Stuart Environmental Impact Assessment

Proceedings of a Seminar of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Villach, Austria, September 1979
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-5351-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 372 Seiten, Web PDF

Environmental Impact Assessment presents the proceedings of the Seminar on Environmental Impact Assessment that took place in Villach, Austria in September 1979. The rapid pace in technological and economic development led to detrimental effects on the environment. In this regard, it is imperative that policies are formulated in order to avert future environmental damage. The forum seeks to develop methods, procedures, techniques, and policies on Environmental Impact Assessment, a concept whose time has come. The seminar is attended by an array of international experts, leaders, agencies, and organizations to discuss various issues on Environmental Impact Assessment. The seminar begins with a paper on the main procedural and institutional questions related to environmental impact assessment, which intends to be the jumping board for further discussions on the matter. Papers on the qualitative and quantitative methods of environmental analysis; integration of environmental considerations into the planning and decision-making process; public information and participation; problems with the international aspects of environmental impact assessment; and case studies are presented. In the end, the participants adopted a set of conclusions and recommendations, which are reproduced in full. Environmentalists, ecologists, policymakers, government and private planners, political leaders, scientists, and concerned people will find this book invaluable.

Dr. Sam Stuart is a physiotherapist and a research Fellow within the Balance Disorders Laboratory, OHSU. His work focuses on vision, cognition and gait in neurological disorders, examining how technology-based interventions influence these factors. He has published extensively in world leading clinical and engineering journals focusing on a broad range of activities such as real-world data analytics, algorithm development for wearable technology and provided expert opinion on technology for concussion assessment for robust player management. He is currently a guest editor for special issues (sports medicine and transcranial direct current stimulation for motor rehabilitation) within Physiological Measurement and Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, respectively.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stuart, Sam

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Environmental Impact Assessment;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Introduction;10
6;Conclusions and Recommendations;20
7;Address on Behalf of the Government of Austria;28
8;Introductory Statement by the Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Europe;30
9;Chapter 1. Environmental Impact Assessment: Procedural and Institutional Questions;38
9.1;I. BACKGROUND;38
9.2;II. PROCEDURAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT;39
9.3;III. SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS;62
9.4;References;64
10;PART I: Methodologies for Environmental Analysis;66
10.1;Chapter 2. Environment Impact Assessment Methodologies in Canada;68
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;68
10.1.2;THE EVOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN CANADA;68
10.1.3;CANADIAN EXPERIENCE WITH ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT;69
10.1.4;COMMON TRENDS AND EMERGING ISSUES;70
10.1.5;SELECTED ISSUE AREAS AFFECTING METHODOLOGY;71
10.1.6;METHODOLOGY IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE POLICIES;73
10.1.7;CONCLUSION;74
10.2;Chapter 3. Methodology for Environmental Impact Assessment Based on Case Studies in The Netherlands;76
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;76
10.2.2;WHAT IS MEANT BY A METHODOLOGY?;76
10.2.3;IS THERE ONE BEST METHODOLOGY?;77
10.2.4;EXPERIENCES FROM THE TRIAL RUNS;77
10.2.5;EXPERIENCES PROM THE COMPLEMENTARY RESEARCH;78
10.2.6;RECOMMENDED METHODOLOGY IN THE NETHERLANDS;79
10.2.7;REFERENCES;82
10.3;Chapter 4. Costs of Environmental Impact Statements and the Benefits They Yield in Improvements to Projects and Opportunities for Public Involvement;90
10.3.1;HISTORICAL DEBATE CONCERNING VALUE OF EISs;90
10.3.2;PRESSURE OF LIMITED RESOURCES ON ALL PROGRAMMES;91
10.3.3;ANALYSING NEPA PROGRAMMES;91
10.3.4;EPA EIS PROGRAMMES;92
10.3.5;METHODOLOGY OF THE ANALYSIS;93
10.3.6;PROJECT CHANGES MADE AND ENVIRONMENTAL AMENITIES PROTECTED;96
10.3.7;PUBLIC PARTICIPATION;96
10.3.8;COSTS;96
10.3.9;CONCLUSIONS;97
10.3.10;OTHER RESEARCH EFFORTS;98
10.4;Chapter 5. "Desegregating" NEPA: A Stronger Role for Alternatives in Environmental Impact Assessment;102
