Sutton / Mason / Sheppard Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and Biodiversity

2014
ISBN: 978-94-007-7939-6
Verlag: Springer Netherland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 535 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Earth and Environmental Science

This volume brings together extended reviews and papers of new scientific research on atmospheric nitrogen deposition impacts globally. While there is a wealth of evidence on the magnitude, components and effects of nitrogen disposition on floral biodiversity in Europe and North America, there is an obvious lack of information on impacts on above- and below-ground fauna, and all impacts in other parts of the world, with no clear overview of how the different strands of evidence fit together. This overall synthesis is targeted at the international conventions, but is equally readable for scientists, environmental managers, conservation agencies and policy makers. 'This timely book highlights the global nitrogen deposition problem. Major regions of the world are exceeding sustainability thresholds for adverse effects on ecosystem function and biodiversity. This highlights the importance of ongoing work, including under the Convention on Biological Diversity, in developing indicators and monitoring nitrogen deposition effects to enable appropriate measures. This book presents a milestone towards this global goal as the international community works toward meeting the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, especially Target 8: "By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity". Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias, Executive Secretary, Convention on Biological Diversity “This key volume highlights the global challenge to reduce atmospheric nitrogen pollution resulting from energy production, transport and agricultural activities. It takes forward the agenda recently launched in the UNEP commissioned report ‘Our Nutrient World”. Dr. Anjan Datta, UNEP.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sutton, Mark A.

Mason, Kate E.

Sheppard, Lucy J.

