Thakur Hydrogels

Recent Advances
1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-981-10-6077-9
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 475 Seiten

Reihe: Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials

This book discusses recent advances in hydrogels, including their generation and applications and presents a compendium of fundamental concepts. It highlights the most important hydrogel materials, including physical hydrogels, chemical hydrogels, and nanohydrogels and explores the development of hydrogel-based novel materials that respond to external stimuli, such as temperature, pressure, pH, light, biochemicals or magnetism, which represent a new class of intelligent materials. With their multiple cooperative functions, hydrogel-based materials exhibit different potential applications ranging from biomedical engineering to water purification systems. This book covers key topics including superabsorbent polymer hydrogel; intelligent hydrogels for drug delivery; hydrogels from catechol-conjugated materials; nanomaterials loaded hydrogel; electrospinning of hydrogels; biopolymers-based hydrogels; injectable hydrogels; interpenetrating-polymer-network hydrogels: radiation- and sonochemical synthesis of micro/nano/macroscopic hydrogels; DNA-based hydrogels; and multifunctional applications of hydrogels. It will prove a valuable resource for researchers working in industry and academia alike.

Dr. Vijay Kumar Thakur is currently a Permanent Faculty in the School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing , Cranfield University, UK. Some of his other prior significant appointments include being a Research Scientist in Temasek Laboratories at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (2009-2012) and a Visiting Research Fellow in the Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering at LHU-Taiwan. He spent his postdoctoral study in Materials Science & Engineering at Iowa State University, USA and received Ph.D. in Polymer Chemistry (2009). In the course of his academic career, he has published more than 100 SCI journal research articles in the field of chemical sciences/materials science and holds one US patent. Among these, ten of his research papers have been highlighted as 'Highly Cited Papers' in Web of Science (less than 1% of published papers receive this ranking), while three others have been highlighted as 'Hot Papers' (Hot papers are selected by virtue of being cited among the top one-tenth of one percent-0.1%) in a current bimonthly period in Web of Science). He has also published 33 books and 35 book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymer science/materials science/nanotechnology with numerous publishers. His research interests include the synthesis and processing of bio-based polymers, composites, nanostructured materials, hydrogels, polymer micro/nanocomposites, nanoelectronic materials, novel high dielectric constant materials, engineering nanomaterials, electrochromic materials, green synthesis of nanomaterials, and surface functionalization of