10.4.1;CONCLUSION;108
10.4.2;REFERENCES;109
10.5;Chapter 6. Methodology and Comprehensive Monitoring Programme for Environmental Pollution;114
10.5.1;REFERENCES;122
10.6;Chapter 7. A Methodology Used in Spain for Assessing Air Quality Impact;124
10.6.1;PRESENTATION OF THE CASE STUDY;124
10.6.2;SUMMARY OF THE TECHNICAL AIR QUALITY IMPACT STUDY;125
10.6.3;ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS OF EIA;128
10.7;Chapter 8. Methods of Environmental Impact Analysis in the United Kingdom: Current Practice and Future Prospects;130
10.7.1;INTRODUCTION;130
10.7.2;RECENT AND CURRENT PRACTICE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM;131
10.7.3;REFERENCES;137
10.8;Chapter 9. A QUANTITATIVE METHOD FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EXTERNAL EFFECTS;144
10.8.1;CONCLUSION;152
10.8.2;References;152
10.9;Chapter 10. Economic and Non-economic Assessment of Environmental Impact on a Region;158
10.10;Chapter 11. System of Planning for the Study of Interaction Between Economy and Nature;160
10.10.1;REFERENCES;165
10.11;Chapter 12. Indicators for Environmental Impact Assessment;166
11;PART II: Integration of Environmental Considerations into the Planningand Decision-making Process;170
11.1;Chapter 13. Assessment of the Use of the Water Resources of the Byelorussian SSR in Planning and Decision-making;172
11.2;Chapter 14. Experience of Environmental Impact Assessment in the Planning System of the German Democratic Republic;174
11.2.1;CONCLUSIONS;178
11.3;Chapter 15. Environmental Impact Assessment in the Netherlands' Physical Planning Process;180
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION;180
11.3.2;CONCLUSION;188
11.3.3;REFERENCES;190
11.4;Chapter 16. Integration of Environmental Impact Assessment into the Planning and Decision-Making Process;192
11.4.1;INTRODUCTION;192
11.4.2;ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN EXISTING PLANNING AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES;192
11.4.3;EXPERIMENTS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT;194
11.4.4;IS PROCEDURAL INTEGRATION DESIRABLE?;195
11.4.5;INTEGRATION PROBLEMS;196
11.4.6;REFERENCES;199
11.5;Chapter 17. The Integration of Environmental Impact Appraisal into the United Kingdom Planning System;200
11.5.1;INTRODUCTION;200
11.5.2;THE PRESENT SYSTEM;200
11.5.3;ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT APPRAISAL;201
11.5.4;SUMMARY;202
11.5.5;REFERENCES;203
11.6;Chapter 18. Basic Principles and Methods of Environmental Protection Planning in the USSR;204
11.7;Chapter 19. The Choice of Main Directions and the Development of Special-purpose Programmes for Activities to Solving the Important Scientific and Technical Problems of the Environment;206
11.8;Chapter 20. Ecological Models in the Land-use Policy-Making Process;212
11.8.1;APPENDIX I;215
11.8.2;APPENDIX II;216
11.9;Chapter 21. Models for Impact Assessment for Important Public Works: Case Study of a Linear Infrastructure 2 X 400 kV High-tension Electric Power Line from Chinon to Distre;220
11.10;Chapter 22. Les Methodes d'Etudes d'Impact pour les Grands Ouvrages: Etude de Cas d'une Infrastructure Lineaire la Eigne de Transport d'Energie Electrique a Haute Tension 2 X 400 k V Chinon-Distre;222
11.10.1;La ligne de transport d'énergie electrique à haute tension Chinon-Distre;223
11.10.2;Les caractéristiques essentielles du projet;223
11.10.3;Le régime administratif;223
11.10.4;La réalisation de l'état initial de l'environnement;223
11.10.5;Les contraintes d'environnement;224
11.10.6;La réalisation du choix du tracé parmi les partis envisagés;224
11.10.7;L'évaluation des impacts de l'ouvrage sur l' environnement;226
11.10.8;Les mesures permettant de réduire les impacts;226
11.10.9;Organisation de la publicity de I'étude d'impact;227
11.10.10;Bilan et insuffisances de I'étude d'impact de la ligne Chinon-Distre;227
11.10.11;Les insuffisances;227
11.10.12;Les enseignements tirés de cette expérience par les services centraux des ministéreset de l'EDF;227
11.10.13;La recherche sur l'évaluation des impacts;228
11.10.14;L'amélioration de l' information du public;229
11.11;Chapter 23. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Basedon the Example of Federal Highway Planning;232
11.11.1;AREA OF APPLICATION OF EIA;232
11.11.2;CONTENTS OF EIA;232
11.11.3;SCOPE AND LIMITS OF EIA;233
11.11.4;PLANNING DEVICES OF THE FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY WHICH WOULD MAKE EIA OPERATIONAL;234
11.11.5;POSSIBLE EIA PROCEDURE FOR FEDERAL HIGHWAY PLANNING;235
11.12;Chapter 24. Complex Development Programme for the Balaton Region;242
11.13;Chapter 25. Development of Impact Studies on Infra-structures for Authorities and Railways in Switzerland: Procedures, Institutions, Methods and Planning;248
11.13.1;I. POINT OF DEPARTURE;248