Sverdrup, Harald

Haeuber, Richard

Hicks, W. Kevin

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Nitrogen Deposition, Critical loads and Biodiversity: IntroductionW. Kevin Hicks, Richard Haeuber and Mark A. Sutton Part I Monitoring and modelling atmospheric nitrogen deposition 2 Progress in Monitoring and Modelling Estimates of Nitrogen Deposition at Local, Regional and Global ScalesFrank Dentener, Robert Vet, Robin L. Dennis, Enzai Du, Umesh C. Kulshrestha and Corinne Galy-Lacaux 3 Gaseous nitrogen emissions from Australian cattle feedlotsO. Tom Denmead, Deli Chen, Doug Rowell, Zoe Loh, Julian Hill, Stephanie Muir, David W.T. Griffith, Travis Naylor, Mei Bai, Frances Phillips and Sean McGinn  4 Ammonia Emissions in the US: Assessing the Role of Bi-directional Ammonia Transport using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) ModelMegan L. Gore, Ellen J. Cooter, Robin L. Dennis, Jon E. Pleim and Viney P. Aneja5 Regional Scale Modelling of the Concentration and Deposition of Oxidised and Reduced Nitrogen in the UKAnthony J. Dore, Malgorzata Werner, Jane R. Hall, Christopher J. Dore, Stephen Hallsworth, Maciej Kryza, Ron I. Smith, Ulrike Dragosits, Y. Sim Tang, Massimo Vieno and Mark A. Sutton 6 High Rates of Wet Nitrogen Deposition in China: A SynthesisEnzai Du and Xuejun Liu  7 Enrichment of atmospheric ammonia and ammonium in the North China PlainJianlin Shen, Xuejun Liu, Andreas Fangmeier and Fusuo Zhang 8 Nitrogen Deposition within the Littoral-highlands County of Croatia between 1996 and 2008Ana Alebic-Juretic 9 Atmospheric Deposition of Reactive Nitrogen in IndiaUmesh Kulshrestha, Monika J. Kulshrestha, Jetta Satyanarayana and Loka Arun K. Reddy  10 Dry and Wet Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition in West Central AfricaCorinne Galy-Lacaux, Claire Delon, Fabien Solmon, Marcellin Adon , Véronique Yoboué , Jonas Mphepya, Jacobus J. Pienaar, Babakar Diop, Luc Sigha, Laouali Dungall, Aristide Akpo, Eric Mougin, Eric Gardrat and Pierre Castera 11 Interannual Variability of the Atmospheric Nitrogen Budget in West African Dry SavannasClaire Delon, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Marcellin Adon, Catherine Liousse, Aaron Boone, Dominique Serça, Babakar Diop, Aristide Akpo and Eric Mougin 12 Assessment and Characterisation of the Organic Component of Atmospheric Nitrogen DepositionSarah E. Cornell 13 Wet Deposition of Nitrogen at Different Locations in IndiaP.S.P. Rao, P.D. Safai, Krishnakant Budhavant and V.K. Soni Part II Nitrogen impacts on terrestrial and aquatic Ecosystems14 Factors Affecting Nitrogen Deposition Impacts on Biodiversity: An OverviewRoland Bobbink and W. Kevin Hicks 15 What Happens to Ammonia on Leaf Surfaces?J. Neil Cape 16 Effects of Nutrient Additions on the Diversity of the Herbaceous-subshrub Layer of a Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado)Thiago R. B. de Mello, Cássia B. R. Munhoz and Mercedes M. C. Bustamante 17 Leaf Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Release under Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Nitrogen plus Phosphorus Additions in a Savanna in Central BrazilTamiel K.B. Jacobson and Mercedes M.C. Bustamante 18 Diversity of the Shrub-tree Layer in a Brazilian Cerrado under Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Nitrogen plus Phosphorus AdditionTamiel K. B. Jacobson and Mercedes M. C. Bustamante  19 Model Predictions of Effects of Different Climate Change Scenarios on Species Diversity with or without Management Intervention, Repeated Thinning, for a Site in Central European RussiaLarisa G. Khanina, Maxim V. Bobrovsky, Alexander S. Komarov, Vladimir N. Shanin and Sergey S. Bykhovets 20 Seasonal Changes in Photosynthetic Nitrogen of Tree Species Differing in Leaf Phenology in a South-eastern Brazilian SavannaSabrina R. Latansio-Aidar, Luciana D. Colleta, Jean P.H.B. Ometto and Marcos P.M. Aidar 21 Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition can Provide Supplementary Fertilization to Sugar Cane Crops in VenezuelaDanilo López-Hernández, Diego Sequera, Oswaldo Vallejo and Carmen Infante 22 Competition Alters Responses of Juvenile Woody Plants and Grasses to Nitrogen Addition in Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado)Viviane T. Miranda, Mercedes M.C. Bustamante and Alessandra R. Kozovits23 Pigment Ratios of the Mediterranean Bryophyte Pleurochaete squarrosa Respond to Simulated Nitrogen DepositionRaúl Ochoa-Hueso, Cristina Paradela, M. Esther Pérez-Corona and Esteban Manrique 24 Calibrating Total Nitrogen Concentration in Lichens with Emissions of Reduced Nitrogen at the Regional ScaleP. Pinho, Maria-Amélia Martins-Loução, Cristina Máguas and Cristina Branquinho 25 The Impact of the Rural Land-use on the Ecological Integrity of the Intermittent Streams of the Mediterranean 2000 Natura NetworkCristina Branquinho, Carla Gonzalez, Adelaide Clemente, Pedro Pinho and Otília Correia 26 Biodiversity of Acid Grasslands in the Atlantic Regions of Europe: The Impact of Nitrogen DepositionCarly J. Stevens, Cecilia Duprè, Edu Dorland, Cassandre Gaudnik, David J.G. Gowing, Albert Bleeker, Martin Diekmann, Didier Alard, Roland Bobbink, David Fowler, Emmanuel Corcket, J. Owen Mountford, Vigdis Vandvik, Per Arild Aarrestad, Serge Muller and Nancy B. Dise. 27 Effects of Increased Nitrogen Availability in Mediterranean Ecosystems: A Case Study in a Natura 2000 Site in PortugalTeresa Dias, Sandra Chaves, Rogério Tenreiro, Maria Amélia Martins-Loução, Lucy J. Sheppard and Cristina Cruz 28 Species of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Spores can Indicate Increased Nitrogen Availability in Mediterranean-type EcosystemsTeresa Dias, Sidney Luiz Stürmer, Sandra Chaves, Cátia Fidalgo, Rogério Tenreiro, Patrícia Correia, Luís Carvalho, Maria Amélia Martins-Loução, Lucy J. Sheppard and Cristina Cruz29 Nitrogen Biogeochemistry Research at Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia, USA: Soils, Biodiversity and Climate ChangeFrank S. Gilliam Part III Critical loads and levels approaches and regional upscaling 30 Development of the critical loads concept and current and potential applications to different regions of the worldJean-Paul Hettelingh, Wim de