Taplin Applications and Non-Metals

Advances in Research on The Strength and Fracture of Materials
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-5817-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 800 Seiten, Web PDF

Advances in Research on the Strength and Fracture of Materials: Volume 3Bs-Applications and Non-Metals contains the proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Fracture, held at the University of Waterloo, Canada, in June 1977. The papers review the state of the art with respect to testing of fracture in a wide range of non-metals such as ceramics, glass, composites, polymers, biomaterials, and concrete. This volume is divided into five sections and opens by discussing the role of acoustic emission in fracture toughness testing and the relation between static and dynamic fracture toughness of structural steels. The reader is then introduced to methods for determining stress-intensity factors of simplified geometries of structural parts; stress analysis of pressure vessels by thermal shock; the fracture toughness of constructional steels in cyclic loading; and fracture processes and fracture toughness in powder forged steels. The remaining chapters explore the influence of low-cycle damage on fracture toughness; fracture of structural alloys at temperatures approaching absolute zero; fracture mechanisms in Si-Al-O-N ceramics; propagation and bifurcation of cracks in quartz; and the effect of pressure and environment on the fracture and yield of polymers. This monograph will be a useful resource for metallurgists, materials scientists, and structural and mechanical engineers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Taplin, D. M. R.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Applications and Non-Metals;6
3;Copyright Page;7
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Dedication;4
6;Foreword;16
7;Foreword;17
8;Preface;18
8.1;Preface to the Conference Edition;18
8.2;Preface to the General Edition;19
9;Acknowledgements;22
10;International Congress on Fracture;23
11;Fourth International Conference on Fracture;27
12;Standard Nomenclature List;29
13;Conversion Units;33
14;Part VI: Applications;34
14.1;Session 1: Test Methods;36
14.1.1;CHAPTER 1.
THE ROLE OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION IN FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TESTING;36
14.1.1.1;INTRODUCTION;36
14.1.1.2;EXPERIMENTAL;36
14.1.1.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;37
14.1.1.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;39
14.1.1.5;REFERENCES;39
14.1.2;CHAPTER 2.
THE RELATION BETWEEN STATIC AND DYNAMIC FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF STRUCTURAL STEELS;42
14.1.2.1;INTRODUCTION;42
14.1.2.2;MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;43
14.1.2.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;44
14.1.2.4;REFERENCES;45
14.1.3;CHAPTER 3.
EXPERIMENTAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DYNAMICAL TOUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESTRAINED PRESSURE VESSEL STEELS;52
14.1.3.1;INTRODUCTION;52
14.1.3.2;STEELS TESTED;52
14.1.3.3;FACTORS INVESTIGATED AND RESEARCH PROGRAMME;52
14.1.3.4;ANALYSIS OF RESULTS;53
14.1.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;53
14.1.3.6;REFERENCES;54
14.1.4;CHAPTER 4.
ON THE DYNAMIC FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DETERMINATION BY INSTRUMENTED IMPACT TESTS;60
14.1.4.1;INTRODUCTION;60
14.1.4.2;BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AND MODEL;61
14.1.4.3;CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS;61
14.1.4.4;REFERENCES;62
14.1.5;CHAPTER 5.
THE ROLE OF NDT IN THE FRACTURE MECHANICS EVALUATION;66
14.1.5.1;INTRODUCTION;66
14.1.5.2;ULTRASONIC TESTING;66
14.1.5.3;EXPERIMENTAL;66
14.1.5.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;67
14.1.5.5;CONCLUSION;69
14.1.5.6;REFERENCES;69
14.1.6;CHAPTER 6.
CHARTING THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS OF CASTINGS USING THE DOUBLE TORSION METHOD;76
14.1.6.1;INTRODUCTION;76
14.1.6.2;TECHNICAL BACKGROUND;76
14.1.6.3;HISTORY OF THE DOUBLE TORSION TEST;77
14.1.6.4;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;78
14.1.6.5;CLOSING COMMENTS;78
14.1.6.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;79
14.1.6.7;REFERENCES;79
14.1.7;CHAPTER 7.
DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF PLASTIC ZONES IN SIDE GROOVED FRACTURE TOUGHNESS SPECIMENS;84
14.1.7.1;INTRODUCTION;84
14.1.7.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;84
14.1.7.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;85
14.1.7.4;CONCLUSION;87
14.1.7.5;REFERENCES;87
14.1.8;CHAPTER 8. A FRACTOGRAPHIC STUDY ON EVALUATION OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS;94
14.1.8.1;INTRODUCTION;94
14.1.8.2;PROPOSED JIc TEST METHOD;94
14.1.8.3;MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;95
14.1.8.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;95
14.1.8.5;CONCLUSIONS;97
14.1.8.6;REFERENCES;97
14.1.9;CHAPTER 9.
