Electricity Power Generation

The Changing Dimensions
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-470-60028-3
Verlag: Wiley

Buch, Englisch, 416 Seiten, Format (B × H): 161 mm x 240 mm, Gewicht: 774 g

Reihe: IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering

This book offers an analytical overview of established electric generation processes, along with the present status & improvements for meeting the strains of reconstruction. These old methods are hydro-electric, thermal & nuclear power production. The book covers climatic constraints; their affects and how they are shaping thermal production. The book also covers the main renewable energy sources, wind and PV cells and the hybrids arising out of these. It covers distributed generation which already has a large presence is now being joined by wind & PV energies. It covers their accommodation in the present system. It introduces energy stores for electricity; when they burst upon the scene in full strength are expected to revolutionize electricity production. In all the subjects covered, there are references to power marketing & how it is shaping production. There will also be a reference chapter on how the power market works.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tagare, Digambar M

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Atomenergietechnik
• Wirtschaftswissenschaften Wirtschaftssektoren & Branchen Energie- & Versorgungswirtschaft Elektroindustrie
• Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Thermische Energieerzeugung, Wärmeübertragung
• Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Windkraftanlagen, Wasserkraftanlagen

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1. Electricity History - A Review & the Road Ahead.
References:

2. Hydro Electricity Generation
Part 1 - Slow progress in hydro-electricity. Risks Involved.
Operation and maintenance of hydro-electricity generators.
- Capability curve
- Efficiency of a hydro unit
a) Monitoring & forecasting,
b) Diagnosis & prognosis and
c) Maintenance decision making.
-Control stations
-Technical management station
-Unit simulating platform
-Partial discharges (PD) in the stator coils
-Air gap monitoring of vertical hydraulic generators
References:

3. Hydro Electricity Generation
Part 2 Pumped Storage Electricity Systems.
Minor Hydro-electricity Systems. Oceanic Energy Based Electricity Systems.
1)Dam based - SHPs
2)Canal based - SHPs
3)Run of the river- SHPs
-European wave energy potential
-Islay wave energy conversion system
Annexure 1- World's largest Hydro-electric project - Itaipu project
#1 - Itaipu Hydro-project
#2 - Worlds largest Hydro-electric project - China
Annexure 2 -Remote control of a hydroelectric system at Guri
Working of the Guri control system
References:

4.THE THERMAL POWER GENERATION
PART1- STEAM GENERATORS
-A Modern 100 Mws Boiler
-A vertical water wall furnace with refilled tubes
a)Base Load Generator
b)Peak Load Generators
c)Intermediate Load Generators
-A Denitrifying Arrangement
-Gas turbine parameters
-Advances in Synchronous Generators
-Generator conductor temperatures & hot spots
-Roebling method of bar insulation:

-Power formers - HV Generators
-Variable frequency excitation control
References

5.THE THERMAL POWER GENERATION
PART 2- THE THERMAL STATION OPERATIONS,
TODAY'S RIGID FREQUENCY & VOLTAGE CONTROLS.
Unit commitments: Then & Now:

Growing importance of frequency control
Overloading by a grid member by tinkering with frequency control
Annexure 1 - Energy Efficiency Program
Annexure 2- Capability Curves for a 200 and a 500 Mws Generators
Annexure 3 - Design of an MHD Generator System & its output conversion
References

6. Environmental Constraints in Thermal Power Generation.
Part 1 Acid Rains.
Annexure 1 - Ambient air quality standards for residential areas.
Annexure 2- Ambient air quality standards for industrial areas.
Annexure 3 - Details on Desulphurization of flue gases as published by EIA for
USA
Average Flue Gas Desulfurization Costs, 1996 through 2007
References

7. Environmental constraints in Thermal Power Generation.
Part 2 - Carbon Clouds - Kyoto Proposals
-Emission Reductions Units
-Joint implementation
-CDM
-The eligibility criteria (Clause no 3.1 of Kyoto mechanisms)
-Additionality factor
-REPC - Renewable Energy Production Credit
-REPS - Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards
-TREC -Tradable Energy Credit
Annexure 1 Default efficiency factors for power plants
References

8. NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION
-The Process in Brief:

-The Risks Involved:

-The scope: Scattered Designs and Systems.
a)PWR - Pressurized water reactor system based,
b)BWR -Boiling water reactor system based
c)ABWR Advanced Boiling Water reactor system based.
1.NPPs for small grids
2.Helps to set up Hydrogen Era
3.Management of Anctides
Annexure 1. Nuclear reactor accident at Three Mile Island-USA in 1979
Annexure 2. The Chernobyl accident
Annexure 3. Nuclear Energy: capacity and generation
References

9. Wind power Generation
-Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT)
-+0.95 PF at PCC
-models a must
-SCADA to system operator
-Loss Of Load Possibility or LOLP
-Cost of Imbalance
-Unit commitment & scheduling
-Dynamic scheduling
-Accurate hourly weather forecast
References

Chap 10. Photovoltaic Energy - Solar cells and Solar Power Systems.
- Maximum power point trackers - MPPT, VMPPT & CMPPT
-By orienting the solar panel:

-By water cooling the solar panel backs:

Effect on grid
a)Agricultural water pumps - Selection of a DC motor. Suitable DC motors.
b)Operation of solar water pumps:

c)Remote hamlets
d)Residential complexes - Optimized power purchase from the grid,
e)Multiple storied Buildings with a large computer population, Effect on grid power factor & harmonics
f)A PV package for Power Factor improvement
g)A PV Panel On the Top Of An Automobile
References

11. Direct Conversion into Electricity - Fuel Cells
-Advantages / Disadvantages
-Standard characteristics of MCFC
-CO2 Recycling under pressure swing absorption:

1)Automobile Propulsion
Road blocks exists:

1a) Servicing facilities to back up Fuel.
1b) High operating pressures for natural gas & hydrogen:

1c) Cheaper & longer production sources for Petrol.