polymers/nanomaterials. He sits on the editorial board of several SCI journals as well as Scientific Bodies around the globe. Dr. Manju Kumari Thakur has been working as an assistant professor of Chemistry at the Division of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India since June 2010. She received her B.Sc. in Chemistry, Botany and Zoology; M.Sc., M. Phil in Organic Chemistry and Ph.D. in Polymer Chemistry from the Chemistry Department at Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, INDIA. She has broad experience in the field of organic chemistry, biopolymers, composites/nanocomposites, hydrogels, applications of hydrogels in the removal of toxic heavy metal ions, drug delivery, etc. She has published more than 30 research papers in several international journals, has co-authored three books, and has also published 25 book chapters in the field of polymeric materials.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Thakur, Vijay Kumar

Thakur, Manju Kumari

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;About the Editors;10
4;1 Intelligent Hydrogels as Drug Delivery Systems;12
4.1;References;34
5;2 History, Classification, Properties and Application of Hydrogels: An Overview;40
5.1;Abstract;40
5.2;1 Historical Background;40
5.3;2 Hydrogels;41
5.4;3 Classification of Hydrogels;42
5.4.1;3.1 Classification Based on Origin;42
5.4.1.1;3.1.1 Natural Hydrogels;42
5.4.1.2;3.1.2 Synthetic Hydrogels;43
5.4.1.3;3.1.3 Hybrid Hydrogels;43
5.4.2;3.2 Classification Based on Composition;43
5.4.2.1;3.2.1 Homopolymer Hydrogels;43
5.4.2.2;3.2.2 Copolymer Hydrogels;43
5.4.2.3;3.2.3 Multipolymer Hydrogels;44
5.4.2.4;3.2.4 Interpenetrating Network (IPN);44
5.4.3;3.3 Classification Based on Ionic Charge;44
5.4.3.1;3.3.1 Neutral (Non-Ionic) Hydrogels;44
5.4.3.2;3.3.2 Ionic Hydrogels;44
5.4.3.3;3.3.3 Ampholytic Hydrogels;44
5.4.4;3.4 Classification Based on Pore Size;45
5.4.5;3.5 Classification Based on Physical Appearance;45
5.4.6;3.6 Classification Based on Configuration;45
5.4.6.1;3.6.1 Amorphous (Non-Crystalline);45
5.4.6.2;3.6.2 Semi-Crystalline;45
5.4.7;3.7 Classification Based on Cross-Linking;45
5.5;4 Synthesis of Hydrogels;46
5.5.1;4.1 Chemical Method;46
5.6;5 Characteristics of Hydrogels;47
5.6.1;5.1 Temperature-Sensitive Hydrogels;47
5.6.2;5.2 pH-Sensitive Hydrogels;48
5.7;6 Applications of Hydrogels;48
5.7.1;6.1 Separation Technology;48
5.7.2;6.2 Biomedical Applications;49
5.7.3;6.3 Pharmaceutical Applications;50
5.7.4;6.4 Agricultural and Horticultural Applications;50
5.8;7 Biopolymers—Polysaccharides;51
5.8.1;7.1 Sodium Alginate;51
5.8.2;7.2 Xanthan Gum;51
5.8.3;7.3 Gum Ghatti;51
5.8.4;7.4 Gum Karaya;52
5.8.5;7.5 Gum Arabic;52
5.8.6;7.6 Carrageenans;52
5.8.7;7.7 Chitosan;53
5.9;8 Conclusions and Future Perspective;54
5.10;References;55
6;3 Macroporous Hydrogels: Preparation, Properties, and Applications;62
6.1;Abstract;62
6.2;1 Introduction;64
6.3;2 Classification of Macroporous Hydrogels;65
6.4;3 Preparation Techniques of Macroporous Hydrogels;66
6.4.1;3.1 Porogen Leaching;67
6.4.2;3.2 Freeze-Drying Technique (Lyophilization);68
