Taylor / Tropea Animal Locomotion

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-11633-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 443 Seiten

The physical principles of swimming and flying in animals are intriguingly different from those of ships and airplanes. The study of animal locomotion therefore holds a special place not only at the frontiers of pure fluid dynamics research, but also in the applied field of biomimetics, which aims to emulate salient aspects of the performance and function of living organisms. For example, fluid dynamic loads are so significant for swimming fish that they are expected to have developed efficient flow control procedures through the evolutionary process of adaptation by natural selection, which might in turn be applied to the design of robotic swimmers. And yet, sharply contrasting views as to the energetic efficiency of oscillatory propulsion – especially for marine animals – demand a careful assessment of the forces and energy expended at realistic Reynolds numbers. For this and many other research questions, an experimental approach is often the most appropriate methodology. This holds as much for flying animals as it does for swimming ones, and similar experimental challenges apply – studying tethered as opposed to free locomotion, or studying the flow around robotic models as opposed to real animals. This book provides a wide-ranging snapshot of the state-of-the-art in experimental research on the physics of swimming and flying animals. The resulting picture reflects not only upon the questions that are of interest in current pure and applied research, but also upon the experimental techniques that are available to answer them.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Taylor, Graham

Tropea, Cameron

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Title Page;1
2;Preface;4
3;Table of Contents;6
4.1;Swimming hydrodynamics: ten questions and the technical approaches needed to resolve them;10
4.1.1;Introduction;10
4.1.2;Ten questions for swimming hydrodynamics;11
4.1.3;Conclusions;19
4.2;A potential-flow, deformable-body model for fluid–structure interactions with compact vorticity: application to animal swimming measurements;23
4.2.1;Introduction;23
4.2.2;Experimental and analytical methods;24
4.2.3;Results;27
4.2.4;Discussion;30
4.2.5;References;31
4.3;Wake visualization of a heaving and pitching foil in a soap film;33
4.3.1;Introduction;33
4.3.2;Dimensionless parameterization of a flapping foil;34
4.3.3;Flapping foil mechanism;35
4.3.4;Soap film tunnel;37
4.3.5;Visualization setup;38
4.3.6;Vortex wake symmetry of a flapping foil;39
4.3.7;Concluding remarks;40
4.3.8;References;41
4.4;A harmonic model of hydrodynamic forces produced by a flapping fin;42
4.4.1;Introduction;42
4.4.2;Materials and methods;43
4.4.3;Results and discussion;44
4.4.4;Conclusions;47
4.4.5;References;48
4.5;Flowfield measurements in the wake of a robotic lamprey;50
4.5.1;Introduction;50
4.5.2;Experiment;51
4.5.3;Results;52
4.5.4;Conclusions;56
4.5.5;References;57
4.6;Impulse generated during unsteady maneuvering of swimming fish;58
4.6.1;Introduction;58
4.6.2;Materials and methods;59
4.6.3;Results and discussion;60
4.6.4;Conclusion;65
4.6.5;References;67
4.7;Do trout swim better than eels? Challenges for estimating performance based on the wake of self-propelled bodies;68
4.7.1;Introduction;68
4.7.2;Wake flow;70
4.7.3;Wake power;75
4.7.4;Conclusions and prospectus;77
4.7.5;References;78
4.8;Time resolved measurements of the flow generated by suction feeding fish;80
4.8.1;Introduction;80
4.8.2;Materials and methods;82
4.8.3;Results;86
4.8.4;Discussion;88
4.8.5;References;91
4.9;Powered control mechanisms contributing to dynamically stable swimming in porcupine puffers (Teleostei: $Diodon holocanthus$);92
4.9.1;Introduction;92
4.9.2;Experiments;93
4.9.3;Results and discussion;95
4.9.4;Conclusions;101
4.9.5;References;101
4.10;Fluid dynamics of self-propelled microorganisms, from individuals to concentrated populations;103
4.10.1;Introduction;103
4.10.2;Collective phenomena: the Zooming BioNematic (ZBN);106
4.10.3;Coherence of polar and angular order: a novel use of PIV;107
4.10.4;Recruiting into ZBN domains;110
4.10.5;Modeling self-propelled microorganisms;111
4.10.6;Flows and forces;112
4.11;Swimming by microscopic organisms in ambient water flow;120
4.11.1;Introduction;120
4.11.2;Materials and methods;121
4.11.3;Results and discussion;128
4.11.4;Conclusions;131
4.11.5;References;131
4.12;Water-walking devices;134
4.12.1;Introduction;134
4.12.2;Design principles;135
4.12.3;Rowing;136
4.12.4;Leaping;138
4.12.5;Meniscus climbing;139
4.12.6;Concluding remarks;141
4.12.7;References;142
4.13;Flapping flexible fish;144
4.13.1;Introduction;144
4.13.2;Methods;145
4.13.3;Results;150
4.13.4;Discussion;159
4.13.5;References;161
4.14;Vortex dynamics in the wake of a mechanical fish;163
4.14.1;Introduction;163
4.14.2;Experimental set-up;164
4.14.3;Results;169
4.14.4;Conclusions;172
4.14.5;References;173
