic Horizon;264
17.4.3;4.3. Agric Horizons;266
17.4.4;4.4. Natric Horizons;266
17.4.5;4.5. Nitic Horizons;267
17.4.6;4.6. Beta-Horizons;267
17.4.7;4.7. Argic Horizons in Palaeosoils;268
17.4.8;4.8. Eluvial Horizons;268
17.5;5. Quantification of Clay Illuviation;270
17.6;6. Conclusions;272
17.7;Acknowledgments;273
17.8;References;273
18;Chapter 12. Spodic Materials;284
18.1;1. Introduction;284
18.2;2. Spodic Horizons and Ortstein;286
18.2.1;2.1. Microstructure and c/f-Related Distribution;287
18.2.2;2.2. Coarse Material;288
18.2.3;2.3. Fine Organic Material;290
18.2.4;2.4. Short-Range-Order Aluminosilicates;294
18.3;3. Related Horizons;294
18.3.1;3.1. Surface Horizons;294
18.3.2;3.2. Eluvial (Albic and/or E) Horizons;295
18.3.3;3.3. Placic Horizons;297
18.3.4;3.4. Other Horizons;299
18.4;4. Conclusions;299
18.5;References;300
19;Chapter 13. Regoliths and Soils on Volcanic Ash;308
19.1;1. Introduction;308
19.2;2. Microstructure;309
19.3;3. Groundmass;313
19.3.1;3.1. Coarse Material;313
19.3.2;3.2. Micromass;321
19.4;4. Organic Material;323
19.5;5. Pedofeatures;324
19.5.1;5.1. Illuvial Clay Coatings;324
19.5.2;5.2. Authigenic Clay Coatings;325
19.5.3;5.3. Other Pedofeatures;326
19.6;6. Conclusions;328
19.7;Acknowledgements;329
19.8;References;329
20;Chapter 14. Oxic and Related Materials;338
20.1;1. Introduction;338
20.2;2. Microstructure;339
20.2.1;2.1. General Features;339
20.2.2;2.2. Origin of Granular Aggregates;340
20.2.3;2.3. Degree of Development and Degradation of theGranular Microstructure;343
20.3;3. Groundmass;345
20.3.1;3.1. c/f-Related Distribution;345
20.3.2;3.2. Coarse Mineral Material;345
20.3.3;3.3. Fine Mineral Material;348
20.3.4;3.4. Organic Material;349
20.4;4. Pedofeatures;349
20.4.1;4.1. Channel Infillings and Coatings;349
20.4.2;4.2. Iron Oxide Pedofeatures;350
20.4.3;4.3. Gibbsite Coatings and Nodules;350
20.4.4;4.4. Clay Coatings and Infillings;351
20.4.5;4.5. Siliceous Pedofeatures;353
20.5;6. Conclusions;353
20.6;References;353
21;Chapter 15. Lateritic and Bauxitic Materials;362
21.1;1. Introduction;362
21.1.1;1.1. Historical Background;362
21.1.2;1.2. Definition of Laterite;363
21.1.3;1.3. The Standard Laterite Profile;364
21.2;2. Ferritic Laterites;365
21.2.1;2.1. Soft Laterite or Mottled Clay Zone;365
21.2.2;2.2. Hard Laterite;367
21.2.3;2.3. Gravel-Rich Layer;374
21.3;3. Bauxites and Bauxitic Laterites;375
21.4;4. Conclusions;378
21.5;References;379
22;Chapter 16. Topsoils – Mollic, Takyric and Yermic Horizons;384
22.1;1. Introduction;384
22.2;2. Organo-Mineral Surface Horizons;385
22.2.1;2.1. General Features;385
22.2.2;2.2. Mollic Horizon;386
22.3;3. Surface Horizons in Desert Soils;393
22.3.1;3.1. Takyric Horizons;394
22.3.2;3.2. Yermic Horizons;395
22.4;4. Conclusions;397
22.5;References;397
23;Chapter 17. Soil Organic Matter;402
23.1;1. Introduction;402
23.2;2. Organic Materials;403
