Suh / Cho The On-line Electric Vehicle

Wireless Electric Ground Transportation Systems
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-3-319-51183-2
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 408 Seiten

This book details the design and technology of the on-line electric vehicle (OLEV) system and its enabling wireless power-transfer technology, the 'shaped magnetic field in resonance' (SMFIR). The text shows how OLEV systems can achieve their three linked important goals:reduction of CO2 produced by ground transportation;improved energy efficiency of ground transportation; andcontribution to the amelioration or prevention of climate change and global warming. SMFIR provides power to the OLEV by wireless transmission from underground cables using an alternating magnetic field and the reader learns how this is done. This cable network will in future be part of any local smart grid for energy supply and use thereby exploiting local and renewable energy generation to further its aims. In addition to the technical details involved with design and realization of a fleet of vehicles combined with extensive subsurface charging infrastructure, practical issues such as those involved with pedestrian safety are considered. Furthermore, the benefits of reductions in harmful emissions without recourse to large banks of batteries are made apparent. Importantly, the use of Professor Suh's axiomatic design paradigm enables such a complicated transportation system to be developed at reasonable cost and delivered on time. The book covers both the detailed design and the relevant systems-engineering knowledge and draws on experience gained in the successful implementation of OLEV systems in four Korean cities. The introduction to axiomatic design and the in-depth discussion of system and technology development provided by The On-line Electric Vehicle is instructive to graduate students in electrical, mechanical and transportation engineering and will help engineers and designers to master the efficient, timely and to-cost implementation of large-scale networked systems. Managers responsible for the running of large transportation infrastructure projects and concerned with technology management more generally will also find much to interest them in this book.

Nam P. Suh is the author of seven books (by Oxford University Press, McGraw Hill, Prentice Hall) and about 300 papers. He also received about 100 patents. He is the recipient of many awards from scholarly and professional organizations, including the ASME Medal, the General Pierre Nicolau Award, Ho-Am Prize, the Hills Millennium Award, the Mensforth International Gold Medal, and many others. He received nine honorary degrees (CMU, KTH, The Technion, UMass, WPI, UQ of Australia, NLisboa, Babes-Bolyai University, Bilkent University, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. MIT established the Nam Pyo Suh Professorship in Mechanical Engineering at MIT with the major gift donated by Mr. Hock Tan, CEO, Avago, Inc. (2015).Dong-Ho Cho is the author of several book chapters (by CRC, River Publishers Series in Communications, SAE International). He has published more than 444 scientific publications in international journals and conferences. He holds over 597 patents. He received major awards such as Presidential Citation and Red Stripes Order of Service Merit from the Korean government for his contribution in the area of advanced mobile communication and wireless power transfer technology. In addition, for the major contribution to the development of on-line electric vehicle (OLEV) system, he was selected as a pioneer among 100 persons in Korea by the Dong-A daily newspaper in Korea. He also worked as an official adviser at Ministry of Information and Communication from 2003 to 2007. At KAIST, he was a KT chair professor from 2008 to 2013, and the ICC (IT Convergence Campus) vice president of KAIST from 2011 to 2013. He was the president of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences (KICS) in 2014.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Suh, Nam P.

