The Comparative Embryology of Sponges

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-8575-7
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 329 Seiten

One of the major questions in the evolution of animals is the transition from unicellular to multicellular organization, which resulted in the emergence of Metazoa through a hypothetical Urmetazoa. The Comparative Embryology of Sponges contains abundant original and literary data on comparative embryology and morphology of the Porifera (Sponges), a group of 'lower Metazoa'. On the basis of this material, original typization of the development of Sponges is given and the problems concerning origin and evolution of Porifera and their ontogenesis are discussed. A morphogenetic interpretation of the body plan development during embryogenesis, metamorphosis and asexual reproduction in Sponges is proposed. Special attention is given to the analysis of characteristic features of the ontogenesis in Porifera. The book pursues three primary goals: 1) generalization of all existing information on individual development of sponges, its classification and a statement according to taxonomical structure of Porifera; 2) revealing of heterogeneity of morphogenesis and peculiarities of ontogeneses in various clades of Porifera, and also their correlations with the organization, both adult sponges, and their larvae; 3) revealing homology of morphogeneses in both Porifera and Eumetazoa, testifying to the general evolutionary roots of multicellular animals, and peculiar features of sponges' morphogeneses and ontogenesis. This book will be of interest to embryologists, zoologists, morphologists and researchers in evolutionary biology.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
1.1;1 Organization and Taxonomic Structure of Sponges;14
1.2;2 Organization of ‘Cellular’ Sponges;16
1.2.1;2.1 Aquiferous System;16
1.2.2;2.2 Tissue Organization;19
1.2.2.1;2.2.1 The Epitheliums;20
1.2.2.2;2.2.2 Tissues of the Internal Environment;31
1.2.2.2.1;Supportive-Connective Tissue;31
1.2.2.2.2;Protective-Secretory Tissue;34
1.2.2.2.2.1;Amoeboid Cells;34
1.2.2.2.2.2;Cells with Inclusions;37
1.2.2.2.2.2.1;Cells with Large Inclusions.;37
1.2.2.2.2.2.2;Cells with Small Inclusions;40
1.3;3 Organization of Syncytial Sponges (Class Hexactinellida);41
1.3.1;3.1 Aquiferous System;41
1.3.2;3.2 Tissue Organization;42
1.3.2.1;3.2.1 Trabecular (Primary) Syncytium;43
1.3.2.2;3.2.2 Mesohyl;44
1.3.3;3.3 Cell Composition;44
1.3.3.1;3.3.1 Supportive-Connective Tissue;44
1.3.3.2;3.3.2 Protective-Secretory tissue;45
1.3.3.2.1;Cells with Inclusions;46
1.3.3.2.2;Choanocytes;47
1.3.4;3.4 Cytoskeleton;48
1.4;4 Tissue Plasticity and Cell Transdifferentiation;48
1.4.1;4.1 Cellular Sponges;48
1.4.2;4.2 Syncytial Sponges: Reaggregation of Dissociated Tissues of Glass Sponges;49
1.5;5 Some Ultrastructural and Molecular-Biological Characteristics of Sponges;50
1.5.1;5.1 Intercellular Junctions;50
1.5.2;5.2 Extracellular Matrix;50
1.6;6 Endosymbiotic Bacteria;53
1.7;7 A Brief Historical Overview;54
2;Chapter 1;60
2.1;Development of Sponges from the Class Calcarea Bowerbank, 1864;60
2.1.1;1.1 The Subclass Calcaronea Bidder, 1898;60
2.1.1.1;1.1.1 Gametogenesis;63
2.1.1.2;1.1.2 Fertilization;66
2.1.1.3;1.1.3 Embryonic Development;69
2.1.1.4;1.1.4 Larva;75
2.1.1.5;1.1.5 Metamorphosis;77
2.1.1.6;1.1.6 Asexual Reproduction;80
