Tait / Garrett Fracture and Fracture Mechanics

Case Studies
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-5547-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 366 Seiten, Web PDF

Fracture and Fracture Mechanics: Case Studies contains the proceedings of the Second National Conference on Fracture, held at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa on November 26-27, 1984. This book presents case studies in fracture and fracture mechanics and highlights the problems associated with fracture, failure analysis, and safe design in industries as diverse as mining, power generation, transport, petrochemical, and manufacturing. This book has 29 chapters divided into five sections and opens with a discussion on the role of professional complacency in bridge failures. The first section is devoted to failure investigation and covers topics ranging from failure analysis of a hydraulic retarder piston to the use of scanning electron microscopy in investigating tungsten carbide-cobalt fractured components. The second section deals with slow crack growth and considers an approach to assessing structural integrity and fatigue failures in vibrating equipment. Failures arising from repair welding and incomplete heat treatment are described. The remaining chapters explore fitness for purpose evaluation of fractures; the environmental effects of fractures; and case studies of failure prevention in industries such as petrochemical, power generation, and transportation. This monograph will be of interest to structural engineers, metallurgists, and materials scientists and technologists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tait, R. B.

Garrett, G. G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Fracture and fracture Mechanics Case Studies;4
3;Copyright
Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;ORGANISING COMMITTEE;6
6;Nomenclature;12
7;Conversion Units;16
8;Introduction;18
9;Bridge Failures and Professional Complacency;20
9.1;Bibliography;22
10;SECTION 1: FAILURE INVESTIGATING;24
10.1;CHAPTER 1.
FAILURE INVESTIGATION:
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE;26
10.1.1;ABSTRACT;26
10.1.2;KEYWORDS;26
10.1.3;INTRODUCTION;26
10.1.4;COMMON CAUSES OF COMPONENT FAILURE;27
10.1.5;HOW TO CONDUCT A FAILURE ANALYSIS;31
10.1.6;TOOLS FOR STUDYING THE CRACK ORIGIN AREA;34
10.1.7;SUMMARY;38
10.1.8;REFERENCES;38
10.1.9;APPENDIX I : CAUSES OF FAILURE;38
10.1.10;APPENDIX II : HOW TO CONDUCT A FAILURE ANALYS;39
10.2;CHAPTER 2.
FAST FRACTURE;40
10.2.1;ABSTRACT;40
10.2.2;KEYWORDS;40
10.2.3;INTRODUCTION;40
10.2.4;CONCLUSIONS;53
10.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;54
10.2.6;REFERENCES;54
10.3;CHAPTER 3. FAILURE ANALYSIS OF AN HYDRAULIC RETARDER PISTON;56
10.3.1;ABSTRACT;56
10.3.2;KEYWORDS;56
10.3.3;INTRODUCTION;56
10.3.4;NATURE OF PROBLEM;56
10.3.5;FAILURE EXAMINATION;57
10.3.6;STRESS MEASUREMENT;59
10.3.7;SERVICE TESTING;59
10.3.8;RESULTS OF SERVICE TESTS;61
10.3.9;CONCLUSIONS;61
10.3.10;FOOTNOTE;62
10.3.11;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;62
10.4;CHAPTER 4. INVESTIGATION OF TUNGSTEN CARBIDE-COBALT FRACTURED COMPONENTS USING SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;64
10.4.1;ABSTRACT;64
10.4.2;KEYWORDS;64
10.4.3;INTRODUCTION;64
10.4.4;METHOD AND RESULTS;64