6.4.3;3.3 Ice-Templating (Cryogelation);69
6.4.4;3.4 Gas Foaming;71
6.4.5;3.5 Electrospinning;71
6.4.6;3.6 Other Preparation Techniques (Colloidal Crystal Templating, 3D Printing, Photolithography);72
6.5;4 Properties of Macroporous Hydrogels;73
6.5.1;4.1 Swelling;73
6.5.2;4.2 Porosity;76
6.5.3;4.3 Mechanical Properties;76
6.5.4;4.4 Thermal Stability;78
6.5.5;4.5 Biodegradability and Biocompatibility;78
6.6;5 Applications of Macroporous Hydrogels;80
6.6.1;5.1 Drug Delivery;80
6.6.2;5.2 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine;82
6.6.3;5.3 Chromatography;85
6.6.4;5.4 Environmental Protection;85
6.6.4.1;5.4.1 Heavy Metal Ions Sorption;85
6.6.4.2;5.4.2 Dyes Sorption;87
6.7;6 Conclusions;88
6.8;Acknowledgements;89
6.9;References;89
7;4 Hydrogel-Based Strategies for Stem Cell Therapy;97
7.1;Abstract;97
7.2;1 Introduction;98
7.3;2 Classifications of Hydrogels;98
7.3.1;2.1 According to the Origin of Hydrogel;99
7.3.1.1;2.1.1 Plant-Derived Polymer Hydrogels;100
7.3.1.2;2.1.2 Animal-Derived Polymer Hydrogels;101
7.3.1.3;2.1.3 Hydrogels Based on Synthetic Polymers;103
7.3.2;2.2 Environmentally-Sensitive Polymer Hydrogels;105
7.3.2.1;2.2.1 Temperature-Sensitive Hydrogels;105
7.3.2.2;2.2.2 pH-Sensitive Hydrogels;106
7.3.2.3;2.2.3 Electro-Sensitive Hydrogels;106
7.4;3 Current Status of Stem Cell Survival After Transplantation;107
7.4.1;3.1 Stem Cell Niches;107
7.4.2;3.2 Hydrogel Niches and Their Application in Stem Cell Therapy;108
7.4.2.1;3.2.1 Hydrogels as ECM;109
7.4.2.2;3.2.2 Hydrogel with Support Cells;110
7.4.2.3;3.2.3 Hydrogel with Controlled-Release Strategy;111
7.5;4 Conclusions and Future Perspective;114
7.6;Acknowledgements;114
7.7;References;115
8;5 Protein- and Nanoparticle-Loaded Hydrogels Studied by Small-Angle Scattering and Rheology Techniques;123
8.1;Abstract;123
8.2;1 Introduction;124
8.3;2 Methods for Investigation of Structural and Viscoelastic Properties in Hydrogels;124
8.3.1;2.1 Structural Characterization by Small-Angle Scattering;124
8.3.2;2.2 Viscoelasticity of Polymer Fluids Probed by Rheology;131
8.4;3 Investigation of Rheological and Structural Properties of Protein- and Nanoparticle-Loaded Hydrogels;136
8.5;4 Conclusions and Future Perspective;150
8.6;References;151
9;6 Preparation, Properties and Application of Hydrogels: A Review;154
9.1;Abstract;154
9.2;1 Introduction;154
9.2.1;1.1 What Is Hydrogel?;155
9.2.2;1.2 History of Hydrogel;157
9.2.3;1.3 Types of Hydrogel;158
9.3;2 Synthesis Procedures of Hydrogels;158
9.3.1;2.1 Homopolymers;158
9.3.2;2.2 Co-polymers;160
9.3.3;2.3 Semi-interPenetrating Networks (Semi-IPNs);161
9.3.4;2.4 InterPenetrating Networks (IPNs);162
9.4;3 Significant Properties of Hydrogel;163
9.4.1;3.1 Swelling Properties;163
9.4.2;3.2 Mechanical Properties of Hydrogel;164
9.4.3;3.3 Bio-compatible Properties;165
9.5;4 Characterization of Hydrogels;166
9.5.1;4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy;166
9.5.2;4.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM);166
9.5.3;4.3 Network Pore Size;166
9.5.4;4.4 X-ray Diffraction;167
9.5.5;4.5 Swelling Behaviour;167