Cho, Dong Ho

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgements;6
2;Personal Note of Appreciation by Nam P. Suh;9
3;Contents;13
4;Contributors;15
5;Synopsis of Book;16
6;Synergy of Diverse Ideas Behind OLEV;19
7;1 Making the Move: From Internal Combustion Engines to Wireless Electric Vehicles;20
7.1;Abstract;20
7.2;1.1 Introduction;20
7.3;1.2 CO2 Emissions and Climate Change;21
7.4;1.3 The Problem of the Internal Combustion Engine;23
7.5;1.4 The Promise of Electric Vehicles;25
7.6;1.5 The Online Electric Vehicle (OLEV) and the Electrification of Ground Transportation Systems;29
7.7;1.6 Concluding Remarks;31
7.8;References;31
8;2 Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles;33
8.1;Abstract;33
8.2;2.1 Introduction to OLEV Technology;33
8.3;2.2 OLEV Versus Other EV Technologies;42
8.4;2.3 OLEVs, Smart Grids, and Renewable Energy Sources;44
8.5;2.4 Paving the Way for OLEV;46
8.6;References;50
9;3 Design of Large Engineered Systems;51
9.1;Abstract;51
9.2;3.1 Large Systems Versus Complex Systems;51
9.3;3.2 Complexity and Coupled Designs;55
9.4;3.3 An Introduction to Axiomatic Design;59
9.5;3.4 System Architecture and the Role of the System Architect;62
9.6;3.5 Complexity Theory Based on Axiomatic Design;64
9.7;3.6 Functional Periodicity;68
9.8;3.7 Conclusions;68
9.9;Appendix 1;69
9.9.1;Other Large Technology Systems Created Based on the Design Axioms;69
9.9.1.1;MuCell;69
9.9.1.2;Mixalloy;70
9.10;References;71
10;The Technology of OLEV and SMFIR;73
11;4 Axiomatic Design in the Design of OLEV;74
11.1;Abstract;74
11.2;4.1 Overall Design Framework of OLEV;75
11.2.1;4.1.1 SMFIR Using a Field Effect;78
11.2.2;4.1.2 Decomposition of FR2 and DP2 (Design of SMFIR);78
11.2.3;4.1.3 Electric Power Transfer to the Moving OLEV;83
11.2.4;4.1.4 Design of the Power Pickup Unit Mounted on the Vehicle;84
11.2.5;4.1.5 Shielding of Magnetic Radiation;84
11.3;4.2 Modeling of SMFIR;85
11.4;4.3 Overall Hardware System Design;91
11.4.1;4.3.1 Power Level Control of Invertor;91
11.4.2;4.3.2 Control of Magnetic Field for Minimum Leakage;92
11.4.3;4.3.3 Power Pickup from the Magnetic Field at Vehicle;93
11.5;4.4 Overall Software Control System Architecture;94
11.6;4.5 Conclusions;95
11.7;References;95
12;5 Magnetic Field Generation;96
12.1;Abstract;96
12.2;5.1 Introduction;96
12.3;5.2 Generation of Alternating Magnetic Field;98
12.3.1;5.2.1 Electromagnetic Field Characteristics in Near- and Far-Field Regions;98
12.3.2;5.2.2 Coupling of the Generated Magnetic Field;100
12.3.3;5.2.3 Topology Selection and Coil Design;100
12.4;5.3 Channeling of the Magnetic Field Using Materials with High Permeability;103
12.4.1;5.3.1 Advantage of Using High Permeability Material;103
12.4.2;5.3.2 Magnetic Field Guiding Using Ferrite in OLEV;103
12.5;5.4 Selection of the Operating Frequency of the Magnetic Field;104
12.5.1;5.4.1 Criteria of Optimal Operating Frequency;104
12.5.2;5.4.2 Resonance Frequency;105
12.5.3;5.4.3 Q-Factor and Bandwidth;107
12.6;5.5 Conductor Design for Large Current Flow to Overcome the Skin Effect;107
12.6.1;5.5.1 Skin Effect;107
12.6.2;5.5.2 Cable for Transmitting Coil and Receiving Coil;109
12.7;5.6 Conclusion;110
12.8;References;110
13;6 Overview of Wireless Power Transfer System for Bus;112
13.1;Abstract;112
13.2;6.1 Introduction;112
13.3;6.2 System Overview;113
13.4;6.3 Power Cable Module;115
13.4.1;6.3.1 Introduction;115
13.4.2;6.3.2 Road-Embedded Power Cable Module Designs that Are Based an a Single Primary Coil;116
13.5;6.4 Pickup Module;117
13.5.1;6.4.1 Introduction;117
13.5.2;6.4.2 Pickup Module Design Requirements;118
13.5.3;6.4.3 Pickup Module Design Guidelines;121
