The Chemokine Receptors

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-1-59745-020-1
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 403 Seiten

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a large superfamily of proteins that have been historically well represented as drug targets. As such, many of the volumes within The Receptors series have focused their attention on rec- tor subfamilies in the GPCR superfamily (e. g. , adrenergic, serotonergic, do- minergic). While chemokine receptors are relatively young, in terms of the knowledge that has accumulated regarding their roles in physiology and pat- logy, it is clear that this GPCR subfamily is dwar? ng all others with respect to the total number of receptors and their functional diversity. The breadth of the chemokine ? eld was not fully appreciated in the early days of chemokine d- covery, when the characterization of these molecules was largely a curiosity of a small set of biologists primarily interested in in? ammation. Presently, the ? eld of chemokinology is quite diverse, and it is nearly impossible to stay informed on all aspects of chemokine biology. Nonetheless, this book seeks to distill information regarding the molecular and cell biology, physiology, and pathology of chemokines and their receptors into a single volume, providing an excellent resource for those entering the ? eld or the most experienced c- mokinologist seeking new insights. In the chapters, leading authorities consider structural and cellular aspects of chemokines and chemokine receptors, and more notably, discuss the roles of these molecules in a variety of disease states that transcend their classically de? ned role(s) in in? ammation.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;9
4;Color Plate;13
5;1 The Birth and Maturation of Chemokines and Their Receptors (Nicholas W. Lukacs and Jeffrey K. Harrison);14
5.1;1.1. Birth of Chemotactic Cytokines, or Chemokines;14
5.2;1.2. Identification of Chemokine Receptors as G Protein – Coupled Receptors;17
5.3;1.3. Chemokine Receptors: Beyond Migration of Leukocytes;18
5.4;1.4. The Future of Chemokine Receptors: Are They Valid Drug Targets?;19
5.5;References;20
6;2 The Structural Biology of Chemokines (Elias Lolis and James W. Murphy);22
6.1;2.1. Introduction;22
6.2;2.2. Chemokine Structures;24
6.3;2.3. Chemokine-Receptor Interactions;33
6.4;2.4. Chemokine-Glycosaminoglycan Interactions;36
6.5;2.5. Future Directions;38
6.6;References;38
7;3 Chemokine Receptors: A Structural Overview (Gerard J. Graham and Robert J. Nibbs);44
7.1;3.1. Background of the Chemokine Receptors;44
7.2;3.2. Ligand Binding by Chemokine Receptors;47
7.3;3.3. Primary Structural Determinants of Chemokine Receptor Function;50
7.4;3.4. Signaling by Chemokine Receptors;56
7.5;3.5. Chemokine Receptor Dimerization;57
7.6;3.6. Determination of the Three-Dimensional Structure of the Chemokine Receptors;59
7.7;3.7. Conclusions;61
7.8;References;61
8;4 Chemokine Signaling in T- Lymphocyte Migration: The Role of Phosphoinositide 3- kinase (Laura Smith, Adam Webb, and Stephen G. Ward);68
8.1;4.1. Introduction;69
8.2;4.2. The Role of Phosphoinositide 3-kinase(s) in T- Lymphocyte Migration;69
8.3;4.3. What Is the Signi.cance of Rho GTPases in T- Lymphocyte Migration?;75
8.4;4.4. Activation of Protein Tyrosine Kinases by Chemokines: Relevance to T- Lymphocyte Migration;76
8.5;4.5. Evidence of a Role for Protein Kinase C Activation in T- Lymphocyte Migration;77
8.6;4.6. Importance of Tailoring the Migratory Response;78
8.7;4.7. Conclusions;80
8.8;References;80
9;5 Chemokine Receptors and Neutrophil Trafficking (Teizo Yoshimura);84
9.1;5.1. Introduction;84
9.2;5.2. Role for CXCR1 and CXCR2 in Tissue In.ltration of Neutrophils;85
9.3;5.3. Role for CC Chemokine Receptors in the Traf.cking of Neutrophils;88
9.4;5.4. Role for CXCR4 in Neutrophil Retention and Mobilization;91
9.5;5.5. Conclusions;93
9.6;Acknowledgments;94
9.7;References;94
10;6 Chemokine Receptors and Dendritic Cell Trafficking (Hiroyuki Yoneyama, Kenjiro Matsuno, and Kouji Matsushima);100
10.1;6.1. The Concept of Migration-Dependent Dendritic Cell Activation;100
10.2;6.2. Two Subsets of Naïve Dendritic Cells with Distinct Migration and Functional Potentials;102
10.3;6.3. The Impact of Migration of Dendritic Cells on Their Effector Functions;105
10.4;6.4. Regulation by Chemokines of Dendritic Cell Migration– Dependent Immunity;107
10.5;6.5. Induction of Primed pDCs by Trans-HEV Migration;108
10.6;6.6. Concerted Recruitment of mDCs and pDCs: The Role of Chemokines;109
10.7;References;111
11;7 Chemokine Receptors and Lymphocyte Trafficking (Michael N. Hedrick and Joshua M. Farber);113
11.1;7.1. Chemokines and Primary Lymphoid Organs;114
11.2;7.2. Chemokines and Secondary Lymphoid Organs;116
11.3;7.3. Chemokines and Lymphocytes in the Periphery;117
11.4;7.4. Conclusions;123
11.5;References;123