9.5.6;4.6 Crosslinking and Mechanical Strength;167
9.5.7;4.7 Rheology;167
9.6;5 Application of Smart Hydrogel;167
9.6.1;5.1 Biomaterial Application;168
9.6.1.1;5.1.1 Soft Contact Lenses;168
9.6.1.2;5.1.2 Tissue Regeneration and Tissue Engineering Applications;168
9.6.1.3;5.1.3 Wound Dressing;169
9.6.1.4;5.1.4 Drug Delivery;170
9.6.2;5.2 Industrial Applications;172
9.6.3;5.3 Environmental Applications;173
9.6.3.1;5.3.1 Hydrogels for the Prevention of Soil Erosion;173
9.6.3.2;5.3.2 Use of Hydrogels for Agricultural Purposes;173
9.7;6 Patents on Hydrogels;174
9.8;7 Conclusion;176
9.9;References;176
10;7 Hydrogel-Based Stimuli-Responsive Functionalized Graft Copolymers for the Controlled Delivery of 5-Fluorouracil, an Anticancer Drug;183
10.1;Abstract;183
10.2;1 Introduction;183
10.3;2 Experimental;185
10.3.1;2.1 Materials;185
10.3.2;2.2 Preparation of the Drug Carriers;186
10.3.2.1;2.2.1 3-Methacryloxy Propyl Trimethoxy Silane-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles Polymerized with Glycidyl Methacrylate-Grafted-Maleated Cyclodextrin [MPTMS-MNP-poly-(GMA-g-MACD)];186
10.3.2.2;2.2.2 Aminated-Glycidyl Methacrylate-Grafted Cellulose-Grafted-Polymethacrylic Acid-Succinyl Cyclodextrin [Cell-g-(GMA/en)-PMA-SCD];186
10.3.3;2.3 Instruments and Methods of Characterization;187
10.3.4;2.4 Experimental;189
10.3.4.1;2.4.1 Swelling Measurements;189
10.3.4.2;2.4.2 Drug Encapsulation and Delivery Studies;189
10.3.4.2.1;Drug Loading Efficiency (DLE) and Encapsulation Efficiency (EE);189
10.3.4.2.2;In Vitro Release of the Drug;190
10.3.4.2.3;Cytotoxicity (3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-Diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide) (MTT Assay);190
10.4;3 Results and Discussion;191
10.4.1;3.1 Development of DDS and Its Characteristics;191
10.4.1.1;3.1.1 MPTMS-MNP-poly-(GMA-g-MACD);191
10.4.1.2;3.1.2 Cell-g-(GMA/en)-PMA-SCD;191
10.4.2;3.2 Characterization;192
10.4.2.1;3.2.1 FT-IR Spectra;192
10.4.2.2;3.2.2 XRD Analysis;193
10.4.2.3;3.2.3 SEM Analysis;194
10.4.3;3.3 Swelling Behavior;194
10.4.4;3.4 Drug Loading Efficiency (DLE) and Encapsulation Efficiency (EE);195
10.4.5;3.5 In Vitro Drug Release;196
10.4.6;3.6 Kinetic Modeling of Drug Release;197
10.4.7;3.7 Cytotoxicity Assay;198
10.5;4 Conclusions;200
10.6;Acknowledgements;201
10.7;References;201
11;8 Emerging Technology in Medical Applications of Hydrogel;204
11.1;Abstract;204
11.2;1 Introduction;204
11.3;2 Preparation of Hydrogel;206
11.3.1;2.1 Chemical Methods to Prepare Hydrogels;207
11.3.1.1;2.1.1 Cross-linking Polymerization;207
11.3.1.2;2.1.2 Copolymerization;207
11.3.1.3;2.1.3 Cross-linking by High Energy Radiation;208
11.3.1.4;2.1.4 Cross-linking Using Enzymes;208
11.3.2;2.2 Physical Methods to Prepare Hydrogels;209
11.3.2.1;2.2.1 Cross-linking by Ionic Interaction;209
11.3.2.2;2.2.2 Cross-linking by Crystallization;209
11.3.2.3;2.2.3 Hydrogen Bonding in the Cross-linking;210
11.4;3 Types of Hydrogels;210
11.4.1;3.1 pH-Sensitive or Ion-Sensitive Hydrogels;210
11.4.2;3.2 Thermo-Sensitive Hydrogel;213
11.4.3;3.3 Glucose-Sensitive Hydrogels;214