10.4.5;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION;67
10.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;68
10.4.7;REFERENCES;69
10.5;CHAPTER 5. FAILURE ANALYSIS AS A BASIS FOR DESIGN MODIFICATION OF MILITARY AIRCRAFT;70
10.5.1;ABSTRACT;70
10.5.2;KEYWORDS;70
10.5.3;INTRODUCTION;70
10.5.4;DAKOTA WHEEL;71
10.5.5;PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION;72
10.5.6;INVESTIGATION DETAILS;73
10.5.7;PROPOSED SOLUTION;74
10.5.8;AM3C BOSBOK UNDERCARRIACE;75
10.5.9;PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION;76
10.5.10;CONCLUSION;79
10.5.11;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;79
10.5.12;REFERENCES;79
10.6;CHAPTER 6. "THERE'S A HOLE IN MYBUCKET". AN AETIOLOGY OF A DRAGLINE BUCKET FAILURE;80
10.6.1;ABSTRACT;80
10.6.2;KEYWORDS;80
10.6.3;INTRODUCTION;80
10.6.4;FAILURE INVESTIGATION;81
10.6.5;SPECTROGRAPHIC CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF STEELS;86
10.6.6;GATHERING FURTHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION;87
10.6.7;DESIGN ASPECTS;87
10.6.8;DISCUSSION;90
10.6.9;RECOMMENDATIONS;91
10.6.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;91
10.6.11;REFERENCES;92
10.7;CHAPTER 7. SOME CONCLUSIONS FROM THE EVALUATION OF FAILED GEARS;94
10.7.1;ABSTRACT;94
10.7.2;KEYWORDS;94
10.7.3;INTRODUCTION;94
10.7.4;CASE STUDIES;94
10.7.5;CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS TO BE LEARNT;100
10.7.6;REFERENCES;101
10.8;CHAPTER 8. FRACTURES IN GRP — A LINK WITH CORROSION;102
10.8.1;ABSTRACT;102
10.8.2;KEYWORDS;102
10.8.3;INTRODUCTION;102
10.8.4;FAILURE EXAMPLES;102
10.8.5;ACID ATTACK ON GLASS FIBRE;104
10.8.6;CONCLUSIONS;107
10.8.7;REFERENCES;108
10.9;CHAPTER 9. SOME THOUGHTS ON FAILURE ANALYSIS;110
11;SECTION 2:
Slow Crack Growth;114
11.1;CHAPTER 10. SLOW CRACK GROWTH: MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC ASPECTS;116
11.1.1;ABSTRACT;116
11.1.2;INTRODUCTION;116
11.1.3;FRACTURE MECHANICS CHARACTERIZATION OF CRACK GROWTH;117
11.1.4;SLOW CRACK GROWTH BY DUCTILE FRACTURE;121
11.1.5;SLOW CRACK GROWTH BY FATIGUE;130
11.1.6;SLOW CRACK GROWTH BY CREEP;142
11.1.7;SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS;143
11.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;144
11.1.9;REFERENCES;145
11.2;CHAPTER 11. WEAR-INDUCED FATIGUE FAILURE AND THE PREDICTION OF CRITICAL FLAW SIZES IN SERVICE COMPONENTS;148
11.2.1;ABSTRACT;148
11.2.2;KEYWORDS;148
11.2.3;INTRODUCTION;148
11.2.4;THE ORIGINS OF FAILURE;151
11.2.5;FAILURE ANALYSIS BY FRACTURE MECHANICS;153
11.2.6;FULL-SCALE FATIGUE TESTING OF DESIGN MODIFICATION;156
11.2.7;CONCLUSIONS;157
11.2.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;158
11.2.9;REFERENCES;158
11.3;CHAPTER 12. C. A. Dahlgren*, R. B. Tait**, S. Franco*, D. P. Spencer*, R. G. Patton*** and G. G. Garrett;160
11.3.1;ABSTRACT;160
11.3.2;KEYWORDS;160
11.3.3;INTRODUCTION;160
11.3.4;PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION;161
11.3.5;MATERIAL TESTING;163
11.3.6;FRACTOGRAPHIC STUDIES;164
11.3.7;FAILURE POSTULATIONS;166
11.3.8;STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS ASSESSMENT;167
11.3.9;STRAIN MEASUREMENTS UNDER OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS;167
11.3.10;RECOMMENDATIONS ON ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA;168
11.3.11;CONCLUSIONS;168
11.3.12;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;168