4.15;Investigation of flow mechanism of a robotic fish swimming by using flow visualization synchronized with hydrodynamic force measurement;175
4.15.1;Introduction;175
4.15.2;Experimental apparatus and technology;176
4.15.3;Results and analysis;178
4.15.4;Conclusions and Discussion;184
4.15.5;References;185
5.1;PIV-based investigations of animal flight;187
5.1.1;Introduction;188
5.1.2;Control volume methods;190
5.1.3;Flight of birds and bats;196
5.1.4;Extensions and variations;199
5.1.5;Conclusions;200
5.2;Wing–wake interaction reduces power consumption in insect tandem wings;202
5.2.1;Introduction;202
5.2.2;The mechanical dragonfly model;204
5.2.3;Lift and drag production in tandem wings;205
5.2.4;Induced power during wing phasing;207
5.2.5;Aerodynamic power during wing phasing;208
5.2.6;Aerodynamic efficiency (Figure of Merit);209
5.2.7;Conclusions;211
5.2.8;References;211
5.3;Experimental investigation of some aspects of insect-like flapping flight aerodynamics for application to micro air vehicles;213
5.3.1;Introduction;213
5.3.2;Aims and objectives;216
5.3.3;Experimental setup;217
5.3.4;Uncertainty analysis;220
5.3.5;Results and discussion;224
5.3.6;Conclusions;231
5.3.7;References;232
5.4;Design and development considerations for biologically inspired flapping-wing micro air vehicles;235
5.4.1;Introduction;235
5.4.2;Knoller–Betz–Katzmayr effect;236
5.4.3;Flow over harmonically plunging airfoils;237
5.4.4;Boundary layer and flow separation control by means of harmonically plunging airfoils;239
5.4.5;Thrust measurements of oscillating airfoils in biplane arrangement;241
5.4.6;Experimental tests of the complete micro air vehicle;242
5.4.7;Summary and outlook;244
5.4.8;References;245
5.5;Smoke visualization of free-flying bumblebees indicates independent leading-edge vortices on each wing pair;247
5.5.1;Introduction;247
5.5.2;Experimental details;249
5.5.3;Results;250
5.5.4;Conclusions;254
5.5.5;References;256
5.6;The influence of airfoil kinematics on the formation of leading-edge vortices in bio-inspired flight;258
5.6.1;Introduction;258
5.6.2;Background;258
5.6.3;Experimental setup;259
5.6.4;Parameter space;260
5.6.5;Results;263
5.6.6;Conclusions;267
5.6.7;References;268
5.7;Wake patterns of the wings and tail of hovering hummingbirds;269
5.7.1;Introduction;269
5.7.2;Phase relationships between hummingbird wings and tail;270
5.7.3;Methods for recording flow features in hovering hummingbirds;271
5.7.4;PIV flow field analysis;272
5.7.5;Results of flow measurements;272
5.7.6;Discussion;276
5.7.7;References;279
5.8;Characterization of vortical structures and loads based on time-resolved PIV for asymmetric hovering flapping flight;281
5.8.1;Introduction;281
5.8.2;Experimental tools;282
5.8.3;Results and discussion;285
5.8.4;Conclusion;290
5.8.5;References;290
5.9;Unsteady fluid–structure interactions of membrane airfoils at low Reynolds numbers;292
5.9.1;Introduction;292
5.9.2;Experimental setup and methods;293
5.9.3;Results;295
5.9.4;Conclusions;303
5.9.5;References;305
5.10;Aerodynamic and functional consequences of wing compliance;306
5.10.1;Introduction;306
5.10.2;Materials and methods;307
5.10.3;Results;310
5.10.4;Discussion;311
5.10.5;References;315
5.11;Shallow and deep dynamic stall for flapping low Reynolds number airfoils;316
5.11.1;Introduction;317
5.11.2;Experimental and computational setup;319
5.11.3;Results;323
5.11.4;Conclusion;333
5.11.5;References;333
5.12;High-fidelity simulations of moving and flexible airfoils at low Reynolds numbers;335
5.12.1;Introduction;335
5.12.2;Methodology;337
5.12.3;Transitional flow over stationary SD7003 airfoil;338
5.12.4;Transitional flow over plunging SD7003 airfoil;341
5.12.5;Flexible membrane airfoil;348
5.12.6;Summary and conclusions;352
5.12.7;References;353
5.13;High-speed stereo DPIV measurement of wakes of two bat species flying freely in a wind tunnel;355
5.13.1;Introduction;355
5.13.2;Materials and methods;356
5.13.3;Results;359
5.13.4;Discussion;361
5.13.5;Conclusion;363
5.13.6;References;363
5.14;Time-resolved wake structure and kinematics of bat flight;365
5.14.1;Introduction;365
5.14.2;Experimental methods;367
5.14.3;Results and discussion;369
5.14.4;Concluding remarks;374
5.14.5;References;374
5.15;Experimental investigation of a flapping wing model;376
5.15.1;Introduction;376
5.15.2;Methods and materials;377
5.15.3;Results;381
5.15.4;Discussion;388
5.15.5;Conclusions;390
5.15.6;References;391
5.16;Aerodynamics of intermittent bounds in flying birds;393
5.16.1;Introduction;393
5.16.2;Methods;394
5.16.3;Results;397
5.16.4;Discussion;400
5.16.5;References;402
5.17;Experimental analysis of the flow field over a novel owl based airfoil;404
5.17.1;Introduction;404
5.17.2;Construction of an artificial owl based wing;405
5.17.3;Experimental setup and measurement techniques;410
5.17.4;Results and discussion;411
5.17.5;Conclusion and outlook;416
5.17.6;References;417
5.18;The aerodynamic forces and pressure distribution of a revolving pigeon wing;419
5.18.1;Introduction;420
5.18.2;Methods;420
5.18.3;Results and discussion;424
5.18.4;References;430
6;Author Index;432