Stuart The Gas Situation in the ECE Region Around the Year 1990

Proceedings of an International Symposium of the Committee on Gas of the Economic Commission for Europe, Held in Evian, France, at the Invitation of the Government of France, 2-5 October 1978
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-5212-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 392 Seiten, Web PDF

The Gas Situation in the ECE Region Around the Year 1990 contains the proceedings of an international symposium of the Committee on Gas of the Economic Commission for Europe, held in Evian, France, at the invitation of the Government of France, on October 2-5, 1978. The symposium provided a forum for evaluating the future of gas in the energy requirements of Europe and North America - the region encompassed by the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), with emphasis on natural gas markets, consumption, and imports and exports. Comprised of 34 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the production of natural gas and other gases that exist within the ECE region or can be imported, followed by a discussion on possible sources of natural gas for France and the ECE area in 1990. Subsequent chapters focus on energy from liquefied natural gas; chances for alternative fuels in the gas industry; gas supplies in the United States; and high depth underground coal gasification as a potential energy source for the future. The economic aspects of gas gathering in the North Sea and gas consumption in Czechoslovakia up to 1990 are also examined, along with the use of natural gas for the production of olefins in Western Europe. This monograph will be of interest to economists and energy policymakers.

Dr. Sam Stuart is a physiotherapist and a research Fellow within the Balance Disorders Laboratory, OHSU. His work focuses on vision, cognition and gait in neurological disorders, examining how technology-based interventions influence these factors. He has published extensively in world leading clinical and engineering journals focusing on a broad range of activities such as real-world data analytics, algorithm development for wearable technology and provided expert opinion on technology for concussion assessment for robust player management. He is currently a guest editor for special issues (sports medicine and transcranial direct current stimulation for motor rehabilitation) within Physiological Measurement and Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, respectively.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stuart, Sam

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Gas Situation in the ECE Region Around the Year 1990;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Introduction;10
6;Conclusions and Recommendations;12
6.1;PRODUCTION OF NATURAL GAS AND OTHER GASES;12
6.2;CONSUMPTION;14
6.3;IMPORTS AND EXPORTS;14
6.4;GENERAL CONaUSIONS;15
6.5;RECOMMENDATIONS;16
7;List of Contributors;18
8;Part I: Production of Natural Gas and Other Gases;20
8.1;Chapter 1. .. Production of Natural Gas and Other Gases;22
8.1.1;REVIEW OF REPORTS;22
8.1.2;RESOURCES;25
8.1.3;RHYTHMS OF PRODUCTION AND REPLACEMENT OF RESERVES;29
8.1.4;NEW SOURCES AND OTHER GASES;34
8.1.5;CONCLUSION;36