11.3.13;REFERENCES;169
11.4;CHAPTER 13. PREFERENTIAL HAZ CRACKING OF WELDMENTS SUBJECTED TO THERMAL FATIGUE;170
11.4.1;ABSTRACT;170
11.4.2;KEYWORDS;170
11.4.3;INTRODUCTION;170
11.4.4;THERNAL FATIGUE OF WELDS;171
11.4.5;EXPERINENTAL;172
11.4.6;CRACK PROPAGATION;175
11.4.7;HECHANICAL PROPERTIES;177
11.4.8;RATE OF CRACK PROPAGATION;179
11.4.9;CONCLUSIONS;180
11.4.10;REFERENCES;181
11.5;CHAPTER 14. AN APPROACH TO ASSESSING STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY AND FATIGUE FAILURES IN VIBRATING EQUIPMENT;182
11.5.1;ABSTRACT;182
11.5.2;KEYWORDS;182
11.5.3;INTRODUCTION;182
11.5.4;VIBRATING SCREENS;183
11.5.5;CASE STUDY : VIBRATING SCREEN FAILURES AND SOLUTIONS;187
11.5.6;CONCLUSIONS;188
11.5.7;REFERENCES;190
11.6;CHAPTER 15. FAILURE EXAMINATION CASE STUDIES: TWO EXAMPLES OF FAILURES ARISING FROM (1)REPAIR WELDING, AND (2) INCOMPLETE HEAT TREATMENT;192
11.6.1;CASE STUDY 1;192
11.6.2;ABSTRACT;192
11.6.3;KEYWORDS;192
11.6.4;INTRODUCTION;192
11.6.5;FAILURE EXAMINATION;193
11.6.6;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;194
11.6.7;RECOMMENDATION;194
11.6.8;CASE STUDY 2;200
11.6.9;INTRODUCTION;200
11.6.10;FAILURE EXAMINATION;200
11.6.11;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION;200
11.6.12;CONCLUSIONS;201
11.6.13;REFERENCES;201
11.7;CHAPTER 16. FATIGUE FAILURES ARISING FROM INAPPROPRIATE WELDING;206
11.7.1;ABSTRACT;206
11.7.2;KEYWORDS;206
11.7.3;INTRODUCTION;206
11.7.4;THE INFLUENCE OF WELDING ON FATIGUE LIFE;206
11.7.5;SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF FATIGUE FAILURES RELATED TO INAPPROPRIATE WELDING;207
11.7.6;CONCLUSION;214
11.7.7;REFERENCES;214
12;SECTION 3:
Fitness for Purpose;216
12.1;CHAPTER 17. FRACTURE MECHANICS DEVELOPMENTS RELATED TO THE WELD DEFECT ACCEPTANCE METHODS GIVEN IN BRITISH STANDARD PD 6493;218
12.1.1;ABSTRACT;218
12.1.2;KEYWORDS;218
12.1.3;INTRODUCTION;218
12.1.4;FRACTURE CONSIDERATIONS;219
12.1.5;FATIGUE CONSIDERATIONS;225
12.1.6;APPLICATIONS;226
12.1.7;CONCLUDING REMARKS;226
12.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;226
12.1.9;NOMENCLATURE;226
12.1.10;REFERENCES;228
12.2;CHAPTER 18. A FITNESS FOR PURPOSE EVALUATION OF PIPE WELD DEFECTS USING BS PD 6493;232
12.2.1;ABSTRACT;232
12.2.2;KEYWORDS;232
12.2.3;INTRODUCTION;232
12.2.4;FITNESS FOR PURPOSE ANALYSIS;233
12.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;238
12.2.6;REFERENCES;238
12.3;CHAPTER 19. RESIDUAL LIFE EVALUATION OF A 20 MW TURBINE CASING;240
12.3.1;ABSTRACT;240
12.3.2;KEYWORDS;240
12.3.3;INTRODUCTION;240
12.3.4;CHARACTERISATION OF DEFECT SIZES;241
12.3.5;STRESS ANALYSIS;242
12.3.6;CRITICAL CRACK LENGTHS;243
12.3.7;RESIDUAL LIFE PREDICTION;244
12.3.8;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;246
12.3.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;246
12.3.10;REFERENCES;246
12.4;CHAPTER 20. A FRACTURE MECHANICS ASSESSMENT OF AN UNUSUAL CARBON STEEL USED IN LOW TEMPERATURE PETROCHEMICAL PROCESS PLANT;248
12.4.1;ABSTRACT;248
12.4.2;KEYWORDS;248
12.4.3;INTRODUCTION;248
12.4.4;EXPERIMENTAL WORK;250
12.4.5;RESULTS;250
12.4.6;CRITICAL CRACK LENGTH DETERMINATION;252
12.4.7;DISCUSSION;253
12.4.8;CONCLUSIONS;253
12.4.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;253
12.4.10;REFERENCES;254
13;SECTION 4:
Environmental Effects;256
13.1;CHAPTER 21.