11.4.4;3.4 Photosensitive Hydrogels;215
11.4.5;3.5 Magnetically Responsive Hydrogels;215
11.4.6;3.6 Ultrasound Responsive Hydrogels;216
11.5;4 Applications of Hydrogel in Drug Delivery;217
11.6;5 Hydrogel in Tissue Engineering;219
11.7;6 Hydrogels in Wound Healing;221
11.8;7 Conclusion;222
11.9;Acknowledgements;222
11.10;References;223
12;9 Electrospinning of Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications;226
12.1;Abstract;226
12.2;1 Introduction;226
12.3;2 Overview of Electrospinning;227
12.3.1;2.1 Influence of Process Parameters on Electrospinning;228
12.3.2;2.2 Characteristics of the Solution;229
12.3.2.1;2.2.1 Concentration;229
12.3.2.2;2.2.2 Molecular Weight (MW);229
12.3.2.3;2.2.3 Viscosity;229
12.3.2.4;2.2.4 Surface Tension;229
12.3.2.5;2.2.5 Conductivity/Surface Charge Density;230
12.3.3;2.3 Processing Parameters;230
12.3.3.1;2.3.1 Voltage;230
12.3.3.2;2.3.2 Flow Rate;230
12.3.3.3;2.3.3 Type of Collector;230
12.3.3.4;2.3.4 Distance Between the Collector and Emitter (Tip);231
12.3.4;2.4 Ambient Parameters;231
12.3.5;2.5 Theoretical Foundation for Electrospinning Polymers Capable of Physical Gelation;231
12.4;3 Applications;233
12.4.1;3.1 Tissue Engineering Applications;233
12.4.1.1;3.1.1 Choice of Polymer Hydrogel for Tissue Engineering;234
12.4.1.2;3.1.2 Natural Polymer Hydrogel Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering;234
12.4.1.3;3.1.3 Synthetic Hydrogels/Polymer for Tissue Engineering;236
12.4.1.4;3.1.4 Blend of Natural and Synthetic Polymer Nanofibers and Integration of Nanofibers with Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering;238
12.4.2;3.2 Control of Fiber Parameters for Tissue Engineering;240
12.4.2.1;3.2.1 Control of Fibers for Neural Tissue Engineering;241
12.4.2.2;3.2.2 Control of Fibers for Vascular Tissue Engineering;242
12.4.2.3;3.2.3 Control of Fibers for Bone Tissue Engineering;243
12.4.2.4;3.2.4 Control of Fibers for Ligament and Tendon;243
12.4.2.5;3.2.5 Control of Fibers for Skin Tissue Engineering;244
12.4.2.6;3.2.6 Control of Fibers for Cartilage Tissue Engineering;244
12.4.3;3.3 Dressings for Wound Healing;245
12.4.3.1;3.3.1 Choice of Polymer for Wound Healing;246
12.4.4;3.4 Drug Delivery Applications;246
12.4.4.1;3.4.1 Methods of Drug Loading unto Electrospun fibers;246
12.4.4.2;3.4.2 Choice of Polymer/Hydrogels for Nanofibers in Drug Delivery Systems;248
12.4.4.3;3.4.3 Electrospun Nanofibers that Contain Natural Products for Drug Delivery Systems and Tissue Engineering Applications;249
12.4.4.4;3.4.4 Electrospun Nanofibers with Drugs for Tissue Engineering Applications;249
12.4.4.5;3.4.5 Drug-Encapsulated Nanofibers for Wound Recovery;250
12.5;4 Recent Strategy Developments in Electrospinning for Drug Delivery;250
12.5.1;4.1 Multilayered Nanofibers;251
12.5.2;4.2 Hollow and Core–Shell Electrospun Fibers;251
12.5.3;4.3 Patterned and Alignment Structures of Nanofibers;253
12.6;5 Conclusion and Future Perspective;253
12.7;References;254
13;10 Self-assembling Hydrogels from pH-Responsive Ionic Block Copolymers;266
13.1;Abstract;266
13.2;1 Introduction;266