8.2;Chapter 2. Complements au Rapport General sur leThéme A;38
8.3;Chapter 2. Possible Sources of Natural Gas for France and the ECE Area in 1990;48
8.3.1;INTRODUCTION;48
8.3.2;PROVEN AND ULTIMATE RESERVES OF NATURAL GAS;49
8.3.3;THE NATURAL-GAS SITUATION IN 1990;53
8.3.4;THE CONDITIONS OF EXPLOITATION OF GAS RESERVES;54
8.3.5;OUTLOOK FOR 1990 IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES;60
8.3.6;NATURAL GAS IN FRANCE;61
8.3.7;THE FUTURE OF NATURAL GAS IN THE ECE AREA;61
8.3.8;BIBLIOGRAPHY;62
8.4;Chapter 4. More Energy from LNG;64
8.4.1;INTRODUCTION;64
8.4.2;LNG MARKET;64
8.4.3;MORE ENERGY FROM LNG;65
8.4.4;TYPES OF REGASIFICATION UNITS;65
8.4.5;PROCESS ECONOMICS;69
8.5;Chapter 5. Chances for Alternative Fuels in theGas Industry;76
8.5.1;INTRODUCTION;76
8.5.2;THE ITALIAN CASE;76
8.5.3;THE NEW SOURCES OF ENERGY;79
8.5.4;RESULTS;82
8.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;84
8.6;Chapter 6. The Use of Gas in the Netherlands after theYear 2000;88
8.6.1;INTRODUCTION;88
8.6.2;DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ENERGY-SUPPLY SYSTEM;88
8.6.3;THE GAS RESERVES IN THE NETHERLANDS AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY;93
8.6.4;THE ALLOTMENT OF GAS AFTER THE YEAR 2000;93
8.6.5;CONSERVATION MEASURES;94
8.6.6;BUYING NATURAL GAS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO BUYING COAL;95
8.6.7;CONCLUSIONS;96
8.6.8;REFERENCES;96
8.7;Chapter 7. United States' Gas Supplies: An Overview;98
8.7.1;INTRODUCTION;98
8.7.2;THE NATIONAL ENERGY PLAN;99
8.7.3;UNCONVENTIONAL GAS;100
8.7.4;ALASKAN GAS;101
8.7.5;HIGH BTU COAL GAS;101
8.7.6;CANADIAN AND MEXICAN IMPORTS;102
8.7.7;LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG);102
8.7.8;CONCLUSIONS;104
8.8;Chapter 8. The Place of Liquefied Petroleum Gases in the Energy Situation Around 1990;106
8.8.1;DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENERGY SITUATION TO 1990;107
8.8.2;LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES;110
8.8.3;THE PLACE OF LPG IN THE 1980s;114
8.8.4;CONCLUSIONS;116
8.9;Chapter 9. The American Point of View on theFuture of the Gas Industry;118
8.9.1;UNITED STATES ENERGY DEMAND;118
8.9.2;ENERGY SUPPLY;119
8.9.3;ARGUMENTS FOR LNG;120
8.9.4;THE WORLD OUTLOOK;121
8.9.5;UNITED STATES LNG PLANS;121
8.9.6;MARITIME CONSIDERATIONS;122
8.9.7;CONCLUSION;122
8.10;Chapter 10. High Depth Underground Coal Gasification: Potential Energy Source for the Future;124
8.10.1;INTRODUCTION;124
8.10.2;UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION;126
8.10.3;CONCLUSION;139
8.10.4;BIBLIOGRAPHY;139
8.11;Chapter 11. Economic Aspects of Gas Gathering in the North Sea;140
8.11.1;INTRODUCTION;140
8.11.2;PART I . BACKGROUND TO THE ECONOMIC APPRAISAL;141
8.11.3;PART II . THE GGP SELECTION MODELS;145
8.11.4;REFERENCE;150
8.11.5;ADDENDUM;151
8.11.6;Conolusions;153
8.11.7;RECOMMENDATIONS;155
8.12;Chapter 12. Prospects for the Gas Industry in Great Britain from 1990 to 2000;158
8.12.1;INTRODUCTION;158
8.12.2;UK CONTINENTAL SHELF GAS RESERVES;159
8.12.3;FUTURE GAS SUPPLIES;160
8.12.4;DEMAND FOR GAS AND MARKETING STRATEGY;162
8.12.5;CONCLUSION;164
9;Part II: Consumption;166
9.1;Chapter 13. .. Consumption;168
9.1.1;The contribution of natural gas to energy-saving in industry;168