11.13.2;II. NATIONAL HIGHWAYS;250
11.13.3;III. RAILWAYS;255
11.13.4;IV. CONCLUSIONS;256
11.14;Chapter 26. Environmental Aspects of the Installation of a Pulp Mill;262
11.14.1;INTRODUCTION;262
11.14.2;THE PULP MILL;262
11.14.3;ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF LOCATION FOR THE PULP MILL;264
11.14.4;ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ON THE IMPACT FROM THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE PULP MILL;265
11.14.5;INTEGRATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT INTO THE PLANNING AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESS;270
11.15;Chapter 27. The Search for Optimum Coastal Locations for Oil Refineries;274
11.15.1;INTRODUCTION;274
11.15.2;BACKGROUND;274
11.15.3;THE GROWTH IN THE DEMAND FOR ENERGY;279
11.15.4;THE SEARCH FOR AN OPTIMAL COASTAL LOCATION;280
11.15.5;ASSESSMENT FACTORS A - OPERATIONAL;282
11.15.6;REFERENCES;286
11.16;Chapter 28. Industry in Bamble Municipality, County of Telemark (South-Norway);290
11.16.1;INTRODUCTION: THE PROJECT, AND ITS BACKGROUND;290
11.16.2;SUMMARY OF CURRENT NORWEGIAN LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS RELATING TO ROUTINE PROCEDURES CONNECTED WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW INDUSTRY;291
11.16.3;THE BAMBLE PROJECT;292
11.16.4;MAIN FEATURES OF THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES;293
11.16.5;WHAT MAT BE LEARNED FROM THE ADMINISTRATIVE HANDLING OF THE BAM BLECASE;298
11.16.6;NEW LEGISLATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS;298
11.17;Chapter 29. Environmental Appraisal for Future Petro-chemical Developments at National and Regional Levels in Scotland;300
11.17.1;PRODUCTION;300
11.17.2;BACKGROUND TO THE NATIONAL PLANNING GUIDELINES;301
11.17.3;ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT;303
11.17.4;FORWARD PLANNING FOR PETROCHEMICAL DEVELOPMENTS;305
11.17.5;REFERENCES;310
12;PART III: Public Information and Participation;314
12.1;Chapter 30. Public Participation in the Canadian Environmental Assessment and Review Process;316
12.1.1;INTRODUCTION;316
12.1.2;THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND REVIEW PROCESS AND THE PUBLIC;316
12.1.3;CASE STUDIES;318
12.1.4;EXPERIENCES GAINED FROM THE CASE STUDIES;324
12.2;Chapter 31. Public Information and Participation in The Netherlands;328
12.2.1;INTRODUCTION;328
12.2.2;EDUCATION AND INFORMATION;328
12.2.3;PROVISIONS IN THE NATURE CONSERVANCY ACT RELATING TO PUBLIC INFORMATION AND PARTICIPATION;331
12.2.4;PUBLIC INFORMATION AND PARTICIPATION IN LAWS NOT DIRECTLY RELATING TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION;332
12.2.5;PUBLIC INFORMATION AND PARTICIPATION IN PROCEDURES NOT LAID DOWN BY LAW;332
12.2.6;PROCEDURE FOR CRUCIAL DECISIONS ON PHYSICAL PLANNING;332
12.2.7;PROCEDURE OF THE COUNCIL OF THE PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT;335
12.2.8;EXPERIENCE OF PUBLIC INFORMATION AND PARTICIPATION IN TRIAL RUNS ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) IN THE NETHERLANDS;336
12.2.9;THE ROLE OP PRIVATE ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS;338
12.2.10;REFERENCES;339
12.3;Chapter 32. Public Participation in Conservation and Sustainable Development of Nature Resources;340
13;PART IV: Environmental Impact Assessment as an Instrument for Handling Transboundary Problems;344
13.1;Chapter 33. Principles of International Law Concerning Information and Consultation in Regard to Questions of Transnational Pollution;346
13.1.1;The need for international rules on information and consultation;346
13.1.2;General observations on the obligation to respect the environment of other States, and to take account of possible damage to such environment before permitting an activity or undertaking an activity on behalf of the State;346
13.1.3;Special considerations concerning areas which lie beyond the limits of Statesovereignty (high seas, etc.);347
13.1.4;Some examples of Treaty Law;354
13.1.5;Conclusions;354
13.2;Chapter 34. Shaping Environmental Assessment for Use in International Activities;356
13.2.1;USING ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS INTERNATIONALLY;356
13.2.2;DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL SITUATIONS;356
13.2.3;ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE PLANNING;357
13.2.4;ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES IDENTIFY TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS;358
13.2.5;PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDER ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT;359
13.2.6;ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AS AN AID IN TRANSBOUNDARY PROBLEMS;361
13.2.7;REFERENCES;362
13.3;Chapter 35. Methodology of Investigations of Long-Range Transport of Sulphur Compounds;364
13.3.1;REFERENCES;370