23.2.1;2.1. Fresh Materials;403
23.2.2;2.2. Decomposed Materials;404
23.2.3;2.3. Charcoal and Related Materials;409
23.3;3. Soil Organic Matter Horizons and Profiles;410
23.3.1;3.1. Moder;413
23.3.2;3.2. Mull;415
23.3.3;3.3. Anmoor;416
23.3.4;3.4. Mor;416
23.4;4. Peat and Related Materials;416
23.4.1;4.1. Peat;416
23.4.2;4.2. Dy, Gyttja and Sapropel;418
23.5;5. Organic Pedofeatures in Mineral Horizons;419
23.6;6. Organic Sedimentary Features;421
23.7;7. Applications and Conclusions;422
23.8;References;423
24;Chapter 18. Features Related to Faunal Activity;430
24.1;1. Introduction;430
24.1.1;1.1. Soil Fauna and Micromorphology;430
24.1.2;1.2. Diversity of the Impact of Soil Fauna on Soils;432
24.2;2. Faunal Voids;435
24.2.1;2.1. Channels;435
24.2.2;2.2. Chambers;437
24.2.3;2.3. Modified Voids;438
24.3;3. Pedofeatures;439
24.3.1;3.1. Excrements;439
24.3.2;3.2. Coatings;441
24.3.3;3.3. Infillings;442
24.3.4;3.4. Other Pedofeatures;442
24.4;4. Features Related to Faunal Impact on Profile Development;444
24.5;5. Conclusions;446
24.6;Acknowledgments;447
24.7;References;447
25;Chapter 19. Physical and Biological Surface Crusts and Seals;452
25.1;1. Introduction;452
25.2;2. Physical Crusts;455
25.2.1;2.1. Structural Crusts;456
25.2.2;2.2. Sedimentary Crusts;461
25.3;3. Biological Soil Crusts;466
25.4;4. Conclusions;467
25.5;References;468
26;Chapter 20. Salt Minerals in Saline Soils and Salt Crusts;474
26.1;1. Introduction;474
26.2;2. Halite;476
26.3;3. Thenardite and Mirabilite;479
26.4;4. Bloedite;481
26.5;5. Other Highly Soluble Salt Minerals;482
26.5.1;5.1. Chlorides;482
26.5.2;5.2. Sulphates;482
26.5.3;5.3. Sodium Carbonates;484
26.5.4;5.4. Nitrates;485
26.6;6. Bassanite and Anhydrite;485
26.7;7. Poorly Soluble Sulphate Minerals;488
26.7.1;7.1. Celestite;488
26.7.2;7.2. Kalistrontite;489
26.7.3;7.3. Barite;490
26.8;8. Mineral Assemblages;492
26.9;9. Conclusions;493
26.10;References;494
27;Chapter 21. Pedogenic and Biogenic Siliceous Features;504
27.1;1. Introduction;504
27.2;2. Forms of Silica;505
27.2.1;2.1. Quartz and Chalcedony;505
27.2.2;2.2. Cristobalite and Tridymite;507
27.2.3;2.3. Opal;508
27.3;3. Non-Biogenic Silica;511
27.3.1;3.1. Silcretes;513
27.3.2;3.2. Duripans;515
27.3.3;3.3. Fragipans;517
27.4;4. Biogenic Silica;518
27.4.1;4.1. Phytoliths;518
27.4.2;4.2. Other Forms of Biogenic Silica;520
27.5;5. Conclusions;521
27.6;References;521
28;Chapter 22. Authigenic Silicate Minerals – Sepiolite-Palygorskite,Zeolites and Sodium Silicates;530
28.1;1. Introduction;530
28.2;2. Sepiolite and Palygorskite;530
28.2.1;2.1. Thin Section Studies;531
28.2.2;2.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy;534
28.2.3;2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy;535
28.3;3. Zeolites;537
28.3.1;3.1. Thin Section Studies;538
28.3.2;3.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy;541