13.6;6.5 Requirements of Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles;122
13.7;6.6 System Control;125
13.7.1;6.6.1 Introduction;125
13.7.2;6.6.2 Power Supply System Perspective;127
13.7.3;6.6.3 Power Pickup System Perspective;127
13.8;6.7 Conclusion;128
13.9;References;128
14;7 Magnetic Energy Pickup Using Resonance;130
14.1;Abstract;130
14.2;7.1 Introduction;130
14.3;7.2 Concept of Resonance in Physical Science and Engineering;131
14.3.1;7.2.1 Magnetic Induction in Wireless Power Transfer System;131
14.3.2;7.2.2 Magnetic Resonance in Wireless Power Transfer System;133
14.3.3;7.2.3 Magnetic Induction Versus Magnetic Resonance in Wireless Power Transfer System;135
14.4;7.3 Fine-Tuning Using Capacitance;135
14.4.1;7.3.1 LC Tuning in Wireless Power Transfer System;135
14.4.2;7.3.2 Feasibility of Automatic Tuning Using Capacitance;137
14.4.3;7.3.3 Resonance Frequency in Tuning;138
14.5;7.4 Magnetic Energy;139
14.5.1;7.4.1 Power Loss;139
14.5.2;7.4.2 Resonance Energy;141
14.6;7.5 Conclusions;143
14.7;References;143
15;8 Selection of Optimum Frequency and Optimization;144
15.1;Abstract;144
15.2;8.1 Introduction;144
15.3;8.2 Issues: Heating Versus Power Transfer, Transfer Capacity;145
15.4;8.3 Materials Limitation;146
15.4.1;8.3.1 Coil Limitation Due to Skin Effect;146
15.4.2;8.3.2 Core Limitation;146
15.5;8.4 Switching Devices;149
15.5.1;8.4.1 Power Electronics Switching Devices with Different Resonant Frequencies;149
15.5.2;8.4.2 Diode for Rectifier;151
15.6;8.5 Trends in Resonance Frequency in Wireless Power Transfer System for Vehicles;151
15.7;8.6 Conclusion;152
15.8;References;153
16;9 Optimum Design of Wireless Power Transfer System;154
16.1;Abstract;154
16.2;9.1 Introduction;154
16.3;9.2 Design Requirements;155
16.4;9.3 Design of Optimum Parameters for the Overall System;156
16.5;9.4 Design of Core Structure;159
16.5.1;9.4.1 Core Design;159
16.5.2;9.4.2 Magnetic Core;161
16.5.3;9.4.3 Core Design for Weight Reduction;162
16.6;9.5 Conclusions;162
16.7;References;163
17;10 Inverter and Link Road-Embedded Power with Cable Module;164
17.1;Abstract;164
17.2;10.1 Introduction;164
17.3;10.2 Design Requirements;165
17.4;10.3 Design of Road-Embedded Power Cable and Its Segmentation;166
17.4.1;10.3.1 Conventional Implementation of Segment;166
17.4.2;10.3.2 Revised Implementation of Segments;167
17.5;10.4 Design of Inverter;168
17.6;10.5 Experimental Results;171
17.7;10.6 Conclusions;172
17.8;References;172
18;11 Installation of Road-Embedded Power Cable;173
18.1;Abstract;173
18.2;11.1 Introduction;173
18.3;11.2 Main Components for Installation;173
18.4;11.3 Installation Requirements;175
18.5;11.4 Installation of Road Embedded Power Cable;176
18.6;11.5 Safety Issues;182
18.7;11.6 Conclusion;184
18.8;References;184
19;12 Pickup and Rectifier;185
19.1;Abstract;185
19.2;12.1 Introduction;185
19.3;12.2 Tolerance for Left and Right Shift (Misalignment);186
19.3.1;12.2.1 Issues of Misalignment Tolerance in Qualcomm Halo;191
19.4;12.3 Design of Pickup System;191
19.4.1;12.3.1 Current in the Power Supply System and Induced Voltage in the Pickup System;191
19.5;12.4 Design of Rectifier;196
19.5.1;12.4.1 Principle of the Single-Phase Diode Rectifier;196
19.5.2;12.4.2 Design of the Diode Rectifier;196
19.6;12.5 Conclusions;199
19.7;References;199
20;13 Regulator;200
20.1;Abstract;200
20.2;13.1 Introduction;200
20.3;13.2 Overall Wireless Power Transfer System;201
20.4;13.3 Design Requirements;202
20.5;13.4 Design of Regulator;203
20.6;13.5 Pickup Interface;205
20.7;13.6 Battery Interface;207
20.8;13.7 Conclusions;208
20.9;References;209
21;14 Shielding of Magnetic Field;210
21.1;Abstract;210