FAILURE BY CREEP;258
13.1.1;ABSTRACT;258
13.1.2;KEYWORDS;258
13.1.3;INTRODUCTION;258
13.1.4;CREEP DATA;259
13.1.5;CREEP MECHANISMS;262
13.1.6;CREEP FAILURE;263
13.1.7;APPLICATIONS OF CREEP TO FAILURE ANALYSIS;265
13.1.8;A FINAL NOTE;269
13.1.9;REFERENCES;269
13.2;CHAPTER 22. CREEP-INDUCED FAILURE OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL PIPELINES;270
13.2.1;ABSTRACT;270
13.2.2;KEYWORDS;270
13.2.3;INTRODUCTION;270
13.2.4;EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION;272
13.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;276
13.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;277
13.2.7;REFERENCES;277
13.3;CHAPTER 23. INTERGRANULAR OXIDATION OF TWO AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL COMPONENTS OPERATING AT INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURES;278
13.3.1;ABSTRACT;278
13.3.2;KEYWORDS;278
13.3.3;INTRODUCTION;278
13.3.4;BACKGROUND TO FAILURE OF A GASIFIER GRATE COVER PLATE;278
13.3.5;BACKGROUND OF FAILURE OF REFORMER GAS/STEAM LINES;282
13.3.6;CONCLUSIONS;286
13.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;286
13.3.8;REFERENCES;286
13.4;CHAPTER24. THE FRACTURE OF A SHIP'S PROPELLER SHAFT;288
13.4.1;ABSTRACT;288
13.4.2;KEYWORDS;288
13.4.3;INTRODUCTION;288
13.4.4;MECHANISM OF FRACTURE;291
13.4.5;INITIATION OF PITTING;292
13.4.6;CONCLUSION;293
13.4.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;294
13.5;CHAPTER 25. STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF LOW ALLOY STEEL TURBINE DISKS;296
13.5.1;ABSTRACT;296
13.5.2;KEYWORDS;296
13.5.3;INTRODUCTION;296
13.5.4;DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM;296
13.5.5;PROPOSED SOLUTIONS TO THE SCC PROBLEM;296
13.5.6;CONCLUSIONS;300
13.5.7;AKNOWLEDGEMENTS;300
13.5.8;REFERENCES;301
14;SECTION 5: Case Studies and Failure Prevention;302
14.1;CHAPTER 26. CASE STUDIES AND FAILURE PREVENTION IN THE PETROCHEMICAL AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES;304
14.1.1;ABSTRACT;304
14.1.2;KEYWORDS;304
14.1.3;INTRODUCTION;304
14.1.4;CASES OF FITNESS-FOR-PURPOSE ASSESSMENTS;305
14.1.5;FAILURE INVESTIGATIONS;307
14.1.6;DISCUSSION;313
14.1.7;CONCLUSIONS;316
14.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;316
14.1.9;REFERENCES;316
14.2;CHAPTER 27. CASE STUDIES IN DEFENCE AND TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRIES;320
14.2.1;ABSTRACT;320
14.2.2;KEYWORDS;320
14.2.3;INTRODUCTION;320
14.2.4;CONCLUSIONS;336
14.2.5;ACKOWLEDGEMENTS;336
14.2.6;REFERENCES;336
14.3;CHAPTER 28. CASE STUDIES IN POWER GENERATION;340
14.3.1;ABSTRACT;340
14.3.2;KEYWORDS;340
14.3.3;CASE STUDY 1 : CREEP FAILURE OF PRESSURIZED TUBES BY OVERHEATING;340
14.3.4;CASE STUDY 2: MATERIALS FOR HIGH-PRESSURE BLADES IN GAS TURBINES;345
14.3.5;REFERENCES;348
14.4;CHAPTER 29. FAILURE ANALYSIS OF AN AMMONIA PRESSURE VESSEL;350
14.4.1;ABSTRACT;350
14.4.2;KEYWORDS;350
14.4.3;LABORATORY ANALYSIS AMD RESULTS;350
14.4.4;DISCUSSION;358
14.4.5;CONCLUSIONS;359
14.4.6;REFERENCES;359
15;CONFERENCE SUMMARY;362
16;CONFERENCE SUMMARY;364
17;AUTHOR INDEX;366