9.1.2;Natural-gas savings in the household and tertiojnj sector in France;169
9.1.3;Predicted Consequences of Measures on Gas Conservation and Efficien tUtilization in Various Industries;171
9.1.4;Sectoral Approach to the Development of Gas Consumption in France up to 1990;171
9.1.5;The Place of Gas in France 's Energy Supplies;173
9.1.6;Trends in the Development of Gas Consumption in Czechoslovakia up to 1990;174
9.1.7;Natural Gas and LPG Utilization in the 1990s in Hungary;175
9.1.8;Use of Natural Gas for Olefin Production in Western Europe;176
9.2;Chapter 14. The Contribution of Natural Gas to Energy-saving in Industry;182
9.2.1;SUMMARY;182
9.3;Chapter 15. La Contribution du Gaz Naturel aux Economies d'Energie dans l'Industrie;184
9.3.1;RESUME;184
9.3.2;ACTION DES POUVOIRS PUBLICS EN MATIERE D'ECONOMIES D'ÉNERGIE DANS L'INDUSTRIE;185
9.3.3;EVOLUTION PASSEE ET PREVISIBLE A MOYEN TERME DE L'UTILISATION DU GAZ DANS LES PRINCIPAUX SECTEURS INDUSTRIELS;186
9.3.4;ACTIONS CONDUITES EN MATIERE D'ECONOMIES D'ÉNERGIE;189
9.3.5;CONCLUSION;198
9.4;Chapter 16. Sectoral Approach to the Development of Gas Consumption in France up to 1990;200
9.4.1;GAS SALES ON THE RESIDENTIAL MARKET;200
9.4.2;GAS SALES ON THE COMMERCIAL MARKET;202
9.4.3;GAS SALES IN ... INDUSTRIAL MARKET;204
9.4.4;GAS SALES TO POWER STATIONS;206
9.4.5;GAS SALES IN THE FORECASTED ENERGY BALANCE TO 1990;207
9.4.6;CONTROLLING THE DEMAND, MATCHING DEMAND AND SUPPLY;208
9.4.7;CONCLUSION: FUTURE TRENDS IN ENERGY IN 1990;209
9.5;Chapter 17. Natural Gas Savings in the Household and Tertiary Sector in France;212
9.5.1;SUMMARY;212
9.6;Chapter 18. Les Economies de Gaz Naturel dans le Secteur Residentiel et Tertiaire en France;214
9.6.1;INFORMATION DES USAGERS;215
9.6.2;TECHNIQUES EPROUVEES ECONOMES EN ENERGIE;215
9.6.3;TECHNIQUES NOUVELLES ECONOMISANT L'ENERGIE;216
9.6.4;MISE EN OEUVRE DES ENERGIES NOUVELLES;221
9.6.5;CONCLUSION;224
9.6.6;DESCRIPTION ET ETAT DE DIFFUSION DE DOCUMENTS DANS LESQUELS FIGURENT DES CONSEILS DE BONNE UTILISATION DE L'ENERGIE;224
9.7;Chapter 19. The Place of Gas in the Energy Supplies of France;230
9.7.1;SUMMARY;230
9.8;Chapter 20. La Place du Gaz dans l'Approvisionnement energetique de la France;232
9.8.1;LE GAZ AVANT 1973;232
9.8.2;LA CRISE DE 1973/74 ET LES ORIENTATIONS A HORIZON 1985;233
9.8.3;LES PERSPECTIVES 1990-2000;236
9.9;Chapter 21. Trends in the Development of Gas Consumption in Czechoslovakia up to 1990;240
9.9.1;SUMMARY;240
9.9.2;SOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE ESTIMATE;241
9.9.3;ESTIMATE OF GAS CONSUMPTION AND ITS USE IN INDIVIDUAL SECTORS;242
9.9.4;SEASONAL COURSE OF CONSUMPTION;245
9.9.5;TECHNICAL MEANS TO MEET THE CONSUMPTION PEAKS;245
9.9.6;METHODS OF INFLUENCING GAS CONSUMPTION;248
9.9.7;RESUME;248
9.10;Chapter 22. Natural Gas and LPG Utilization in the 1990s in Hungary;250
9.10.1;NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION AFTER 1975;251
9.10.2;EXPENSES AND PRICE RATIOS OF ENERGY SOURCES AND THEIR EFFECT;254
9.10.3;LIQUID PETROLEUM GASES (LPG);256
9.11;Chapter 23. Expected Consequences of Measures of Gas Conservation and Efficient Utilization in Various Industries;260
9.11.1;REFERENCES;263
9.12;Chapter 24. Use of Natural Gas for Olefin Productionin Western Europe;264
9.12.1;SUMMARY;264