21.2;14.1 Introduction;210
21.3;14.2 Need for Shielding of Electromagnetic Field;211
21.4;14.3 Passive Shielding;214
21.5;14.4 Active Shielding;214
21.6;14.5 Reactive Shielding;216
21.7;14.6 Conclusions;219
21.8;References;219
22;15 High Power and Energy Management System in OLEV;220
22.1;Abstract;220
22.2;15.1 Introduction;220
22.3;15.2 Overall Power Control Architecture of OLEV System;221
22.4;15.3 On-Board Architecture of OLEV Bus System;223
22.5;15.4 Road-Embedded Power Supply Architecture of OLEV System;224
22.6;15.5 Optimizing Magnetic Flux Field;225
22.7;15.6 General Requirements of an Energy Storage System (ESS);227
22.8;15.7 Considerations of Electrical Safety in OLEVs;228
22.8.1;15.7.1 Electrical Safety of Power Drive System in a Bus;228
22.8.2;15.7.2 Electrical Grounding of OLEV System;230
22.8.3;15.7.3 Electrical Issues and Possible Solutions;231
22.9;15.8 Conclusions;236
22.10;References;236
23;16 System Structure and the Allocation of Wireless Charging Power Supply Systems for OLEV System;238
23.1;Abstract;238
23.2;16.1 Introduction;238
23.2.1;16.1.1 Overview;238
23.2.2;16.1.2 Electric Transit Bus System and Current Issues;239
23.3;16.2 System Design Structure;239
23.4;16.3 OLEV System Modeling;242
23.4.1;16.3.1 Optimization Issue;242
23.4.2;16.3.2 Operational Rules and Assumptions;243
23.4.3;16.3.3 Systems Optimization Category;247
23.5;16.4 Closed Environment Model;248
23.6;16.5 Open Environment Model;250
23.6.1;16.5.1 System Optimization Modeling;250
23.6.2;16.5.2 Numerical Analysis;253
23.7;16.6 Conclusions;254
23.8;References;255
24;Other Applications for OLEV Technology;256
25;17 Application of SMFIR to Trains;257
25.1;Abstract;257
25.2;17.1 Introduction;257
25.3;17.2 Need for Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Railways;258
25.4;17.3 Developed Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Railways in Korea;259
25.4.1;17.3.1 Wireless Low-Floor Tram;259
25.4.2;17.3.2 High-Speed Train;262
25.5;17.4 Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Railways in Other Countries;267
25.5.1;17.4.1 Transrapid 09;267
25.5.2;17.4.2 Bombardier PRIMOVE;268
25.6;17.5 Prospects for Wireless Power Transfer System in Railways;270
25.7;17.6 Conclusions;270
25.8;References;271
26;18 Electrification of Other Transportation Systems;273
26.1;Abstract;273
26.2;18.1 Introduction;273
26.3;18.2 Cargo Transportation Within Airports;274
26.4;18.3 Harbor Transportation;274
26.5;18.4 Wireless Electric Power Transfer to Ship Transportation;276
26.6;18.5 Electric Vehicle (EV) Transportation;278
26.6.1;18.5.1 Application of Wireless Power Transfer System to Electric Vehicles;278
26.6.2;18.5.2 The Need for Wireless Power Transfer of Electric Vehicles;279
26.7;18.6 Conclusions;280
26.8;References;280
27;19 Other Applications of SMFIR;281
27.1;Abstract;281
27.2;19.1 Introduction;281
27.3;19.2 Special Features of SMFIR;281
27.4;19.3 Portable Device;283
27.5;19.4 Home Appliances;284
27.6;19.5 Wireless Power Distribution;285
27.7;19.6 Bikes and Motorbikes;286
27.8;19.7 Conclusions;287
27.9;References;287
28;Performance, Cost, Regulatory, and Safety Considerations;288
29;20 Electrified Transportation System Performance: Conventional Versus Online Electric Vehicles;289
29.1;Abstract;289
29.2;20.1 Introduction;290
29.3;20.2 Transportation-Electricity Nexus Hybrid Dynamic Model;292
29.3.1;20.2.1 The Need for a Hybrid Dynamic Model;292
29.3.2;20.2.2 Axiomatic Design for Large Flexible Engineering Systems;293
29.3.3;20.2.3 A Timed Petri Net Model;297
29.3.4;20.2.4 Refinement to a Hybrid Dynamic Model;298
29.3.5;20.2.5 Hybrid Dynamic Model Outputs;300