THE INFLUENCE OF SPECIMEN CONFIGURATION ON YIELD ZONE FORMATION AND FRACTURE RESISTANCE;104
14.1.9.1;INTRODUCTION;104
14.1.9.2;THE CRACK GROWTH RESISTANCE CURVE CONCEPT;104
14.1.9.3;TESTS AND RESULTS;105
14.1.9.4;FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS;106
14.1.9.5;DISCUSSION OF RESULTS;106
14.1.9.6;CONCLUDING REMARKS;108
14.1.9.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;108
14.1.9.8;REFERENCES;108
14.1.10;CHAPTER 10.
METHODS OF EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF STRESS-INTENSITY FACTORS OF SIMPLIFIED GEOMETRIES OF STRUCTURAL PARTS;112
14.1.10.1;INTRODUCTION;112
14.1.10.2;PROBLEM;112
14.1.10.3;COMPLIANCE METHOD;113
14.1.10.4;CRACK GROWTH TECHNIQUE;113
14.1.10.5;TEST PROCEDURE;114
14.1.10.6;RESULTS;115
14.1.10.7;REFERENCES;115
14.1.11;CHAPTER 11. DEVELOPMENT OF A C-SHAPED FATIGUE SPECIMEN;120
14.1.11.1;INTRODUCTION;120
14.1.11.2;TEST SPECIMEN;120
14.1.11.3;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;121
14.1.11.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;121
14.1.11.5;CONCLUSIONS;123
14.1.11.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;123
14.1.11.7;REFERENCES;123
14.1.12;CHAPTER 12.
THE EFFECT OF STRIKING VELOCITY ON PERFORATION ENERGY FOR MILD STEEL PLATES;128
14.1.12.1;INTRODUCTION;128
14.1.12.2;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;129
14.1.12.3;CONCLUSION;130
14.1.12.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;130
14.1.12.5;REFERENCES;130
14.1.13;CHAPTER 13.
DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL STRESS-INTENSITY FACTORS UNDER MIXED MODE LOADING CONDITIONS BY SHADOW-OPTICS;132
14.1.13.1;INTRODUCTION;132
14.1.13.2;PRINCIPLE OF THE SHADOW OPTICAL METHOD;132
14.1.13.3;EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT;133
14.1.13.4;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;133
14.1.13.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;134
14.1.13.6;REFERENCES;135
14.2;Session 2: Practical Aspects A;138
14.2.1;CHAPTER 1. FRACTURE MECHANICS OF TIDAL FLEXURE CRACKS IN FLOATING ICE SHELVES;138
14.2.1.1;INTRODUCTION;138
14.2.1.2;TIDAL BENDING STRESSES;138
14.2.1.3;DEPTH OF STRAND CRACKS;140
14.2.1.4;DISCUSSION;141
14.2.1.5;REFERENCES;141
14.2.2;CHAPTER 2. PRESSURE VESSEL STRENGTH ANALYSIS BY THERMAL SHOCK;144
14.2.2.1;REFERENCES;146
14.2.3;CHAPTER 3. STRENGTH OF WELDED THICK WALLED NON-HEAT TREATED STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS;150
14.2.3.1;REFERENCES;153
14.2.4;CHAPTER 4. A CRACK NEAR DOUBLY RIVETED STIFFENERS;158
14.2.4.1;INTRODUCTION;158
14.2.4.2;METHOD OF ANALYSIS;158
14.2.4.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;160
14.2.4.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;160
14.2.4.5;REFERENCES;161
14.2.5;CHAPTER 5. TEST AND ANALYSIS OF CRACKED LUG;168
14.2.5.1;INTRODUCTION;168
14.2.5.2;THE COMPOUNDED STRESS INTENSITY EXPRESSION;169
14.2.5.3;THE FINITE ELEMENT MODEL;170
14.2.5.4;TEST AND CORRELATIONS;170
14.2.5.5;REFERENCES;171
14.2.6;CHAPTER 6.
ACTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SHEAR FRACTURE OF A FORGED STEEL AXLE SPINDLE;176
14.2.6.1;INTRODUCTION;176
14.2.6.2;OPTICAL EXAMINATION;176
14.2.6.3;SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;177
14.2.6.4;MECHANICAL TESTS;177
14.2.6.5;CONCLUSIONS;177
14.2.6.6;REFERENCES;177
14.2.7;CHAPTER 7.
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION BEHAVIOUR OF SEVERAL CAST STEELS FOR STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF HYDRO-TURBINES;186
14.2.7.1;INTRODUCTION;186
14.2.7.2;METHOD OF TESTS;186
14.2.7.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;187
14.2.7.4;CONCLUSIONS;188
14.2.7.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;188
14.2.7.6;REFERENCES;188
14.2.8;CHAPTER 8.
INVESTIGATION OF THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELS IN CYCLIC LOADING;194
14.2.8.1;INTRODUCTION;194
14.2.8.2;TECHNIQUE AND TEST RESULTS;194
14.2.8.3;CONCLUSIONS;196
14.2.8.4;REFERENCES;196
14.2.9;CHAPTER 9. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF TURBINE ROTOR SHAFT AND VALIDITY CRITERION FOR KIC
;198
14.2.9.1;INTRODUCTION;198
14.2.9.2;MATERIALS AND TESTING PROCEDURES;198
14.2.9.3;TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;200
14.2.9.4;CONCLUSIONS;201
14.2.9.5;REFERENCES;201
14.2.10;CHAPTER 10.
