Stough Neurobiology of Exceptionality

1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-0-306-48649-4
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 220 Seiten

Reihe: The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality

Nurture or nature? Biology or environment? Why are some people intelligent, or personable, or creative and others obtuse, or shy, or unimaginative? Although each human being is a unique mixture of positive and negative traits and behaviors, the question remains: What is the neurobiological basis for each individual's makeup? For example, why does one person suffer from a disorder (e.g., ADHD, autism, mental retardation) and another lives free of maladies? These are just some of the issues addressed in detail in Neurobiology of Exceptionality. The introductory chapter provides a broad-based overview of current neurobiological techniques (i.e., terms, procedures, and technologies), which are followed by chapters that offer in-depth examination of the neurobiological bases for:      •  Impulsive sensation seeking
     •  Creativity
     •  Intelligence
     •  Antisociality
     •  Autism, mental retardation, and Down Syndrome
     •  ADHD
     •  Savant Syndrome This volume provides a one-stop source for clinical psychologists and other allied mental health professionals to access information on a wide range of research on the neurobiology of psychological and psychiatric traits. It is designed to give readers an overview of the current knowledge base of the biological processes for each trait. It is unlikely that any one book could cover all human traits, but the Neurobiology of Exceptionality addresses a wide range of exceptional psychological traits and psychiatric disorders.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stough, Con

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;8
3;AN OVERVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGICAL METHODS;10
3.1;Neurobiological Techniques;11
3.1.1;INTRODUCTION;11
3.1.2;TECHNIQUES THAT ASSESS BRAIN STRUCTURE;12
3.1.3;TECHNIQUES THAT ASSESS BRAIN FUNCTION Direct Measures of Neuronal Output;17
3.1.4;EPILOGUE;31
3.1.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;32
3.1.6;NOTES;33
3.1.7;REFERENCES;33
4;NEUROBIOLOGY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS;37
4.1;The Neurobiology of Impulsive Sensation Seeking;38
4.1.1;TRAIT DEFINITION;38
4.1.2;PSYCHOBIOLOGY;39
4.1.3;GENETICS OF SENSATION SEEKING;40
4.1.4;PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY;44
4.1.5;BIOCHEMISTRY;48
4.1.6;NEUROLOGY;53
4.1.7;CONCLUSIONS;54
4.1.8;REFERENCES;55
4.2;Neurobiology of Creativity;60
4.2.1;THE MEASUREMENT OF CREATIVE COGNITION;60
4.2.2;CREATIVITY AND DISINHIBITION;62
4.2.3;CREATIVITY AND EEG FREQUENCY;63
4.2.4;CREATIVITY AND EEG COHERENCE;64
4.2.5;CREATIVITY AND EEG COMPLEXITY;66
4.2.6;CREATIVITY AND THE P300 EVOKED POTENTIAL;67
4.2.7;BRAIN IMAGING AND VERBAL FLUENCY;68
4.2.8;FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA AND ENHANCED CREATIVITY;70
4.2.9;HEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY IN CREATIVITY;71
4.2.10;A POLYMETHODOLOGICAL STUDY OF CREATIVITY;73
4.2.11;OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE;75
4.2.12;CONCLUSIONS;76
4.2.13;REFERENCES;77
4.3;Neurobiology of Intelligence;80
4.3.1;SPONTANEOUS EEG AND INTELLIGENCE;82
4.3.2;EEG AMPLITUDE AND INTELLIGENCE;83
4.3.3;ALPHA INDEX AND INTELLIGENCE;83
4.3.4;EEG FREQUENCIES AND INTELLIGENCE;84
4.3.5;EEG POWER AND INTELLIGENCE;88
4.3.6;EEG COHERENCE AND INTELLIGENCE;93
4.3.7;SUMMARY OF STUDIES FINDINGS;95
4.3.8;EVOKED POTENTIALS AND INTELLIGENCE;96
4.3.9;EVOKED POTENTIALS AND INTELLIGENCE;96
4.3.10;STEADY-STATE VISUALLY EVOKED POTENTIALS AND INTELLIGENCE;100
4.3.11;METABOLIC IMAGING AND INTELLIGENCE;103
4.3.12;TOPOGRAPHICAL CHANGES;105
4.3.13;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;106
4.3.14;REFERENCES;108
5;NEUROBIOLOGY OF ABNORMAL TRAITS;111
5.1;Neurobiology of Antisociality;112
5.1.1;PSYCHOBIOLOGY OF IMPULSIVITY;113
5.1.2;NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES;114
5.1.3;NEUROTRANSMITTER FUNCTION;116
5.1.4;THE MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINERGIC REWARD CIRCUITRY;117
5.1.5;NOVELTY-SEEKING;118
5.1.6;CENTRALITY OF IMPULSIVITY IN ANTISOCIALITY;119
5.1.7;ATTITUDINAL ASPECTS OF ANTISOCIALITY;119
5.1.8;MORAL ASPECTS OF ANTISOCIALITY;122
5.1.9;SUMMARY;123
5.1.10;GENES AND ENVIRONMENT: THE QUESTION OF ETIOLOGY;123
5.1.11;REFERENCES;124
5.2;Neurobiology of Autism, Mental Retardation, and Down Syndrome;130
5.2.1;WHAT MAKES THE BRAIN INTELLIGENT?;130
5.2.2;What are Possible Causes to the Low IQ of Mental Retardation?;137
5.2.3;REFERENCES;143
5.3;Neurobiology of ADHD;148
5.3.1;INTRODUCTION;148
5.3.2;NEUROCHEMISTRY;150
5.3.3;MOLECULAR GENETICS;154
5.3.4;NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Studies of Attention;156
5.3.5;BRAIN IMAGING RESEARCH;161
5.3.6;CONCLUSIONS;184
5.3.7;REFERENCES;187
5.4;Neurobiology of Savant Syndrome;203
5.4.1;OVERVIEW;203
5.4.2;SAVANT SYNDROME;204
5.4.3;EARLY INTEREST AND RECENT RESEARCH;204
5.4.4;REPRESENTATION OF ABILITIES;208
5.4.5;POSSIBLE NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR SAVANT SYNDROME;209
5.4.6;HEMISPHERIC LOCALISATION OF DAMAGE IN SAVANTS;209
5.4.7;DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO LEFT HEMISPHERE DYSFUNCTION;210
5.4.8;DAMAGE TO LEFT HEMISPHERE LATER IN LIFE;211
5.4.9;ATTENTION AND MEMORY;212
5.4.10;DO SAVANT ABILITIES RESIDE IN ALL OF US?;215
5.4.11;REFERENCES;216
6;Index;220