Vries, Maximilian Posch, Gert Jan Reinds, Jaap Slootweg, W. Kevin Hicks 31 Nitrogen Deposition as a Threat to the World’s Protected Areas under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)Albert Bleeker, W. Kevin Hicks, Frank Dentener, James N. Galloway and Jan Willem Erisman 32 How Much is too Much? Nitrogen Critical Loads and Eutrophication and Acidification in Oligotrophic Ecosystems William D. Bowman, L’uboš Halada, Juraj Hreško, Cory C. Cleveland, Jill S. Baron and John Murgel 33 Predicting Lichen-based Critical Loads for Nitrogen Deposition in Temperate Forests Linda H. Geiser, Sarah E. Jovan, Douglas A. Glavich and Mark E. Fenn 34 Using Fire Risk and Species Loss to set Critical Loads for Nitrogen Deposition in Southern California ShrublandsEdith B. Allen, Leela E. Rao, Gail Tonnesen, Robert F. Johnson, Mark E. Fenn and Andrzej Bytnerowicz 35 Empirical Critical Loads of Nitrogen in ChinaLei Duan, Jia Xing, Yu Zhao and Jiming Hao 36 Challenges in Defining Critical Loads for Nitrogen in UK Lakes  Chris J. Curtis, Gavin L. Simpson, Rick W. Battarbee and Stephen Maberly 37 Proposing a Strict Epidemiological Methodology for Setting Empirical Critical Loads for Nitrogen DepositionHarald Sverdrup, Bengt Nihlgård, Salim Belyazid and Lucy J. Sheppard38 A Comparison of Empirical and Modelled Nitrogen Critical Loads for Mediterranean Forests and Shrublands in California Mark E. Fenn, Hans-Dieter Nagel, Ina Koseva, Julian Aherne, Sarah E. Jovan, Linda H. Geiser, Angela Schlutow, Thomas Scheuschner, Andrzej Bytnerowicz, Benjamin S. Gimeno, Fengming Yuan, Shaun A. Watmough, Edith B. Allen, Robert F. Johnson and Thomas Meixner 39 Source Attribution of Eutrophying and Acidifying Pollutants on the UK Natura 2000 NetworkWilliam J. Bealey, Anthony J. Dore, Clare P. Whitfield, Jane R. Hall, Massimo Vieno and Mark A. Sutton 40 Mapping Critical Loads for Nitrogen Based on Biodiversity using ForSAFE-VEG: Introducing the Basic Principles Harald Sverdrup, Bengt Nihlgård and Salim Belyazid  Part IV Nitrogen deposition, ecosystem services and policy development 41 Impacts of Nitrogen Deposition on Ecosystem Services in Interaction with Other Nutrients, Air Pollutants and Climate ChangeWim de Vries, Christine Goodale, Jan Willem Erisman and Jean-Paul Hettelingh 42 The Form of Reactive Nitrogen Deposition Affects the Capacity of Peatland Vegetation to Immobilise Nitrogen: Implications for the Provision of Ecosystem Services Lucy J. Sheppard, Ian D. Leith, Sanna K. Kivimaki and Jenny Gaiawyn 43 Quantification of Impacts of Nitrogen Deposition on Forest Ecosystem Services in EuropeWim de Vries, Maximilian Posch, Gert Jan Reinds and Jean-Paul Hettelingh 44 Implications of Current Knowledge on Nitrogen Deposition and Impacts for Policy, Management and Capacity Building Needs: CLRTAPTill Spranger, Keith Bull, Thomas A. Clair and Matti Johansson  45 The Convention on Biological Diversity: How does Nitrogen fit into the Plans?James M. Williams  46 Agriculture and the Nitrogen Problem in India: Environmental ImplicationsKrishna P. Vadrevu and K.V.S. Badarinath 47 Mitigating Increases in Nitrogen Deposition: The Challenge of Extending Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation to Cereals and Other Non-legume CropsEdward C. Cocking and Philip J. Stone  Part V Conclusions and outlook 48 Progress in Nitrogen Deposition Monitoring and ModellingWenche Aas (Chair), Silvina Carou (Rapporteur), Ana Alebic-Juretic, Viney P. Aneja, Rajasekhar Balasubramanian, Haldis Berge, J. Neil Cape, Claire Delon, O. Tom Denmead, Robin L. Dennis, Frank Dentener, Anthony J. Dore, Enzai Du, Maria Cristina Forti, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Markus Geupel, Richard Haeuber, Carmen Iacoban, Alexander S. Komarov, Eero Kubin, Umesh C. Kulshrestha, Brian Lamb, Xuejun Liu, D.D. Patra, Jacobus J. Pienaar, Pedro Pinho, P.S.P. Rao, Jianlin Shen, Mark A. Sutton, Mark R. Theobald, Krishna P. Vadrevu and Robert Vet 49 The Effects of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition on Terrestrial and Freshwater Biodiversity Jill S. Baron (Chair), Mary Barber (Rapporteur), Mark Adams, Julius I. Agboola, Edith B. Allen, William J. Bealey, Roland Bobbink, Maxim V. Bobrovsky, William D. Bowman, Cristina Branquinho, Mercedes M.C. Bustamente, Christopher M. Clark, Edward C. Cocking, Cristina Cruz, Eric Davidson, O. Tom Denmead, Teresa Dias, Nancy B. Dise, Alan Feest, James N. Galloway, Linda H. Geiser, Frank S. Gilliam, Ian Harrison, Larisa G. Khanina, Xiankai Lu, Esteban Manrique, Raúl Ochoa-Hueso, Jean P.H.B. Ometto, Richard Payne, Thomas Scheuschner, Lucy J. Sheppard, Gavin L. Simpson, Y.V. Singh, Carly J. Stevens, Ian Strachan, Harold Sverdrup, Naoko Tokuchi, Hans van Dobben and Sarah Woodin 50 The Critical Loads and Levels Approach for NitrogenThomas A. Clair (Chair), Tamara Blett (Co-chair and Rapporteur), Julian Aherne, Marcos P.M. Aidar, Richard Artz, William J. Bealey, William Budd, J. Neil Cape, Chris J. Curtis, Lei Duan, Mark E. Fenn, Peter Groffman, Richard Haeuber, Jane R. Hall, Jean-Paul Hettelingh, Danilo López-Hernández, Scot Mathieson, Linda Pardo, Maximilian Posch, Richard V. Pouyot, Till Spranger, Harald Sverdrup, Hans van Dobben and Arjan van Hinsberg 51 Nitrogen Deposition Effects on Ecosystem Services and Interactions with other Pollutants and Climate ChangeJan Willem Erisman (Chair), Allison Leach (Rapporteur), Mark Adams, Julius I. Agboola, Luan Ahmetaj, Didier Alard, Amy Austin, Moses A. Awodun, Simon Bareham, Theresa Bird, Albert Bleeker, Keith Bull, Sarah E. Cornell, Eric Davidson, Wim de Vries, Teresa Dias, Bridget Emmett, Christine Goodale,Tara Greaver, Rick Haeuber, Harry Harmens, W. Kevin Hicks, Lars Hogbom, Paul Jarvis, Matti Johansson, Zoe Masters, Colin McClean, Bill Paton, Tibisay Perez, Jan Plesnik, Nalini Rao, Susanne Schmidt, Yogendra B. Sharma, Naoko Tokuchi, and Clare P. Whitfield  52 Workshop on Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and Biodiversity: Scientific synthesis and summary for policy makersW. Kevin Hicks, Richard Haeuber and Mark A. Sutton with contributions from Wenche Aas, Silvina Carou, Jill S. Baron, Mary Barber, Thomas Clair, Tamara Blett, Jan Willem Erisman, Allison Leach and James N. Galloway

