The Evolution of the Genome

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-08-047052-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 768 Seiten

The Evolution of the Genome provides a much needed overview of genomic study through clear, detailed, expert-authored discussions of the key areas in genome biology. This includes the evolution of genome size, genomic parasites, gene and ancient genome duplications, polypoidy, comparative genomics, and the implications of these genome-level phenomena for evolutionary theory. In addition to reviewing the current state of knowledge of these fields in an accessible way, the various chapters also provide historical and conceptual background information, highlight the ways in which the critical questions are actually being studied, indicate some important areas for future research, and build bridges across traditional professional and taxonomic boundaries. The Evolution of the Genome will serve as a critical resource for graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and established scientists alike who are interested in the issue of genome evolution in the broadest sense. - Provides detailed, clearly written chapters authored by leading researchers in their respective fields - Presents a much-needed overview of the historical and theoretical context of the various areas of genomic study - Creates important links between topics in order to promote integration across subdisciplines, including descriptions of how each subject is actually studied - Provides information specifically designed to be accessible to established researchers, postdoctoral fellows, and graduate students alike

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Evolution of the Genome;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;14
5;Part I: The C-value Enigma;28
5.1;Chapter 1. Genome Size Evolution in Animals;30
5.1.1;Why Should Anyone Care about Genome Size?;31
5.1.2;Genome Size in Animals: A Historical Perspective;32
5.1.3;The State of Knowledge of Animal Genome Size;37
5.1.4;Patterns of Variation;39
5.1.5;Intraspecific Variation in Animals;51
5.1.6;Mechanisms of Genome Size Change;54
5.1.7;Assessing the Directionality of Animal Genome Size Evolution;67
5.1.8;Genome Size and Cell Size;68
5.1.9;Genome Size and Organismal Phenotypes;79
5.1.10;Measuring Animal Genome Sizes;94
5.1.11;Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects;98
5.2;Chapter 2. Genome Size Evolution in Plants;116
5.2.1;A Brief History of Genome Size Study in Plants;117
5.2.2;The State of Knowledge Regarding Plant Genome Sizes;121
5.2.3;Patterns in Plant Genome Size Evolution;125
5.2.4;How Do Plant Genome Sizes Evolve?;130
5.2.5;Key Correlates of Genome Size across Plant Species;141
5.2.6;Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Genome Size Variation;156
5.2.7;Intraspecific Variation in Genome Size;161
5.2.8;Methodology for Estimating Genome Size in Plants;168
5.2.9;Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects;176
6;Part II: The Evolution of Genomic Parasites;190
6.1;Chapter 3. Transposable Elements;192
6.1.1;A Brief History of the Study of Transposable Elements;192
6.1.2;Who Cares about Transposable Elements?;197
6.1.3;How Are TEs Classified?;197
6.1.4;Hallmarks of TE Sequences;207
6.1.5;Methods Used in the Identification and Study of TEs;209
6.1.6;Applications of TEs to Other Areas of Biology;213
6.1.7;The Prevalence of TEs in Eukaryotic Genomes;215
6.1.8;The Distribution of TEs Within Genomes;220
6.1.9;The Dynamics of TE Evolution;224
6.1.10;Regulation of TE Activity;228
6.1.11;TEs as Mutagens and Sources of Genomic Variation;232
6.1.12;Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects;240
6.2;Chapter 4. B Chromosomes;250
6.2.1;A Brief History of the Study of B Chromosomes;251
6.2.2;The Frequency of B Chromosome Infection;254
6.2.3;The Biology of B Chromosomes;260
6.2.4;The Origin(s) of B Chromosomes;273
6.2.5;Interactions with the Host Genome;279
6.2.6;Interactions with the Host Organism;288
6.2.7;The Dynamics of B Chromosome Evolution;292
6.2.8;Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects;300
7;Part III: Duplications, Duplications...;314
7.1;Chapter 5. Small-Scale Gene Duplications;316
7.1.1;The Long Pedigree of Gene Duplication Research;317
7.1.2;Mechanisms of Gene Duplication;325