2.1.2;1.2 The Subclass Calcinea Bidder, 1898;80
2.1.2.1;1.2.1 Gametogenesis;82
2.1.2.2;1.2.2 Embryonic Development;85
2.1.2.3;1.2.3 Larva;87
2.1.2.4;1.2.4 Metamorphosis;92
2.1.2.5;1.2.5 Asexual Reproduction;93
3;Chapter 2;94
3.1;Development of Sponges from the Class Hexactinellida Schmidt, 1870;94
3.1.1;2.1 Gametogenesis;97
3.1.2;2.2 Embryonic Development;98
3.1.3;2.3 Larva;101
3.1.4;2.4 Metamorphosis;102
3.1.5;2.5 Asexual Reproduction;103
4;Chapter 3;104
4.1;Development of Sponges from the Class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885;104
4.1.1;3.1 Reproductive Strategies and Taxonomy of the Demospongiae (Oviparous Demospongiae);105
4.1.2;3.2 The Order Hadromerida Topsent, 1894;108
4.1.2.1;3.2.1 Gametogenesis;110
4.1.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 The Origin of Gametes;110
4.1.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 Oogenesis;112
4.1.2.2;3.2.2 Embryonic Development;115
4.1.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Cleavage;115
4.1.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 Larval Morphogenesis;115
4.1.2.2.3;3.2.2.3 Embryonic Morphogenesis;116
4.1.2.3;3.2.3 Asexual Reproduction;117
4.1.3;3.3 The Order Spirophorida Bergquist and Hogg, 1969;118
4.1.3.1;3.3.1 Gametogenesis;119
4.1.3.2;3.3.2 Fertilization;119
4.1.3.3;3.3.3 Embryonic Development;119
4.1.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 Embryonic Morphogenesis;120
4.1.3.4;3.3.4 Asexual Reproduction;122
4.1.4;3.4 The Order Chondrosida Boury-Esnault and Lopès, 1985;122
4.1.4.1;3.4.1 Gametogenesis;122
4.1.4.2;3.4.2 Embryonic Development;124
4.1.4.2.1;3.4.2.1 Cleavage and Larval Morphogenesis;124
4.1.4.3;3.4.3 Larva;126
4.1.4.4;3.4.4 Metamorphosis;127
4.1.4.5;3.4.5 Asexual Reproduction;127
4.1.5;3.5 The Order Halichondrida Gray, 1867;128
4.1.5.1;3.5.1 Gametogenesis;128
4.1.5.1.1;3.5.1.1 Spermatogenesis;128
4.1.5.2;3.5.2 Embryonic Development;133
4.1.5.2.1;3.5.2.1 Cleavage;133
4.1.5.3;3.5.3 Larva;135
4.1.5.4;3.5.4 Metamorphosis;139
4.1.5.5;3.5.5 Asexual Reproduction;139
4.1.6;3.6 The Order Halisarcida Bergquist, 1996;140
4.1.6.1;3.6.1 Gametogenesis;142
4.1.6.2;3.6.2 Follicle;143
4.1.6.3;3.6.3 Embryonic Development;144
4.1.6.3.1;3.6.3.1 Larval Morphogenesis;147
4.1.6.4;3.6.4 Larvae;152
4.1.6.5;3.6.5 Metamorphosis;157
4.1.7;3.7 The Order Dendroceratida Minchin, 1900;164
4.1.7.1;3.7.1 Gametogenesis;164
4.1.7.2;3.7.2 Embryonic Development;167
4.1.7.3;3.7.3 Larva;170
4.1.7.4;3.7.4 Metamorphosis;171
4.1.7.5;3.7.5 Asexual Reproduction;172
4.1.8;3.8 The Order Dictyoceratida Minchin, 1900;172
4.1.8.1;3.8.1 Gametogenesis;172
4.1.8.1.1;3.8.1.1 Oogenesis;174
4.1.8.2;3.8.2 Embryonic Development;176
4.1.8.3;3.8.3 Larva;178
4.1.8.4;3.8.4 Metamorphosis;183
4.1.9;3.9 Recent ‘Sphinctozoa’, Family Verticillitidae Steinmann, 1882;187
4.1.9.1;3.9.1 Gametogenesis;188
4.1.9.1.1;3.9.1.1 Spermatogenesis;188
4.1.9.2;3.9.2 Follicle;188
4.1.9.3;3.9.3 Embryonic Development;189
4.1.9.3.1;3.9.3.1 Larval Morphogenesis;190
4.1.9.4;3.9.4 Larva;190
4.1.10;3.10 The Order Poecilosclerida Topsent, 1928;190
4.1.10.1;3.10.1 Gametogenesis;194
4.1.10.1.1;3.10.1.1 Spermatogenesis;194
4.1.10.1.2;3.10.1.2 Oogenesis;195
4.1.10.2;3.10.2 Follicle;199
4.1.10.3;3.10.3 Embryonic Development;200
4.1.10.3.1;3.10.3.1 Larval Morphogenesis;201
4.1.10.4;3.10.4 Larva;205
4.1.10.5;3.10.5 Metamorphosis;207
4.1.10.6;3.10.6 Asexual Reproduction;209
4.1.11;3.11 The Order Haplosclerida Topsent, 1928;209