PREDICTION OF FAIL-SAFE STRENGTH OF REALISTIC STIFFENED SKIN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES;210
14.2.10.1;INTRODUCTION;210
14.2.10.2;FAIL-SAFE STRENGTH OF STIFFENED PANELS;210
14.2.10.3;SHEET-STIFFENER INTERACTION;211
14.2.10.4;PREDICTION OF RESIDUAL STRENGTH;212
14.2.10.5;CONCLUSIONS;213
14.2.10.6;REFERENCES;213
14.3;Session 3: Practical Aspects B;216
14.3.1;CHAPTER 1. INITIATION COD AS A FRACTURE CRITERION FOR ZR-2.5% Nb PRESSURE TUBE ALLOY;216
14.3.1.1;INTRODUCTION;216
14.3.1.2;EXPERIMENTAL;217
14.3.1.3;RESULTS;217
14.3.1.4;DISCUSSION;218
14.3.1.5;CONCLUSIONS;219
14.3.1.6;REFERENCES;219
14.3.2;CHAPTER 2.
A STUDY OF CONDITIONS LEADING TO FRAGMENTATION ON FAILURE OF ZIRCONIUM ALLOY PRESSURE TUBES;224
14.3.2.1;INTRODUCTION;224
14.3.2.2;PRESSURE TUBE BEHAVIOUR;224
14.3.2.3;SMALL SPECIMEN STUDIES;226
14.3.2.4;CORRELATION BETWEEN TUBE AND SMALL SPECIMENS;227
14.3.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;227
14.3.2.6;REFERENCES;228
14.3.3;CHAPTER 3.
CRACK NUCLEATION IN 316 STAINLESS STEEL FUEL CLADDING;234
14.3.3.1;INTRODUCTION;234
14.3.3.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;235
14.3.3.3;ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE;235
14.3.3.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;236
14.3.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;237
14.3.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;238
14.3.3.7;REFERENCES;238
14.3.4;CHAPTER 4. FRACTURE MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ABRASIVE FRICTION, WEAR, AND CHIP FORMATION OF A .-Fe-Ni-Al STEEL;244
14.3.4.1;INTRODUCTION;244
14.3.4.2;EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;244
14.3.4.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;245
14.3.4.4;SUMMARY;246
14.3.4.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;246
14.3.4.6;REFERENCES;247
14.3.5;CHAPTER 5.
FRACTURE STRENGTH OF A NOTCHED BEAM WHEN A SMALL FATIGUE CRACK EMANATES FROM THE NOTCH ROOT;252
14.3.5.1;INTRODUCTION;252
14.3.5.2;DETERMINATION OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR;252
14.3.5.3;FRACTURE STRESS;253
14.3.5.4;DISCUSSION;254
14.3.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;255
14.3.5.6;REFERENCES;255
14.3.6;CHAPTER 6.
ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE CRACK ARREST- TOUGHNESS;262
14.3.6.1;INTRODUCTION;262
14.3.6.2;EXPERIMENTAL;262
14.3.6.3;RESULTS;263
14.3.6.4;CONCLUSIONS;264
14.3.6.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;264
14.3.6.6;REFERENCES;264
14.3.7;CHAPTER 7.
INITIATION OF CRACKS AT DELAYED FRACTURE OF A HIGH STRENGTH STEEL;268
14.3.7.1;INTRODUCTION;268
14.3.7.2;ACOUSTIC EMISSION INVESTIGATION OF INCUBATION PERIOD;268
14.3.7.3;EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND RELATED INTERGRANULAR FRACTURE;269
14.3.7.4;DISCUSSION;270
14.3.7.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;271
14.3.7.6;REFERENCES;271
14.3.8;CHAPTER 8.
BRITTLE FRACTURE DESIGN OF STRUCTURES;276
14.3.8.1;INTRODUCTION;276
14.3.8.2;VALUES OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR KIc RECOMMENDED FOR THE CALCULATION;276
14.3.8.3;SELECTION OF THE TYPICAL DIMENSION OF DEFECT;279
14.3.8.4;SAFETY FACTORS WITH REGARD TO CRITICAL STRESSES AND CRITICAL DIMENSIONS OF DEFECTS;279
14.3.8.5;EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION;280
14.3.8.6;REFERENCES;281
14.4;Session 4: Fracture Toughness and Low Temperature Fracture;284
14.4.1;CHAPTER 1.
FRACTURE PROCESSES AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS IN POWDER FORGED STEELS;284
14.4.1.1;INTRODUCTION;284
14.4.1.2;MATERIALS AND PARAMETERS;284
14.4.1.3;NATURE OF INCLUSIONS AND FRACTURE SURFACE ANALYSIS IN Cr-Mn STEELS;285
14.4.1.4;NATURE OF INCLUSIONS AND. FRACTURE SURFACE ANALYSIS IN Ni-Mo STEELS;286
14.4.1.5;KIc VALUES;287
14.4.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;287
14.4.1.7;REFERENCES;287
14.4.2;CHAPTER 2.