12;8 Chemokines in Trafficking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells and Hematopoiesis (Chang H. Kim);131
12.1;8.1. Introduction;132
12.2;8.2. Regulation of Survival and Proliferation of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells by Chemokines;133
12.3;8.3. Regulation of the Homing and Mobilization of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells;136
12.4;8.4. Development of Hematopoietic Cell Lineage–Specific Migration Program;139
12.5;8.5. Conclusions;142
12.6;Acknowledgments;143
12.7;References;143
13;9 Chemokines in Transplantation Biology (Peter Jon Nelson, Stephan Segerer, and Detlef Schlondorff);151
13.1;9.1. Introduction;151
13.2;9.2. The Immunobiology of Vascularized Allografts;152
13.3;9.3. Chemokines and the Directed Recruitment of Leukocytes into Allografts;154
13.4;9.4. Chemokine Polymorphisms as Predisposing or Prognostic Factors;161
13.5;9.5. Conclusions;161
13.6;References;161
14;10 The Chemokine System and Arthritis (Marlon P. Quinones, Fabio Jimenez, Carlos A. Estrada, Hernan G. Martiniez, and Seema S. Ahuja);167
14.1;10.1. Introduction;167
14.2;10.2. Role of Chemokines During the Different Phases of Rheumatoid Arthritis;168
14.3;10.3. Effects of Chemokine System Inactivation in Arthritis;182
14.4;10.4. Signaling Cascades Underlying the Effects of Chemokines in Arthritis;191
14.5;10.5. Some Unsolved Issues Regarding Chemokines in Arthritis;191
14.6;10.6. Effects of Chemokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis Beyond Cell Recruitment;194
14.7;10.7. Conclusions;196
14.8;Acknowledgments;196
14.9;References;196
15;11 Chemokine Receptors in Atherosclerosis (Maya R. Jerath, Mildred Kwan, Peng Liu, and Dhavalkumar D. Patel);211
15.1;11.1. Introduction;211
15.2;11.2. Animal Models;218
15.3;11.3. Chemokines and Receptors;219
15.4;11.4. Therapeutic Implications;230
15.5;11.5. Conclusions;233
15.6;References;234
16;12 Chemokine Receptors in Allergic Lung Disease (Dennis M. Lindell and Nicholas W. Lukacs);246
16.1;12.1. Introduction;247
16.2;12.2. Th1 versus Th2 Chemokine Receptor Pro.les;248
16.3;12.3. CCR3;253
16.4;12.4. CCR1;255
16.5;12.5. CCR2;255
16.6;12.6. CXCR4;257
16.7;12.7. CXCR1/CXCR2;257
16.8;12.8. CX3CR1/CX3CL1;258
16.9;12.9. Conclusions;258
16.10;Acknowledgments;260
16.11;References;260
17;13 Chemokine Receptors and HIV/AIDS (Tzanko S. Stantchev and Christopher C. Broder);269
17.1;13.1. Introduction;269
17.2;13.2. HIV-1 Tropism;271
17.3;13.3. Transmission of HIV-1 Infection;272
17.4;13.4. Exploitation of CCR5 and CXCR4 by HIV-1 During the Symptomatic Phase of Infection;274
17.5;13.5. General Principles of HIV-1 Entry;275
17.6;13.6. Signi.cance of HIV-1 gp120-Induced Chemokine Receptor Signaling;281
17.7;13.7. Chemokines in HIV-1 Infection;283
17.8;13.8. Conclusions;287
17.9;Acknowledgments;287
17.10;References;287
18;14 Chemokines and Their Receptors in Fibrosis (Glenda Trujillo and Cory M. Hogaboam);304
18.1;Glenda Trujillo and Cory M. Hogaboam;304
18.2;14.1. Introduction;305
18.3;14.2. Fibrosis: Is It Linked to In.ammation?;305
18.4;14.3. Chemokines and Their Role in Fibrotic Disease;311
18.5;14.4. Evidence from Human Studies;317
18.6;14.5. Current Therapy for Treatment;318
18.7;14.6. Conclusions;319
18.8;References;319
19;15 Chemokines and Angiogenesis (Michael P. Keane, John A. Belperio, and Robert M. Strieter);327
19.1;15.1. Introduction;327
19.2;15.2. The CXC Chemokines;329
19.3;15.3. Conclusions;337
19.4;Acknowledgments;337
19.5;References;337
20;16 Chemokine Receptors in Cancer: Pathobiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets (Tonya C. Walser and Amy M. Fulton);342
20.1;16.1. Introduction;342
20.2;16.2. CXC Chemokine Receptors;343
20.3;16.3. CC Chemokine Receptors;346
20.4;16.4. Other CXC Chemokine Receptors;348
20.5;16.5. Other CC Chemokine Receptors;349
20.6;16.6. Conclusions;351
20.7;Acknowledgments;352
20.8;References;352
21;17 Chemokine Receptors in Neuroinflammation (Astrid E. Cardona and Richard M. Ransohoff);357
21.1;17.1. Introduction;357
21.2;17.2. Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors;358
21.3;17.3. Expression of Chemokine Receptors in Cells Intrinsic to the Central Nervous System;360
21.4;17.4. CXCR4/CXCL12 Linked to CNS Development, and Much More;361
21.5;17.5. CXCR2/CXCL1: Role in Oligodendrocyte Development;362
21.6;17.6. CX3CR1/CX3CL1: A Complex and Enigmatic System;363
21.7;17.7. CXCR3/CCL21 Inducible System of Microglial/ Neuronal Communication;368
21.8;17.8. Conclusions;368
21.9;References;369
22;18 Pharmaceutical Targeting of Chemokine Receptors (Sofia Ribeiro and Richard Horuk);376
22.1;18.1. Introduction;376
22.2;18.2. Promiscuity of Chemokines and Their Receptors;378
22.3;18.3. Targeting Chemokine Receptors;378
22.4;18.4. How Successful Have These Approaches Been?;385
22.5;18.5. Chemokine Receptors Are Targetable but Are They Good Targets?;388
22.6;18.6. How Relevant Are Heterodimers as Disease Targets?;390
22.7;18.7. Conclusions;391
22.8;References;392
23;Index;396