2)Residential applications
3)Electricity Utilities
-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell - turbine generator - SOFC
-Typical performance for Hybrid SOFC - Gas turbine system for a 500 KW output.
-Special advantages
References

12. HYBRID SYSTEMS
- Options for Rural Electric Supply. How to select?
- Six alternatives with advantages & disadvantages: A Mexican case study
-LPSP
-Battery capacity
-Inverter ratings
-Functions of a Battery Controller
(Static Power Controllers - SPC)
References

13. Combined Generation - Cogeneration
-Primary product: Steam:

-Primary product: Electricity:

-Equal production: Steam & Electricity:

a)Old established co-generating units.
b)New Hi-Tech industries:

c)Small establishments
a)Optimization of fuel input
b) Profit maximization under TOU rates: An Illustration:

a) Within its own complex:

b) As a tie up between a co generator & a utility:

A) Excitation control of co-generators
B) Short circuit faults & over currents
C) Clearing times for an out of step relay control:

D) Loss of excitation relay - Mal-operations:

E) A series inductance in the tie line works as a stabilizer:

Reverse power flow in generator
-Proportionate Load shedding
-Planning & Executing Load Shedding:

-Re-closures
-Passive re-closures.
a)Issues involved:

b)Actions to be undertaken:

Annexure - 1 A typical co-generating system for a Hi Tech science based industrial park in Taiwan:

Annexure - 2 NERC Directive
Annexure 3: Combined Power Generation and Captive Power Plants- A Typical Example.
- Problems in co generator & Grid Interconnections
-Grid Discipline for the CPP:

Annexure 4 - Cogeneration in Sugar Mills in India
References

14. Distributed Generation (DG) & Distributed Resources (DR)
Past picture and Future scope.
a) Load growth including Time Factor
b) Costs of available alternatives - DG Vs substations:

c) Costs of Overloading Existing Assets:

d) Costs of alternatives to DGs for handling overloads at substations
e) Costs of Unserved Energy
f) Interruption costs:

g) Line losses will keep on increasing with the load
-Voltage sensitivity factor
-Voltage support for a rural line with active & reactive power under different load conditions - An Illustration:

a)A ride through a voltage dip
b)Small disturbance stability
c)Working of a protective fuse & a backup recloser affected by the presence of a DG
d)Co-relation between a Fuse & a trip relay.
e)Boost up of fault current by an inverter & its effect on a re-closer
f)An inductance generator with a D-STATCOM
a)Disconnect on islanding:

b)Voltage Surge relay
c)ROCOF Relays
d)Built in protection for inverter
1)Short circuit level at DCC
2)Terminal PF control
3)Dynamic Voltage Stability improves
a) Peak Load Servicing:

b) Selling Contingency Security Reserves to a Utility:

a) Noise limit for Diesel Generator Sets (upto 100 KVA)
b) Emission Limits for New Diesel Engines (upto 800 kws) for Generator Sets
Applications:

Fuel Specifications for diesel engines
'Pune' pattern of Energy supply from stand by sets to a utility
References

15. Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems.
Voltage- Voltage levels & their limits are governed by standards
Harmonic maximum voltage distortion
-ROCOF performance curve & VS performance curve
Annexure 1 CBIP Standard Recommendation, Extracts from Publication 2517, July'96
References

16. Energy Storage - Power Storage
Super Capacitors.
a)A Storage for a Ride Through the wind energy fluctuations:

b)Change the time of delivery / price availability:

-Wind speed variation spectra
-an hourly spreadsheet method
1)A power curtailment mode
2)Maximum energy mode
3)Power leveling mode
Annexure - A Super-Capacitor - An elevator drive with super capacitor storage
References
Chap 17. Hydrogen Era
Origin & extent of atmospheric pollution- Lifetime & rates of increase
A) Presently developed processes for production of H2 -
B) Processes under development for bulk production of H2 -
C) Processes under laboratory / scientific exploration -
A) Costs of H2 are high:

B) Basic infrastructure does not exists:

C) Petroleum products are well established:

Annexure 1 - Proceedings of the national hydrogen energy road map - Workshop arranged by US DOE
Annexure 2 - HTGR Knowledge Base
IAEA-TECDOC--1085: Hydrogen as an energy carrier and its production by nuclear power
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria)
References
18. How does power marketing of electricity work?
The basic structure
-Role of a Systems Operator (Technical):

-Role of a System operator (Financial):

-Objectives For the transmission systems
-Objectives For the wholesale market: A Standard Market Design: SMD
Part B -Effects of Reconstruction on Electricity Business - Capital investment prospects for-
1)Generation: Peak load generators & Base load generators:

2)Investment / costs of compliance with emission control measures:

oBACT favored by regulators:

oOutput limitations:

oCAP & TRADE:

3)Effect on transmission system: Investment incentives & responsibilities:

oThe background:

oRevenues for transmission:

oPTR & FTR:

Annexure 1 - A vast array of tools to support tomorrow's market participants
References

19. Looking Into the Future
Electrically driven automobiles will keep thermal generation in operation.
A dream packet of electricity from a general stores.

Über Autor(innen)

Digamber M. Tagare is founder and Managing Director of Madhav Capacitors Pvt. Ltd. He is responsible for bringing capacitor manufacturing technology to India, and was awarded with the title of "Father of Capacitor Industries in India" from Indian Electrical and Electronics Manufacturers Association (IEEMA) in 2002. Mr. Tagare has published more than 100 technical papers and four books on capacitors and reactive power management. He is a member of both the National Association of Corrosion Engineers and the Electrical Research Association, as well as a Senior Life Member of the IEEE.