28.3.3;3.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy;541
28.4;4. Sodium Silicates;542
28.5;5. Conclusions;544
28.6;References;544
29;Chapter 23. Phosphatic Features;554
29.1;1. Introduction;554
29.2;2. Phosphate Occurrences as Groundmass Components;557
29.2.1;2.1. Coarse Fraction;557
29.2.2;2.2. Micromass;559
29.2.3;2.3. Guano Deposits;562
29.3;3. Phosphate Occurrences as Pedofeatures;564
29.4;4. Conclusions;570
29.5;References;570
30;Chapter 24. Sulphidic and Sulphuric Materials;576
30.1;1. Introduction;576
30.2;2. Sulphidic Materials;576
30.2.1;2.1. Pyrite;577
30.2.2;2.2. Sulphides Other than Pyrite;582
30.2.3;2.3. General Fabric of Sulphidic Layers;582
30.3;3. Sulphuric Materials;583
30.3.1;3.1. Jarosite;583
30.3.2;3.2. Iron Oxides;585
30.3.3;3.3. Gypsum;587
30.3.4;3.4. Silica;588
30.3.5;3.5. Other Minerals;588
30.4;4. Sulphide Oxidation Products in Contexts other thanAcid Sulphate Soils;589
30.4.1;4.1. Jarosite;590
30.4.2;4.2. Gypsum;591
30.4.3;4.3. Other Sulphate Minerals;591
30.5;5. Conclusions;592
30.6;References;593
31;Chapter 25. Anthropogenic Features;602
31.1;1. Introduction;602
31.2;2. Microstructure;604
31.2.1;2.1. Agricultural Soils;604
31.2.2;2.2. Technosols;607
31.3;3. Groundmass;608
31.3.1;3.1. Coarse Mineral Components;608
31.3.2;3.2. Micromass;609
31.4;4. Organic Components;610
31.5;5. Pedofeatures;611
31.5.1;5.1. Large-scale Field Practices;611
31.5.2;5.2. Urban Soils;615
31.6;6. Conclusions;615
31.7;References;616
32;Chapter 26. Archaeological Materials;622
32.1;1. Introduction;622
32.2;2. Natural Soils and Sediments Employed in Construction;622
32.2.1;2.1. Turf;623
32.2.2;2.2. Ground-Raising Constructional Materials;625
32.2.3;2.3. Floors, Surfaces and Walls;628
32.2.4;2.4. Organic Floor Coverings;631
32.3;3. Waste Materials;632
32.3.1;3.1. Inorganic Waste Materials;632
32.3.2;3.2. Organic Waste Materials;635
32.4;4. Manufactured Materials;642
32.4.1;4.1. Stone Tools;642
32.4.2;4.2. Plasters and Mortars;643
32.4.3;4.3. Metal Working;644
32.5;5. Conclusions;646
32.6;Acknowledgments;647
32.7;References;647
33;Chapter 27. Palaeosoils and Relict Soils;656
33.1;1. Introduction;656
33.2;2. Methodology;657
33.2.1;2.1. Recognition of Palaeosoils and Relict Soils;657
33.2.2;2.2. Reconstruction of History;660
33.3;3. Common Types of Hierarchies;664
33.3.1;3.1. Textural Features;665
33.3.2;3.2. Ferruginous Features;669
33.3.3;3.3. Calcitic Facies;672
33.4;4. Reworked Materials;674
33.4.1;4.1. In situ Soil Reworking and Mass Transportation;674
33.4.2;4.2. Transport in Suspension;678
33.4.3;4.3. Aeolian Processes;678
33.5;5. Palaeoenvironmental Significance;680
33.6;6. Transitions in Palaeosoil Sequences and Their Significance;682
33.7;7. Reconstruction of The History of Relict Soils;684
33.8;8. Dating Palaeosoil Development;686
33.9;9. Diagenesis;686
33.10;10. Conclusions;687
33.11;References;687
34;Author Index;696
35;Subject Index;740