29.4;20.3 Transportation-Electrification Test Case;300
29.4.1;20.3.1 Road Topology;301
29.4.2;20.3.2 Electrification Topologies;301
29.4.2.1;20.3.2.1 Conventional Electrification Topology;302
29.4.2.2;20.3.2.2 Online Electric Vehicle Topology;303
29.4.3;20.3.3 Traffic Demand;303
29.4.4;20.3.4 Charging Demand;304
29.5;20.4 MATLAB Simulation for Urban Mobility Electrification;304
29.6;20.5 Results and Discussion;305
29.6.1;20.5.1 Traffic Behavior: Moving and Parked Vehicles;305
29.6.2;20.5.2 Required Power System Generation Capacity;309
29.6.3;20.5.3 Required Power System Operating Reserves;311
29.7;20.6 Conclusion: Conventional Versus Online Electric Vehicle System Performance;312
29.8;20.7 Future Work: Intelligent Transportation-Energy Systems;313
29.9;Appendix;314
29.9.1;Graph Theory;315
29.9.2;Petri Nets;316
29.10;References;317
30;21 Energy Efficiency Consideration of an OLEV Bus System;324
30.1;Abstract;324
30.2;21.1 Introduction;324
30.3;21.2 Series ICE-Electric Hybrid Vehicle (SHEV);325
30.4;21.3 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV);327
30.5;21.4 OLEV Bus System;327
30.6;21.5 Operational Efficiency Comparison;334
30.7;21.6 Conclusions;335
30.8;References;335
31;22 The Economics of Wireless Charging on the Road;337
31.1;Abstract;337
31.2;22.1 Introduction;337
31.3;22.2 Comparison OLEV with IC Engine;338
31.4;22.3 Vehicle Technologies and Cost;339
31.4.1;22.3.1 PHEV;339
31.4.2;22.3.2 OLEV;340
31.4.3;22.3.3 Vehicle Cost;341
31.5;22.4 Charging Infrastructure Types;342
31.5.1;22.4.1 Plug-in Infrastructure for PHEV;342
31.5.2;22.4.2 On-Line Infrastructure for OLEV;343
31.6;22.5 Energy Cost;346
31.6.1;22.5.1 Key Assumptions;346
31.6.2;22.5.2 PHEV Energy Cost;347
31.6.3;22.5.3 OLEV Energy Cost;348
31.7;22.6 Results of Comparison Analysis;348
31.7.1;22.6.1 Comparison Results;348
31.7.2;22.6.2 Discussion;351
31.8;22.7 Conclusions;352
31.9;References;352
32;23 Regulatory and Safety Issues;354
32.1;Abstract;354
32.2;23.1 Introduction;354
32.3;23.2 Safety Issues for High Power Supply System;355
32.3.1;23.2.1 Safety Test;355
32.3.2;23.2.2 Functional Test;364
32.4;23.3 Safety Issues for Electric Bus with Wireless Charging;369
32.4.1;23.3.1 Voltage Ratings of Electric Circuits;369
32.4.2;23.3.2 Basic Protective Measures;370
32.4.3;23.3.3 Insulation Resistance Test;370
32.4.4;23.3.4 Withstanding Voltage Test;371
32.4.5;23.3.5 Connecting Parts Connectivity Test (Equipotential Connection);371
32.4.6;23.3.6 Safety Standard for High-Power Electric Device of Motor Vehicle;372
32.5;23.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility Safety Issues for Power Supply System;372
32.5.1;23.4.1 Requirements for Electromagnetic Emission;372
32.5.2;23.4.2 Requirements for Electromagnetic Immunity;374
32.5.3;23.4.3 Electromagnetic Emission Measurement Method;378
32.5.4;23.4.4 Electromagnetic Immunity Test Method;379
32.6;23.5 EMC Safety Issues for Power Pickup System;379
32.6.1;23.5.1 Requirements for Electromagnetic Emission;379
32.6.2;23.5.2 Requirements for Electromagnetic Immunity;383
32.6.3;23.5.3 Electromagnetic Emission Measurement Method;385
32.6.4;23.5.4 Electromagnetic Immunity Test Method;385
32.7;23.6 Conclusions;385
32.8;References;386
33;24 Energy Revolution: Journey towards a Greener Planet;387
33.1;Abstract;387
33.2;24.1 Global Energy Consumption;387
33.3;24.2 Renewable Energy;390
33.4;24.3 Fossil Fuels;393
33.5;24.4 Energy Efficiency;393
33.6;24.5 Reduction in Energy and CO2 Due to Efficiency;394
33.7;24.6 Insurance for Future Generation from Saving Energy;396
33.8;24.7 Carbon Sink in the Soil;397
33.9;24.8 Barrier and Determination;399
33.10;References;399
34;Epilogue;401
35;Index;403