INCREASING THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF 18 NI-MARAGING STEEL WELD METAL;292
14.4.2.1;INTRODUCTION;292
14.4.2.2;TEST PROGRAMME;292
14.4.2.3;RESULTS OF THE METALLOGRAPHIC EXAMINATIONS;293
14.4.2.4;HARDNESS MEASUREMENTS;293
14.4.2.5;RESULTS OF TENSION TESTS;294
14.4.2.6;FRACTURE TOUGHNESS BEHAVIOUR;294
14.4.2.7;CONCLUSIONS;295
14.4.2.8;REFERENCES;295
14.4.3;CHAPTER 3.
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF THERMALLY FATIGUED MATERIAL;302
14.4.3.1;INTRODUCTION;302
14.4.3.2;FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM;302
14.4.3.3;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;302
14.4.3.4;TESTING MATERIAL;303
14.4.3.5;THERMAL FATIGUE TREATMENT;303
14.4.3.6;ESTIMATE OF THE EXTENT OF THE ZONE AFFECTED BY THERMAL CYCLING;304
14.4.3.7;DETERMINATION OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS;304
14.4.3.8;CORRECTION FOR THE HEAT TREATMENT IN THE THERMAL CYCLE;304
14.4.3.9;RESULTS;304
14.4.3.10;FRACTURE SURFACE OBSERVATIONS;305
14.4.3.11;EXPERIMENTAL ESTIMATE OF THE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR;305
14.4.3.12;DISCUSSION;305
14.4.3.13;REFERENCES;306
14.4.4;CHAPTER 4.
ON THE INFLUENCE OF LOW-CYCLE DAMAGE ON FRACTURE TOUGHNESS;312
14.4.4.1;MATERIALS AND TEST SPECIMENS;312
14.4.4.2;LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE INFLUENCE ON THE

MATERIAL;313
14.4.4.3;TESTING METHODS;313
14.4.4.4;TEST RESULTS;314
14.4.4.5;THE EFFECT OF LOW CYCLE FATIGUE ON MATERIAL'S RESISTANCE TO BRITTLE FRACTURE INITIATION;314
14.4.4.6;REFERENCES;315
14.4.5;CHAPTER 5.
TOUGHNESS - POROSITY PHENOMENA;320
14.4.5.1;INTRODUCTION;320
14.4.5.2;THE EFFECTS OF PORES ON CRACK PROPAGATION;320
14.4.5.3;POSSIBLE MECHANISMS;321
14.4.5.4;CONCLUSIONS;325
14.4.5.5;REFERENCES;326
14.4.6;CHAPTER 6.
FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF NODULAR GRAPHITE IRON AT LOW TEMPERATURES;330
14.4.6.1;INTRODUCTION;330
14.4.6.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;331
14.4.6.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;331
14.4.6.4;SUMMARY;333
14.4.6.5;REFERENCES;334
14.4.7;CHAPTER 7.
LOW-TEMPERATURE FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION;340
14.4.7.1;INTRODUCTION;340
14.4.7.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;341
14.4.7.3;PROPOSED MODEL;342
14.4.7.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;344
14.4.7.5;REFERENCES;344
14.4.8;CHAPTER 8.
FRACTURE OF STRUCTURAL ALLOYS AT TEMPERATURES APPROACHING ABSOLUTE ZERO;350
14.4.8.1;INTRODUCTION;350
14.4.8.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES;351
14.4.8.3;RESULTS;351
14.4.8.4;CONCLUSION;353
14.4.8.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;353
14.4.8.6;REFERENCES;353
14.4.9;CHAPTER 9.
FRACTURE AND TOUGHNESS OF BCC IRON ALLOYS AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE;358
14.4.9.1;INTRODUCTION;358
14.4.9.2;CLEAVAGE FRACTURE OF IRON ALLOY;358
14.4.9.3;APPLICATION;359
14.4.9.4;CONCLUSION;360
14.4.9.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;361
14.4.9.6;REFERENCES;361
14.4.10;CHAPTER 10.
A CRITERION FOR STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS IN COMPLEX STRESS STATE AT LOW TEMPERATURES;364
14.4.10.1;INTRODUCTION;364
14.4.10.2;INITIAL PHYSICAL ASSUMPTIONS;364
14.4.10.3;THE CRITERION STRUCTURE;364
14.4.10.4;REFERENCES;367
14.4.11;CHAPTER 11.
FATIGUE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN 5.5% Ni STEEL AT LOW TEMPERATURE;368
14.4.11.1;INTRODUCTION;368
14.4.11.2;MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;368
14.4.11.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;369
14.4.11.4;CONCLUSION;371
14.4.11.5;REFERENCES;371
15;Part VII: Non-Metals;376
15.1;Session 1: Ceramics;378
15.1.1;CHAPTER 1.