4.1.11.1;3.11.1 Gametogenesis;211
4.1.11.2;3.11.2 Embryonic Development;215
4.1.11.2.1;3.11.2.1 Cleavage;215
4.1.11.2.2;3.11.2.2 Larval Morphogenesis;217
4.1.11.3;3.11.3 Larva;218
4.1.11.4;3.11.4 Metamorphosis;221
4.1.11.5;3.11.5 Asexual Reproduction;224
4.1.12;3.12 Order Astrophorida Sollas, 1888;227
4.1.12.1;3.12.1 Gametogenesis;228
4.1.12.1.1;3.12.1.1 Spermatogenesis;228
4.1.12.1.2;3.12.1.2 Oogenesis;229
4.1.12.2;3.12.2 Embryonic Development;231
4.1.12.3;3.12.3 Larva;232
4.1.12.4;3.12.4 Asexual Reproduction;233
5;Chapter 4;234
5.1;Development of Homoscleromorpha of the Order Homosclerophorida Dendy, 1905;234
5.1.1;4.1 Gametogenesis;238
5.1.2;4.2 Follicle;241
5.1.3;4.3 Embryonic Development;242
5.1.4;4.4 Larva;248
5.1.5;4.5 Metamorphosis;255
5.1.6;4.6 Asexual Reproduction;261
6;Chapter 5;265
6.1;Typization of Sponge Development and Its Significance for Phylogeny;265
6.1.1;5.1 Developmental Types of Modern Sponges;268
6.1.1.1;5.1.1 Amphiblastula Type of Development (Calcarea, Calcaronea);268
6.1.1.2;5.1.2 Calciblastula Type of Development (Calcarea, Calcinea);270
6.1.1.3;5.1.3 Trichimella Type of Development (Hexactinellida);271
6.1.1.4;5.1.4 Direct Development (Demospongiae, Spirophorida, Tetilla);271
6.1.1.5;5.1.5 Disphaerula Type of Development (Demospongiae, Halisarcida);272
6.1.1.6;5.1.6 Parenchymella Type of Development (Most of Demospongiae);273
6.1.1.7;5.1.7 Coeloblastula Type of Development (Demospongiae: Chondrosida; Hadromerida – Polymastiidae);277
6.1.1.8;5.1.8 Cinctoblastula Type of Development (Homoscleromorpha);278
6.1.2;5.2 Phylogenetic Interpretation of Sponge Developmental Types;279
6.1.3;5.3 Embryonic Development and Early Radiation of Sponges;281
6.1.3.1;5.3.1 Development of Sponges with Incurvational Cleavage (the Subclass Calcaronea, Calcarea);281
6.1.3.2;5.3.2 Development of Sponges with Polyaxial Cleavage;283
6.1.3.3;5.3.3 Development of Sponges with Radial Cleavage;283
6.1.3.4;5.3.4 Development of Sponges with Chaotic Cleavage;284
7;Chapter 6;287
7.1;Comparative Analysis of Individual Development in Sponges;287
7.1.1;6.1 Gametogenesis;287
7.1.2;6.2 Embryogenesis;290
7.1.2.1;6.2.1 Cleavage;290
7.1.2.2;6.2.2 Embryonic Morphogenesis and the Question of Whether Early Morphogenetic Movements in Sponges are Gastrulation;291
7.1.3;6.3 Postembryonic Development;297
7.1.3.1;6.3.1 Larvae;298
7.1.3.2;6.3.2 Metamorphosis;301
7.1.3.2.1;6.3.2.1 The Fate of Ciliated Larval Cells During Metamorphosis;303
7.1.3.2.2;6.3.2.2 Formation of the Main Body Axis of the Definitive Sponge in the Course of Metamorphosis and Its Correlation with the ;308
7.1.3.2.3;6.3.2.3 Similarities Between the Larval Metamorphosis and the Development of Sponges from Cell Conglomerates;311
7.1.3.2.4;6.3.2.4 The Aquiferous System Development During Metamorphosis;312
7.1.3.3;6.3.3 Growth;314
7.1.3.4;6.3.4 Asexual Reproduction;314
7.1.4;6.4 Life Cycle Structure and Environmental Conditions;318
7.1.5;6.5 Vertical Transmission of Bacteria;321
7.1.6;6.6 The Causes of the Peculiarities of Sponge Ontogenesis;323
8;Chapter 7;325
8.1;Evolution and Individual Development of Sponges: Regularities and Directions;325
8.1.1;7.1 Early Evolution of Sponges;326
8.1.2;7.2 Evolution of the Development Accompanying Sexual Reproduction in Sponges;333
9;Chapter 8;338
9.1;In Place of Conclusion: Bauplan and Phylotypic Stage in Porifera;338
10;References;341