13.3;2 Gelation Procedure and Association Mechanism;268
13.4;3 Theoretical and Simulation Approaches;271
13.5;4 Polyelectrolyte-Based Hydrogels;275
13.5.1;4.1 BAB-Type Hydrophobically Associated Polyelectrolytes;276
13.5.2;4.2 Associative Polyelectrolytes of Complex Macromolecular Topologies;280
13.5.3;4.3 Ionogenic pH-Responsive Blocks as Stickers in Associative Gelators;284
13.5.4;4.4 Dual pH/Thermoresponsive Gelators;285
13.5.5;4.5 Effect of Secondary Ionic Interactions on Telechelic Polyelectrolytes;287
13.6;5 Hydrogels from Macromolecules Bearing Oppositely Charged Groups;288
13.6.1;5.1 Block Polyampholyte-Based Hydrogels;288
13.6.2;5.2 Random Polyampholyte-Based Hydrogels;291
13.6.3;5.3 Charge-Driven Co-assembling Hydrogels;293
13.7;6 Concluding Remarks;297
13.8;References;299
14;11 Cellulose Hydrogels; Fabrication, Properties, and Their Application to Biocompatible and Tissue Engineering;303
14.1;Abstract;303
14.2;1 Introduction;303
14.2.1;1.1 Hydrogels Made of Hydrophilic Polymers with Crosslinking;303
14.2.2;1.2 Hydrogels Composed of Agro-Waste Cellulose;304
14.2.3;1.3 Biomass Hydrogels for Medical Application;305
14.2.4;1.4 Cellulosic Hydrogels Used as Strategic Biocompatible Materials;306
14.3;2 Cellulose Hydrogels in Fabrication and Properties;307
14.3.1;2.1 Conversion Processes of Agro-Industrial Bagasses to Celluloses and then Hydrogels;307
14.3.2;2.2 Fabrication of Cellulose Hydrogel Films by Using Phase Inversion Process;308
14.3.3;2.3 Properties of Cellulosic Hydrogels;309
14.4;3 Cellulose Hydrogels in Their Bio and Cytocompatible Applications;311
14.4.1;3.1 Evaluation of the Biocompatibility by In Vivo Test;311
14.4.2;3.2 Cytocompatibility for Tissue Regeneration in Cellulosic Hydrogel Scaffold;313
14.5;4 Conclusion and Future Perspective;316
14.6;References;316
15;12 Injectable Hydrogels for Cartilage Regeneration;321
15.1;Abstract;321
15.2;1 Introduction;322
15.3;2 Scaffold Design in Cartilage Tissue Engineering;323
15.4;3 Hydrogels Used in Cartilage Repair;324
15.4.1;3.1 Natural Hydrogels;325
15.4.1.1;3.1.1 Collagen;325
15.4.1.2;3.1.2 Gelatin;326
15.4.1.3;3.1.3 Chitosan;327
15.4.1.4;3.1.4 Hyaluronic Acid;328
15.4.1.5;3.1.5 Alginate;330
15.4.1.6;3.1.6 Agarose;330
15.4.1.7;3.1.7 Native Tissue ECM-Derived Hydrogels;331
15.4.2;3.2 Synthetic Hydrogels;331
15.4.2.1;3.2.1 Poly(Ethylene Glycol);332
15.4.2.2;3.2.2 Poly(Ethylene Glycol Fumarate);332
15.4.3;3.3 Composite Hydrogels and Hybrids;333
15.4.4;3.4 Multifunctional Hydrogels;336
15.5;4 Conclusions and Perspectives;336
15.6;Acknowledgements;337
15.7;References;337
16;13 DNA-Based Hydrogels: An Approach for Multifunctional Bioapplications;344
16.1;Abstract;344
16.2;1 Introduction;345
16.3;2 DNA-Based Hydrogels;346
16.4;3 Polyethylenimine Coated Surfactant–DNA Gels;349
16.5;4 Stimuli-Responsive Polyamine–DNA Nanogels;351
16.5.1;4.1 Delivery of Genes and Anticancer Drugs;353
16.5.2;4.2 Cancer Gene Therapy;356
16.6;5 Concluding Remarks;358
16.7;References;358
17;14 Stem Cell Culture on Polymer Hydrogels;362
17.1;Abstract;362
17.2;1 Introduction;363
17.3;2 hHSPCs Expansion on Hydrogels Having Optimal Elasticity;365