9.13;Chaptet 25. Utilisation du Gaz Naturel pour la Production d'Olefines en Europe de l'Ouest;266
9.13.1;GENERALITES;266
9.13.2;PRODUCTION DOLEFINES;266
9.13.3;INCIDENCE DU TRAITEMENT DES CHARGES LEGERES SUR LA PRODUCTION;267
9.13.4;EMPLOI DES CHARGES LEGERES DANS LES INSTALLATIONS EXISTANTES;268
9.13.5;EMPLOI DES CHARGES LEGERES DANS DES INSTALLATIONS NEUVES;270
9.13.6;CONCLUSION;270
9.14;Chapter 26. Heating and Air Conditioning using Solar Energy with an Auxiliary Gas-fired System for the Sophia Antipolis Experimental House;276
9.14.1;SUMMARY;276
9.15;Chapter 27. Chauffage et Climatisation ä l'Energie Solaire avec Appoint Gaz pour la Maison Experimentale CLISOTOS* ä Sophia Antipolis (Nice);278
9.15.1;DESCRIPTION DE LA MAISON PILOTE CLISOTOS;279
9.15.2;CLIMATISATION ET CHAUFFAGE;279
9.15.3;PRODUCTION DE CHALEUR;282
9.15.4;CAPTEURS SOLAIRES;286
9.15.5;CHAUDIÉRE Ä GAZ;286
9.15.6;PRODUCTION DE FROID;288
9.15.7;BOUCLES D'ESSAIS ET SIMULATION DES DIFFÉRENTS PHÉNOMÉNES;288
9.15.8;REGULATION ET GESTION DE L'ÉNERGIE;291
9.15.9;PROGRAMME DES ESSAIS;297
9.15.10;ALIMENTATION EN ENERGIE ÉLECTRIQUE ET APPROCHE ÉCONOMIQUE;297
9.15.11;FUTUR DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L'INSTALLATION AVEC UTILISATION D'UN CYCLE A POMPE DE CHALEUR THERMIQUÉ;298
10;Part III: Imports and Exports;310
10.1;Chapter 28. Imports and Exports;312
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;312
10.1.2;INDIVIDUAL PAPERS;312
10.1.3;POINTS FOR DISCUSSION;313
10.2;Chapter 29. The Gas Industry in Algeria: Sonatrach Challenge for Investments and Financing;326
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;326
10.2.2;OBJECTIVES OF THE VALHYD PROGRAMME;326
10.2.3;PROGRAMMED ACTIONS;327
10.2.4;GAS AND LIQUID HYDROCARBON RESERVES AND THE PLANNED PRODUCTION POTENTIAL;327
10.2.5;INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS;329
10.2.6;TOTAL GAS AND OIL FOREIGN DRAWINGS AND PAYMENTS;329
10.2.7;FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS 1976-2005;331
10.2.8;CONCLUSIONS;334
10.3;Chapter 30. Algerian Gas in the European Economic Community and the Rest of Europe: An Optimization Study in Economic and Marketing Diversification;338
10.3.1;ABSTRACT;338
11;Part IV: Other Reports;340
11.1;Chapter 31. Overall Economic Perspective for the ECE Region Up to 1990 A Summary;342
11.2;Chapter 32. Natural Gas Reserves and Resources in Europe (General Review);346
11.2.1;SUMMARY;346
11.2.2;INTRODUCTION;346
11.2.3;NATURAL GAS RESERVES;347
11.2.4;NATURAL GAS RESOURCES;351
11.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;357
11.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;357
11.2.7;REFERENCES;359
11.3;Chapter 33. Investments in the Gas Industry and the Possibilities to Finance them within the ECE Area;362
11.3.1;THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GAS MARKET;362
11.3.2;DEVELOPMENT TENDENCIES OF THE CAPITAL MARKET TILL 1990;366
11.3.3;THE PROBABLE DEVELOPMENT OF INVESTMENTS TILL 1990;367
11.3.4;FINANCING POSSIBILITIES;369
11.3.5;STABILITY OF MONEY AND COMPETITIVE PRICE POLICY AS DECISIVE FACTORS OF FUTURE POSSIBILITIES OF FINANCING;372
11.4;Chapter 34. The French Gas Industry;384
11.4.1;GAS IN FRANCE;384
11.4.2;ORGANIZATION OF THE FRENCH GAS INDUSTRY;385
11.4.3;GAS RESOURCES IN FRANCE;391