Szego The Environmental Model of Mars

Proceedings of the 2nd COSPAR Colloquium Held in Sopron, Hungary, 22-26 January 1990
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8754-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 2, 168 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Cospar

The twenty-two papers contained in this volume have been selected from the Proceedings of the 2nd COSPAR Colloquium. The exploration of planet Mars will be the focal point of the planetary missions in the coming years, so the investigation of the surface and the upper layers of the soil is of primary importance. The major space agencies are actively working to understand the environmental and technical requirements of the planned missions and experiments and it is predicted that the planet will be host to both ground based and atmospheric investigations in the near future.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Szego, K.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Environmental Model of Mars;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Foreword;8
6;CHAPTER 1. MARS BOUNDARY LAYER SIMULATIONS: COMPARISON WITH VIKING LANDERAND ENTRY OBSERVATIONS;10
6.1;ABSTRACT;10
6.2;INTRODUCnON;10
6.3;BRIEF MODEL DESCRIPTION;10
6.4;CONCLUSIONS;13
6.5;REFERENCES;13
7;CHAPTER 2. MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY OF SNC METEORITES;14
7.1;ABSTRACT;14
7.2;INTRODUCTION;14
7.3;METHODOLOGY;15
7.4;MÖSSBAUER SPECTRA OF PYROXENES FROM THE METEORITE NAKHLA;15
7.5;CONCLUSIONS;17
7.6;REFERENCES;17
8;CHAPTER 3. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OF DESIGN ALTERNATIVES FOR THE EXPLORATION OF MARS BY BALLOON;18
8.1;I. Introduction;18
8.2;II. The Environment of Mars;18
8.3;III. The Baseline Mission for 1994;20
8.4;IV. Balloon Options for Future Missions;25
8.5;V. Conclusions;28
8.6;References;29
9;CHAPTER 4. THE NASA ENVIRONMENTAL MODELS OF MARS;32
9.1;ABSTRACT;32
9.2;SCIENCE VERSUS ENGINEERING MODELS;32
9.3;THE MARS GLOBAL REFERENCE ATMOSPHERIC MODEL (Mars-GRAM);34
9.4;THE MARS TERRAIN SIMULATOR;37
9.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;41
9.6;REFERENCES;41
10;CHAPTER 5. EXPLORATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE SYSTEM OF MARS;42
10.1;ABSTRACT;42
10.2;INTRODUCTION;42
10.3;THE CLIMATE SYSTEM;42
10.4;MEASURING THE GENERAL CIRCULATION;46
10.5;SUMMARY;50
10.6;Acknowledgements;50
10.7;References;50
11;CHAPTER 6. ALGORITHM FOR STEREO PAIR MATCHING;54
11.1;ABSTRACT;54
11.2;INTRODUCnON;54
11.3;I. A PRIORI INFORMATION ABOUT IMAGES;54
11.4;2. THE ALGORITHM OF FINDING CORRESPONDING POINTS;55
11.5;3. EXAMPLES;56
11.6;CONCLUSION;57
11.7;REFERENCES;57
12;CHAPTER 7. MARS SAMPLE RETURN: SITE SELECTION STRATEGY AND PROPOSAL IN AEOLIS REGION;58
12.1;ABSTRACT;58
12.2;INTRODUCTION;58
12.3;TECHNOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS AND SITE CRITERIA DEFINITION;58
12.4;PROPOSITION OF A CANDIDATE-SITE : ARGUMENTS FOR AEOLIS REGION;59
12.5;CONCLUSION ON THE AEOLIS CANDIDATE-SITE ARGUMENTS;60
12.6;REFERENCES;61
13;CHAPTER 8. LANDING SITE SELECTION FOR THE MARS 94 MISSION: A PRELIMINARY STUDY;62
13.1;ABSTRACT;62
13.2;INTRODUCTION;62
13.3;ENGINEERING CONSTRAINTS;62
13.4;ROUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS;62
13.5;GEOLOGIC SETTING AND SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES;64
13.6;CONCLUSION;65
13.7;REFERENCES;65
14;CHAPTER 9. ARE PHOBOS AND DEIMOS CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES? MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY ON CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES AND THEIR RELATION TO THE MARTIAN MOONS;66
14.1;ABSTRACT;66
14.2;MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY;66
14.3;THE MÖSSBAUER SPECTROMETER IN A SURFACE PROBE;67
14.4;THE RELATION BETWEEN CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES AND THE MARTIAN MOONS;68
14.5;REFERENCES;69
15;CHAPTER 10. A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING THE ELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF PLANETARY GROUNDS;70
15.1;ABSTRACT;70
15.2;INTRODUCTION;70
15.3;THECRTICAL RECAPITULATION;71
15.4;MEASUREMENTS;73
15.5;CONCLUSION;74
15.6;REFERENCES;74
16;CHAPTER 11. SCIENTIFIC RATIONALE AND TECHNICAL ELEMENTS OF FUTURE MARS EXPLORATION IN ESA;76
16.1;ABSTRACT;76
16.2;1 INTRODUCTION;76
16.3;2 ORBITER SCIENCE;78
16.4;3 ROVER SCIENCE;79