FRACTURE MECHANISMS IN Si-Al-O-N CERAMICS;378
15.1.1.1;INTRODUCTION;378
15.1.1.2;EXPERIMENTAL;378
15.1.1.3;MICROSTRUCTURES;379
15.1.1.4;FRACTURE MECHANISMS;379
15.1.1.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;381
15.1.1.6;REFERENCES;381
15.1.2;CHAPTER 2. THE MEASUREMENT OF KIc AND SUBCRITICAL CRACK PROPAGATION RATES IN HOT PRESSED SiC AND Si3N4;386
15.1.2.1;INTRODUCTION;386
15.1.2.2;MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES;386
15.1.2.3;RESULTS;388
15.1.2.4;DISCUSSION;388
15.1.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;389
15.1.2.6;REFERENCES;389
15.1.3;CHAPTER 3.
THE EVALUATION OF CRACK RESISTANCE AND CRACK VELOCITY FROM CONTROLLED FRACTURE EXPERIMENTS OF CERAMIC BEND SPECIMENS;394
15.1.3.1;INTRODUCTION;394
15.1.3.2;EVALUATION METHOD;395
15.1.3.3;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;396
15.1.3.4;RESULTS;397
15.1.3.5;DISCUSSION;397
15.1.3.6;ACKNOWLDGEMENT;398
15.1.3.7;REFERENCES;398
15.1.4;CHAPTER 4.
DEPENDENCE OF LIFETIME PREDICTIONS ON THE FORM OF THE CRACK PROPAGATION EQUATION;404
15.1.4.1;INTRODUCTION;404
15.1.4.2;FORMS OF THE CRACK PROPAGATION EQUATION;405
15.1.4.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;405
15.1.4.4;DISCUSSION;406
15.1.4.5;REFERENCES;407
15.1.5;CHAPTER 5.
ENGINEERING DESIGN AND FATIGUE FAILURE OF FUSED SILICA FIBRES;414
15.1.5.1;INTRODUCTION;414
15.1.5.2;FUNDAMENTALS;414
15.1.5.3;DESIGN DIAGRAMS;416
15.1.5.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;418
15.1.5.5;REFERENCES;418
15.1.6;CHAPTER 6.
GRAIN SIZE AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF ALUMINA;420
15.1.6.1;INTRODUCTION;420
15.1.6.2;EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;420
15.1.6.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;421
15.1.6.4;CONCLUSIONS;422
15.1.6.5;REFERENCES;422
15.1.7;CHAPTER 7.
FAILURE PREDICTION OF FINITE FLAWED CERAMIC PLATES UNDER COMBINED STRESSES;424
15.1.7.1;INTRODUCTION;424
15.1.7.2;STRESS ANALYSIS;424
15.1.7.3;PROBABILITY THEORY;426
15.1.7.4;NUMERICAL RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS;427
15.1.7.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;428
15.1.7.6;REFERENCES;428
15.1.8;CHAPTER 8.
BRITTLE FRACTURE AND SUBCRITICAL CRACK GROWTH IN A CERAMIC STRUCTURE;432
15.1.8.1;INTRODUCTION;432
15.1.8.2;ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE;432
15.1.8.3;SUBCRITICAL CRACK GROWTH DURING CYCLIC LOADING;433
15.1.8.4;FRACTURE OF A CERAMIC STRUCTURE;434
15.1.8.5;CONCLUSIONS;435
15.1.8.6;REFERENCES;435
15.1.9;CHAPTER 9.
ABOUT THE PROCESS ZONE SURROUNDING THE CRACK TIP IN CERAMICS;440
15.1.9.1;INTRODUCTION;440
15.1.9.2;THEORY;441
15.1.9.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;442
15.1.9.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;443
15.1.9.5;REFERENCE;443
15.1.10;CHAPTER 10.
FRACTURE MIRROR FORMATION IN SINGLE CRYSTAL ALUMINA;444
15.1.10.1;INTRODUCTION;444
15.1.10.2;THEORETICAL BACKGROUND;444
15.1.10.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;446
15.1.10.4;REFERENCES;448
15.1.10.5;APPENDIX A;449
15.1.11;CHAPTER 11.
CRACK SHAPE STUDY IN A BRITTLE, NON-BONDED, PARTICULATE COMPOSITE;452
15.1.11.1;INTRODUCTION;452
15.1.11.2;EXPERIMENTAL;452
15.1.11.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;454
15.1.11.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;455
15.1.11.5;REFERENCES;455
15.2;Session 2: Glasses;460
15.2.1;CHAPTER 1.
BRITTLE FRACTURE UNDER BIAXIAL NORMAL STRESS;460
15.2.1.1;INTRODUCTION;460
15.2.1.2;DISC TEST;460
15.2.1.3;TORSION RESULTS ON MARBLE;463
15.2.1.4;DISCUSSION;464
15.2.1.5;CONCLUSIONS;465
15.2.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;466
15.2.1.7;REFERENCES;466
15.2.2;CHAPTER 2.