Über Autor(innen)

Mark A. Sutton is a leading international expert in the behaviour of nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere and their impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. He has a special interest in interactions of atmospheric ammonia and on development of the science policy interface. He is based at the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (Edinburgh) and is currently Chair of the International Nitrogen Initiative. Kate E. Mason is an information systems professional working at the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (Edinburgh). She has an MScEcon in Archives and extensive experience working in academic libraries and archives. Lucy J. Sheppard has been leading field manipulation experiments into pollution effects on terrestrial ecosystems for nearly 30 years. She has a special interest in effects of different N forms on semi-natural vegetation and carbon cycling in peatlands. She is based at the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (Edinburgh). Harald Sverdrup researches actively into chemical weathering of minerals in soils, and the modelling of soil chemistry and forest and aquatic ecosystems involving population dynamics and nutrient and pollution flows. His research on Critical Loads has been used widely under the UNECE-LRTAP Convention where his team have built and adapted models such as PROFILE, SAFE, FORSAFE, AGRO-SAFE and BigMERK to regional use in Europe. At present he focuses on integrated sustainability assessments and is using biogeochemical models to drive biodiversity models. He has been Professor of Chemical Engineering at Lund University since 1994. Richard Haeuber leads the Assessment and Communications Branch in the Clean Air Markets Division of the US Environmental Protection Agency. He was formerly Associate Director of the Ecological Society of America’s Science Programs Office, where he focused on the ecological effects of air pollution on terrestrial, aquatic, and coastal ecosystems. As a Congressional Fellow, he advised US Senate staff on air quality issues and multi-pollutant control legislation. W. Kevin Hicks is a leading researcher with an interest in the transfer of scientific information to the policy process, especially concerning air pollution impacts on terrestrial ecosystems from local to global scales and the linkages between air pollution, climate, biodiversity and ecosystems services. He currently sits on Steering Committee of the European Centre of the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) and is a Senior Research Fellow at the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Environment Department, at the University of York, UK.