16.5;4 NETWORK SCIENCE;82
16.6;5 CONCLUSIONS;90
16.7;REFERENCES;90
17;CHAPTER 12. THE MARTIAN MAGNETIC SOILS: PROPOSAL FOR A SOIL MAGNETOMETER;92
17.1;ABSTRACT;92
17.2;INTRODUCTION;92
17.3;CONCLUSIONS;95
17.4;REFERENCES;95
18;CHAPTER 13. THERMAL ENVIRONMENT OF MARS;96
18.1;ABSTRACT;96
18.2;INTRODUCnON;96
18.3;SURFACE TEMPERATURE;97
18.4;ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE;100
18.5;FUTURE WORK;105
18.6;REFERENCES;105
19;CHAPTER 14. SENSING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AT THE MARTIAN SURFACE;108
19.1;ABSTRACT;108
19.2;INTRODUCTION;108
19.3;GRAIN SIZE DETERMINATION BY POLARIMETRY;108
19.4;GRAIN SIZE AT THE SURFACE OF MARS;109
19.5;GRAINSIZE AND SOIL COMPACTION;110
19.6;SPECULATIONS;111
19.7;REFERENCES;111
20;CHAPTER 15. SETTLEMENT OF AN ENGINEERINGMODEL OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE FORMARS-94 PROJECT;112
20.1;ABSTRACT;112
20.2;SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE AEROSTAT;112
20.3;PERFORMANCES AND CONSTRAINTS;112
20.4;WORKING PROCESS;112
20.5;CHARACTERISTICS OF MODELS;113
20.6;CALCULATIONS;113
20.7;RESULTS AND TRENDS;115
20.8;SETTLEMENT OF THE ENGINEERING MODEL;115
20.9;CONCLUSION;115
21;CHAPTER 16. REGOLITH FORMATION ON PHOBOS AND DEIMOS;116
21.1;ABSTRACT;116
21.2;INTRODUCTION;116
21.3;ELEMENTARY PROCESSES;116
21.4;BLANKET SHAPE AND ESCAPING FRACTION OF EJECTA;117
21.5;DISCUSSION;119
21.6;REFERENCES;119
22;CHAPTER 17. SMALL MOBILE APPARATUS FOR MARS SURFACE STUDIES;120
22.1;ANNOTATION;120
22.2;INTRODUCTION;120
22.3;SMALL MOBILE APPARATUS DESIGNATION, SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES;120
22.4;SMA DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS;121
22.5;THE STRUCTTURE OF SMA;121
22.6;SMA COMMAND;124
22.7;THE MOBILE PENETROMETER;125
22.8;DURATION AND VOLUME OF THE STUDY;126
22.9;CONCLUSION;126
23;CHAPTER 18. ACCRETION OF METEORITIC MATERIAL ONTO MARS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SURFACE, ATMOSPHERE, AND MOONS;128
23.1;ABSTRACT;128
23.2;INTRODUCTION;128
23.3;SURFACE PROCESSES;129
23.4;PHOBOS AND DEIMOS;129
23.5;ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS;130
23.6;CONCLUSIONS;131
23.7;REFERENCES;131
24;CHAPTER 19. EXPLORATION OF THE DAO VALLISHADRIACA PATERA REGION ON MARS BY MARS BALLOON EXPLORATION VEHICLES;132
24.1;ABSTRACT;132
25;CHAPTER 20. MARTIAN MÖSSBAUER SPECTROMETER;136
25.1;ABSTRACT;136
25.2;INTRODUCTION;136
25.3;MÖSSBAUER PARAMETERS;136
25.4;MÖSSBAUER SPECTRUM OF A MARTIAN ANALOG;136
25.5;DETERMINATION OF THE Fe2+/Fe3+ RATIO;137
25.6;PROTOTYPE OF MARTIAN MÖSSBAUER SPECTROMETER;138
25.7;WHAT TO MEASURE;139
25.8;CONCLUSION;139
25.9;REFERENCES;139
26;CHAPTER 21. HOW TO LAY A SAFETY PATH FOR ROVER IN 3-DIMENSION SCENE?;140
26.1;INTRODUCTION;140
26.2;THE CALCULATION OF ELEVATION MAP BY DISTANCE MAP;140
26.3;THE CREATING OF RISK MAP;140
26.4;STRATEGY OF ROUTE CALCULATION;140
26.5;DIJKSTRA ALGORITHM;141
26.6;THE SKELETIZATION ALGORITHM;141
26.7;PERFORMANCE OF ALGORITHMS;142
26.8;EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION;142
26.9;REFERENCES;143
27;CHAPTER 22. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF 3-DIMENSION SCENES FROM STEREOPAIRS BY THE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING METHOD;144
27.1;INTRODUCTION;144
27.2;DESCRIPTION OF ALGORITHM;144
27.3;THE PENALTY FUNCTION OF PARALLAXES;146
27.4;THE PERFORMANCE OF ALGORITHM;147
27.5;REFERENCES;148
28;CHAPTER 23. THE ROBOTIC EXPLORATION MISSIONS AT MARS;150
28.1;ABSTRACT;150
28.2;INTRODUCTION;150
28.3;MISSION STRATEGIES;150
28.4;MISSION DESCRIPTIONS;151
28.5;SCIENCE INVESTIGATIONS;152
28.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;152
29;CHAPTER 24. SURFACE KNOWLEDGE AND RISKS TO LANDING AND ROVING: THE SCALE PROBLEM;154
29.1;ABSTRACT;154
29.2;BACKGROUND;154
29.3;THE SCALE PROBLEM;156
29.4;OPTIONS;156
29.5;CONCLUSIONS;160
29.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;160
29.7;REFERENCES;160
30;CHAPTER 25. THE IMPACT OF MARS SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS ON ROVER DESIGN;162
30.1;ABSTRACT;162
30.2;INTRODUCTION;162
30.3;ROVER MISSIONS;162
30.4;SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS AND MOBILITY;163
30.5;SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS AND LOCAL NAVIGATION;165
30.6;EFFECT OF SURFACE KNOWLEDGE ON TRAVERSE DISTANCE;166
30.7;REFERENCES;167
31;AUTHOR INDEX;168