BRANCHING OF HERTZ CRACKS;470
15.2.2.1;INTRODUCTION;470
15.2.2.2;PROCEDURES, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;470
15.2.2.3;CONCLUSIONS;473
15.2.2.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;473
15.2.2.5;REFERENCES;473
15.2.3;CHAPTER 3.
MEASUREMENT OF FAST CRACK PROPAGATION IN GLASS UNDER DYNAMIC LOADING;476
15.2.3.1;INTRODUCTION;476
15.2.3.2;EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE;476
15.2.3.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;477
15.2.3.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;477
15.2.3.5;REFERENCES;478
15.2.4;CHAPTER 4.
THE PROPAGATION AND BIFURCATION OF CRACKS IN QUARTZ;482
15.2.4.1;INTRODUCTION;482
15.2.4.2;RATIONALE;483
15.2.4.3;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;486
15.2.4.4;REFERENCES;486
15.2.5;CHAPTER 5.
ORIGINS OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION IN THE FRACTURE OF GLASS PLATES;490
15.2.5.1;INTRODUCTION;490
15.2.5.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;490
15.2.5.3;RESULTS;491
15.2.5.4;DISCUSSION;491
15.2.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;492
15.2.5.6;REFERENCES;492
15.2.6;CHAPTER 6.
SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF TEMPERED GLASS;496
15.2.6.1;INTRODUCTION;496
15.2.6.2;THERMAL INITIAL STRESSES IN TEMPERED GLASS PLATE;496
15.2.6.3;THERMAL STRESSES SURROUNDING AN INCLUSION;497
15.2.6.4;STRESSES AROUND AN NiS INCLUSION AND FRACTURE;498
15.2.6.5;AN ACTUAL EXAMPLE AND DISCUSSION;499
15.2.6.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;500
15.2.6.7;REFERENCES;500
15.2.7;CHAPTER 7.
STRESS CORROSION CHARACTERISTICS OF TOUGHENED GLASSES AND CERAMICS;504
15.2.7.1;INTRODUCTION;504
15.2.7.2;ANALYSIS;504
15.2.7.3;RESULTS;507
15.2.7.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;508
15.2.7.5;REFERENCES;508
15.2.8;CHAPTER 8.
EFFECT OF NOTCH ROOT RADIUS ON THE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON;512
15.2.8.1;INTRODUCTION;512
15.2.8.2;EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION;512
15.2.8.3;RESULTS;512
15.2.8.4;CONCLUSIONS;513
15.2.8.5;REFERENCES;513
15.2.9;CHAPTER 9.
ON HYDROGEN INDUCED FRACTURE OF PORCELAIN ENAMEL LAYERS;518
15.2.9.1;INTRODUCTION;518
15.2.9.2;PROPERTIES OF ENAMEL LAYER [3];518
15.2.9.3;FRACTURE SURFACE OBSERVATIONS;519
15.2.9.4;MECHANISM OF ENAMEL FRACTURE BY HYDROGEN;519
15.2.9.5;CONCLUSION;521
15.2.9.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;521
15.2.9.7;REFERENCES;521
15.3;Session 3: Composites;526
15.3.1;CHAPTER 1. FRACTURE OF PARTICULAR COMPOSITES BASED ON POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE;526
15.3.1.1;INTRODUCTION;526
15.3.1.2;MATERIALS;527
15.3.1.3;SPECIMEN DESIGN AND ANALYSIS;527
15.3.1.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;527
15.3.1.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;529
15.3.1.6;REFERENCES;530
15.3.2;CHAPTER 2.
BOND FRACTURE STRENGTH IN CERAMIC-TO-METAL JOINTS;536
15.3.2.1;INTRODUCTION;536
15.3.2.2;MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESS;536
15.3.2.3;BOND STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION;536
15.3.2.4;BOND STRENGTH AND JOINT PROPERTIES;537
15.3.2.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;537
15.3.2.6;REFERENCES;538
15.3.3;CHAPTER 3.
FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF ADHESIVELY-BONDED 7075-T6 ALUMINUM ALLOY LAMINATES;542
15.3.3.1;INTRODUCTION;542
15.3.3.2;LAMINATES;542
15.3.3.3;EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME;543
15.3.3.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;543
15.3.3.5;CONCLUSION;545
15.3.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;545
15.3.3.7;REFERENCES;545
15.3.4;CHAPTER 4.
EFFECT OF INTERFACE ROUGHNESS ON CRACKING OF ANODIC OXIDE FILM ON ALUMINUM;550
15.3.4.1;INTRODUCTION;550
15.3.4.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;550
15.3.4.3;RESULTS;551
15.3.4.4;DISCUSSION;552
15.3.4.5;CONCLUSIONS;553
15.3.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;553
15.3.4.7;REFERENCES;553
15.3.5;CHAPTER 5.