17.3.1;2.1 Characterization of PVA Hydrogels Immobilized CS1 and FN;367
17.3.2;2.2 Ex Vivo Expansion of hHSPCs in Nonmodified and Surface-Modified PVA Hydrogels;371
17.3.3;2.3 Analysis of hHSPCs Expanded on Nonmodified and Surface-Modified PVA Hydrogels via Colony-Forming Assays;374
17.3.4;2.4 hHSPC Culture on Hydrogels Having Optimal Elasticity;377
17.4;3 Pluripotent Maintenance of HAFSCs on Hydrogels Having Optimal Elasticity;379
17.4.1;3.1 Culture on hAFSCs on Hydrogels Having Optimal Elasticity;379
17.4.2;3.2 The Gene Expression of Pluripotency and Differentiation in hAFSCs Cultured on PVA Hydrogels;382
17.4.3;3.3 The Differentiation and Pluripotency Proteins Expressed on HAFSCs Cultivated on PVA-OligoECM and PVA-ECM Hydrogels;388
17.4.4;3.4 Comparison of the Present Study with Previously Published Studies;390
17.5;4 Xeno-Free Culture of HPSCs on Hydrogels with Optimal Elasticity;392
17.5.1;4.1 Cultivation of hESCs and hiPSCs on PVA hydrogels Having Optimal Stiffness;393
17.5.2;4.2 Effect of Surface Density of Biological Cues (OligoVN) on HPSC Proliferation;396
17.5.3;4.3 hPSC Culture for Long Period Under Xeno-Free Culture Conditions;398
17.5.4;4.4 Differentiation of hESCs and hiPSCs Cultured on PVA Hydrogels;400
17.5.5;4.5 Discussion of Cell Culture Materials for hESCs and hiPSCs;403
17.6;5 Conclusion and Future Perspective;407
17.7;Acknowledgements;408
17.8;References;408
18;15 Various Functional and Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel Based on Polyaspartamides;414
18.1;Abstract;414
18.2;1 Synthesis of Poly(Aspartic Acid) and Polyaspartamides;415
18.3;2 Hydrogel Based on the Cross-linked PASPs—Superabsorbent Polymer;417
18.4;3 Polyaspartamides and the Cross-linked Gel;419
18.5;4 Stimuli-Responsive Smart Hydrogels;419
18.5.1;4.1 LCST Solution Behavior and Sol–Gel Transition from Polyaspartamide Copolymers;420
18.5.2;4.2 Thermo-Responsive Polyaspartamides Chemical Gels;422
18.5.3;4.3 Photo-cross-linked Polyaspartamides and the Hybrid Gel with Polysaccharides;423
18.5.4;4.4 pH-Responsive Polyaspartamides Hydrogels;424
18.5.5;4.5 Redox-Responsive Polyaspartamides Hydrogels;425
18.5.6;4.6 CO2-Responsive Polyaspartamides Hydrogels;426
18.5.7;4.7 Multi-responsive Polyaspartamides Hydrogels;426
18.6;5 Applications of Smart Polyaspartamide Hydrogels;428
18.6.1;5.1 Hydrogels in Drug Delivery Systems;428
18.6.2;5.2 Injectable Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications;430
18.6.3;5.3 Scaffold for Tissue Engineering;431
18.6.4;5.4 Self-healing Hydrogel;432
18.7;6 Conclusion and Future Perspective;433
18.8;References;434
19;16 Hydrogels from Catechol-Conjugated Polymeric Materials;440
19.1;Abstract;440
19.2;1 Introductory Aspects;440
19.3;2 Nature-Related Polymers;443
19.3.1;2.1 Chitosan;443
19.3.2;2.2 Alginate;446
19.3.3;2.3 Hyaluronic Acid;448
19.3.4;2.4 Proteins/Polypeptides;449
19.4;3 Synthetic Polymers;451
19.4.1;3.1 Poly(oxyalkylene)s;451
19.4.2;3.2 Polyacrylics;462
19.4.3;3.3 Miscellaneous Polymers;466
19.5;4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives;470
19.6;References;470