7.1.3;The Life and Death of Gene Duplicates in the Genome;328
7.1.4;What Happens to Duplicated Genes?;333
7.1.5;Hox Gene Duplication and the Evolution of Animal Development;343
7.1.6;The General Evolutionary Importance of Gene Duplications;346
7.1.7;Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects;347
7.2;Chapter 6. Large-Scale Gene and Ancient Genome Duplications;356
7.2.1;Historical Perspectives on the Importance of Large-Scale Duplications;357
7.2.2;Mechanisms of Large-Scale Duplication;358
7.2.3;How Large-Scale Gene Duplications Are Studied;361
7.2.4;Dating Duplication Events;371
7.2.5;Putting Theory into Practice: Evidence for Large-Scale Gene Duplication Events;374
7.2.6;Large-Scale Duplications in the Evolutionary Process;383
7.2.7;Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects;390
8;Part IV: ... And More Duplications;396
8.1;Chapter 7. Polyploidy in Plants;398
8.1.1;History of the Study of Polyploidy in Plants;399
8.1.2;Types of Polyploids;400
8.1.3;Frequency of Polyploids;406
8.1.4;Polyploid Formation and Establishment;411
8.1.5;Multiple Origins of Polyploid Species;417
8.1.6;Impacts of Polyploidization at the Cellular and Organismal Levels;423
8.1.7;Impacts of Polyploidization at the Genome Level;431
8.1.8;Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects;441
8.2;Chapter 8. Polyploidy in Animals;454
8.2.1;The Origins and Classification of Polyploid Animals;455
8.2.2;Identifying Polyploids;456
8.2.3;Why Is Polyploidy Less Common in Animals than in Plants?;460
8.2.4;Polyploidy and Unisexuality;467
8.2.5;Polyploidy in Vertebrates;471
8.2.6;Jawless Fishes;471
8.2.7;Cartilaginous Fishes;472
8.2.8;Lungfishes;472
8.2.9;Chondrosteans;473
8.2.10;Teleosts;474
8.2.11;Amphibians;488
8.2.12;Reptiles;499
8.2.13;Mammals and Birds;502
8.2.14;Vertebrate Polyploids: A Summary;504
8.2.15;Polyploidy in Invertebrates;505
8.2.16;Crustaceans;505
8.2.17;Insects;507
8.2.18;Molluscs;513
8.2.19;Annelids;517
8.2.20;Flatworms;520
8.2.21;Miscellaneous Invertebrates;521
8.2.22;Polyploidy and Geographic Distribution in Invertebrates;523
8.2.23;The Evolutionary Fate of Polyploids;527
8.2.24;Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects;528
9;Part V: Sequence and Structure;546
9.1;Chapter 9. Comparative Genomics in Eukaryotes;548
9.1.1;The Early History of Comparative Eukaryotic Genomics;549
9.1.2;Working with Eukaryotic Genomes;560
9.1.3;The Genesis of Large-Scale Sequencing Projects for Eukaryotes;563
9.1.4;Genome Sequencing in Fungi;568
9.1.5;Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster: The First Animal Genomes to Be Sequenced;571
9.1.6;The Human Genome Project;573
9.1.7;The Mouse and Rat Genomes: The Rise of Modern Mammalian Comparative Genomics;582
9.1.8;Genome Sequencing in Plants and Their Pathogens;586
9.1.9;Other Invertebrate Animal Genomes;589
9.1.10;Protist Genomes;591
9.1.11;Comparative Genomics and Phylogenetics in Eukaryotes;593
9.1.12;Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects;596
9.2;Chapter 10. Comparative Genomics in Prokaryotes;612
9.2.1;What Is a Prokaryote?;613
9.2.2;The Rise of Complete Prokaryotic Genome Sequencing;617
9.2.3;General Insights about Prokaryote Genomes;620
9.2.4;Horizontal Transfer of Genetic Material;633
9.2.5;Highlights from Specific Prokaryote Genome Sequencing Projects;643
9.2.6;The Evolution of Genome Size in Prokaryotes;658
9.2.7;The Minimal Genome Concept;668
9.2.8;Genomic Insights into Prokaryotic Abundance and Diversity;672
9.2.9;Applications of Prokaryote Genomics;678
9.2.10;Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects;683
10;Part VI: The Genome in Evolution;704
10.1;Chapter 11. Macroevolution and the Genome;706
10.1.1;Part One—Macroevolutionary Theory and Genome Evolution;707
10.1.2;A Brief History of Evolutionary Theory;707
10.1.3;Is a Theory of Macroevolution Necessary?;711
10.1.4;The Structure of Macroevolutionary Theory;720
10.1.5;A Macroevolutionary Look at the Genome;725
10.1.6;Part Two—“Nonstandard” Genomic Processes and;735
10.1.7;The Origin of Genomes and Cells;736
10.1.8;The Evolution of Sex;736
10.1.9;The Origin of Eukaryotes;737
10.1.10;The Origin of Multicellularity and the Emergence of Complex Metazoa;739
10.1.11;The Evolution of Immunity;741
10.1.12;The Origin of Vertebrates;742
10.1.13;Human Uniqueness;743
10.1.14;Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects;747
11;Index;758