THERMAL FRACTURE IN COMPOUND MATERIALS;558
15.3.5.1;INTRODUCTION;558
15.3.5.2;ANALYSIS;559
15.3.5.3;NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS;562
15.3.5.4;CONCLUSIONS;562
15.3.5.5;REFERENCES;563
15.3.6;CHAPTER 6.
STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN A CRACKED BIMATERIAL PLATE;566
15.3.6.1;INTRODUCTION;566
15.3.6.2;FINITE ELEMENT STRESS ANALYSIS;566
15.3.6.3;CONCLUSION;568
15.3.6.4;REFERENCES;568
15.3.7;CHAPTER 7.
STRENGTH CRITERIA FOR FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTICS;570
15.3.7.1;INTRODUCTION;570
15.3.7.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;571
15.3.7.3;REFERENCES;574
15.3.8;CHAPTER 8.
THE EFFECT OF THE INTERFACE ON THE FRACTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF INVESTMENT CAST GRAPHITE FIBER REINFORCED Sn-Pb ALLOY;578
15.3.8.1;INTRODUCTION;578
15.3.8.2;MATERIAL AND MANUFACTURING METHOD;578
15.3.8.3;RESULTS;579
15.3.8.4;CONCLUSIONS;579
15.3.8.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;580
15.3.8.6;REFERENCES;580
15.3.9;CHAPTER 9.
AN ANALYTICAL R-CURVE EXPRESSION OF A BRITTLE MATRIX COMPOSITE CONTAINING DISCONTINUOUS FIBRES;584
15.3.9.1;INTRODUCTION;584
15.3.9.2;MATERIAL;584
15.3.9.3;EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE;584
15.3.9.4;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;585
15.3.9.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;586
15.3.9.6;REFERENCES;587
15.4;Session 4: Polymers;590
15.4.1;CHAPTER 1.
THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND ENVIRONMENT ON THE FRACTURE AND YIELD OF POLYMERS;590
15.4.1.1;INTRODUCTION;590
15.4.1.2;EXPERIMENTAL;590
15.4.1.3;RESULTS;591
15.4.1.4;ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION;592
15.4.1.5;CONCLUSIONS;593
15.4.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;594
15.4.1.7;REFERENCES;594
15.4.2;CHAPTER 2.
STRESSES AROUND A POLYMER CRAZE;598
15.4.2.1;INTRODUCTION;598
15.4.2.2;MODEL AND GOVERNING EQUATION;598
15.4.2.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;601
15.4.2.4;REFERENCES;601
15.4.3;CHAPTER 3.
INFLUENCE OF THE CONFIGURATION OF CRAZES ON THE FRACTURE OF PMMA;606
15.4.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;606
15.4.3.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL;606
15.4.3.3;3. THE DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS OF CRAZES;606
15.4.3.4;4. THE INFLUENCE OF THE CONFIGURATION OF CRAZES ON THE FRACTURE;607
15.4.3.5;REFERENCES;607
15.4.4;CHAPTER 4.
THE EFFECT OF SURFACE FINISH ON THE STRENGTH AND CRAZE RESISTANCE OF POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE IN SOME FLUIDS;610
15.4.4.1;INTRODUCTION;610
15.4.4.2;EXPERIMENTAL;610
15.4.4.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;611
15.4.4.4;CONCLUSIONS;612
15.4.4.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;612
15.4.4.6;REFERENCES;612
15.4.5;CHAPTER 5.
CYCLIC DEFORMATION AND CRAZE GROWTH IN POLYCARBONATE;616
15.4.5.1;INTRODUCTION;616
15.4.5.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;616
15.4.5.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;616
15.4.5.4;CONCLUSIONS;619
15.4.5.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;619
15.4.5.6;REFERENCES;619
15.4.6;CHAPTER 6.
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF PMMA UNDER BIAXIAL STRESS;624
15.4.6.1;INTRODUCTION;624
15.4.6.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;624
15.4.6.3;RESULTS;625
15.4.6.4;CORRECTIONS FOR CRACK END CURVATURE;625
15.4.6.5;CONCLUSION;627
15.4.6.6;REFERENCES;627
15.4.7;CHAPTER 7.
MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CRACK GROWTH IN CRYSTALLINE POLYPROPYLENE;630
15.4.7.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;632
15.4.7.2;REFERENCES;632
15.4.8;CHAPTER 8.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE FREQUENCY SENSITIVITY OF FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN POLYMERS;638
15.4.8.1;INTRODUCTION;638
15.4.8.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;639
15.4.8.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;640
15.4.8.4;CONCLUSIONS;641
15.4.8.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;641
15.4.8.6;REFERENCES;641
15.4.9;CHAPTER 9.
ANISOTROPIC FRACTURE OF A HOT-STRETCHED ACRYLIC THERMOPLASTIC;646
15.4.9.1;INTRODUCTION;646
15.4.9.2;MATERIAL SPECIFICATION;646
15.4.9.3;VARIATION OF FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR WITH CRACK ORIENTATION;647
15.4.9.4;DISCUSSION;648
15.4.9.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;649
15.4.9.6;REFERENCES;649
15.4.10;CHAPTER 10.
FRACTURE CRITERION FOR SOLID PROPELLANTS;656
15.4.10.1;INTRODUCTION;656
15.4.10.2;TIME DEPENDENT FRACTURE;656
15.4.10.3;MULTIAXIAL FRACTURE ENVELOPE;658
15.4.10.4;CONCLUSION;660
15.4.10.5;REFERENCES;660
15.5;Session 5: Biomaterials and Concrete;664
15.5.1;CHAPTER 1.
RESEARCH CRITERIA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOCOMPATIBLE IMPLANTS FOR PREVENTION OF FRACTURE;664
15.5.1.1;REFERENCES;669
15.5.2;CHAPTER 2.
FAILURES OF ORTHOPEDIC FIXATION DEVICES;672
15.5.2.1;INTRODUCTION;672
15.5.2.2;PROCEDURE AND RESULTS;673
15.5.2.3;CONCLUSIONS;673
15.5.2.4;REFERENCES;674
15.5.3;CHAPTER 3.
MECHANICAL FAILURE ON THE MICROSTRUCTURAL LEVEL IN HAVERSIAN BONE;678
15.5.3.1;INTRODUCTION;678
15.5.3.2;INTEROSTEONIC FRACTURES -- CEMENT LINES;678
15.5.3.3;OSTEONIC FRACTURES;679
15.5.3.4;INTRAOSTEONIC FRACTURES;679
15.5.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;680
15.5.3.6;REFERENCES;680
15.5.4;CHAPTER 4.
AN EMPIRICAL STRENGTH THEORY FOR COMPACT BONE;684
15.5.4.1;INTRODUCTION;684
15.5.4.2;STRENGTH THEORIES FOR ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS;685
15.5.4.3;PREVIOUS STRENGTH CRITERIA FOR COMPACT BONE;685
15.5.4.4;A PROPOSED EMPIRICAL STRENGTH THEORY FOR COMPACT BONE;686
15.5.4.5;PRELIMINARY BIAXIAL STRENGTH EXPERIMENTS;687
15.5.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;688
15.5.4.7;REFERENCES;688
15.5.5;CHAPTER 5.
TENSILE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF VASCULAR SUBSTITUTES;692
15.5.5.1;INTRODUCTION;692
15.5.5.2;MATERIALS USED AND SPECIMENS;692
15.5.5.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;692
15.5.5.4;CONCLUSIONS;694
15.5.5.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;694
15.5.5.6;REFERENCES;694
15.5.6;CHAPTER 6.
STRENGTH OF BRITTLE MATERIALS IN NONUNIFORM TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION;704
15.5.6.1;REFERENCES;706
15.5.7;CHAPTER 7.
CRACK PROPAGATION IN A TWO-PHASE MATERIAL SUCH AS CONCRETE;708
15.5.7.1;INTRODUCTION;708
15.5.7.2;BRANCHING CRACKS IN HOMOGENEOUS MATERIAL;708
15.5.7.3;BRANCHING CRACKS FROM INTERFACIAL CRACKS;710
15.5.7.4;CRACKS INTERFERING WITH AGGREGATES;711
15.5.7.5;SIMULATION OF CRACK PROPAGATION IN CONCRETE;711
15.5.7.6;REFERENCES;712
15.5.8;CHAPTER 8.
EXISTENCE OF A CRITICAL STRAIN ENERGY RELEASE RATE FOR CONCRETE;716
15.5.8.1;INTRODUCTION;716
15.5.8.2;CRITICAL STRAIN ENERGY RELEASE RATE;716
15.5.8.3;APPLICATION OF THE FRACTURE CRITERION TO CONCRETE;717
15.5.8.4;THE RESULTS;718
15.5.8.5;REFERENCES;719
15.5.9;CHAPTER 9.
THE APPLICATION OF FRACTURE MECHANICS TO THE INVESTIGATION OF CRACKING IN MASSIVE CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS OF DAMS;722
15.5.9.1;INTRODUCTION;722
15.5.9.2;EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS;722
15.5.9.3;SOLUTION OF THERMOELASTIC AND ELASTIC PROBLEMS FOR STRIPS, SLABS AND BEAMS WITH NOTCHES;723
15.5.9.4;THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA;724
15.5.9.5;OPENING OF HORIZONTAL JOINTS ON A DOWNSTREAM FACE OF A DAM;724
15.5.9.6;REFERENCES;726
15.5.10;CHAPTER 10.
CREEP FRACTURE OF CONCRETE IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS DURING MANUFACTURE;730
15.5.10.1;INTRODUCTION;730
15.5.10.2;FAILURE OF CONCRETE UNDER TIME-VARIABLE SUSTAINED LOAD;730
15.5.10.3;FAILURE OF PRESTRESSED MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO PRECOMPRESSION FORCES;731
15.5.10.4;REFERENCES;732
16;Author Index;736
17;SUBJECT INDEX;744
18;CITATION INDEX;764
19;EDITORIAL NOTE;800