Thomas / Benson Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic Formations - Results from the CO² Capture Project

Vol 2 - Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide with Monitoring and Verification
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-0-08-100501-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 660 Seiten, Web PDF

Over the past decade, the prospect of climate change resulting from anthropogenic CO2 has become a matter of growing public concern. Not only is the reduction of CO2 emissions extremely important, but keeping the cost at a manageable level is a prime priority for companies and the public, alike. The CO2 capture project (CCP) came together with a common goal in mind: find a technological process to capture CO2 emissions that is relatively low-cost and able be to be expanded to industrial applications. The Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project outlines the research and findings of all the participating companies and associations involved in the CCP. The final results of thousands of hours of research are outlined in the book, showing a successful achievement of the CCP's goals for lower cost CO2 capture technology and furthering the safe, reliable option of geological storage. The Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project is a valuable reference for any scientists, industrialists, government agencies, and companies interested in a safer, more cost-efficient response to the CO2 crisis.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Thomas, David C

Benson, Sally M

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic Formations – Results from the CO2 Capture Project: Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide with Monitoring and Verification;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;Preface;6
6;Acknowledgements;8
7;SECTION 1: GHG, CLIMATE CHANGE AND GEOLOGICAL CO2 STORAGE;16
7.1;CO2 STORAGE PREFACE;18
7.1.1;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;18
7.2;Chapter 1. OVERVIEW OF GEOLOGIC STORAGE OF CO2;20
7.2.1;INTRODUCTION;20
7.2.2;STORAGE FORMATIONS AND PROCESSES;21
7.2.3;STORAGE CAPACITY;22
7.2.4;EXISTING AND PLANNED CO2 STORAGE PROJECTS;23
7.2.5;RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDED TO ADVANCE GEOLOGIC STORAGE;24
7.2.6;CONCLUSIONS;25
7.2.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;25
7.2.8;REFERENCES;25
7.3;Chapter 2. TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS OF THE CCP RESEARCH PROGRAM ON GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF CO2;28
7.3.1;INTRODUCTION;28
7.3.2;STORAGE INTEGRITY;28
7.3.3;STORAGE OPTIMIZATION;31
7.3.4;MONITORING;32
7.3.5;RISK ASSESSMENT;33
7.3.6;CONCLUSION;36
8;SECTION 2: STORAGE INTEGRITY;38
8.1;STORAGE INTEGRITY PREFACE;40
8.2;Chapter 3. NATURAL CO2 FIELDS AS ANALOGS FOR GEOLOGIC CO2 STORAGE;42
8.2.1;INTRODUCTION;42
8.2.2;METHODOLOGY;43
8.2.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;43
8.2.4;CONCLUSIONS;49
8.2.5;RECOMMENDATIONS;50
8.2.6;NOMENCLATURE;51
8.2.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;51
8.2.8;REFERENCES;52
8.3;Chapter 4. NATURAL LEAKING CO2-CHARGED SYSTEMS AS ANALOGS FOR FAILED GEOLOGIC STORAGE RESERVOIRS;54
8.3.1;INTRODUCTION;54
8.3.2;GEOLOGICAL SETTING;55
8.3.3;PRESENT-DAY LEAKAGE;55
8.3.4;INACTIVE SPRINGS;60
8.3.5;IRON OXIDE REDUCTION AND HYDROCARBON STAINING;62
8.3.6;DISCUSSION;62
8.3.7;CONCLUSIONS;65
8.3.8;RECOMMENDATIONS;66
8.3.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;66
8.3.10;REFERENCES;66
8.4;Chapter 5. THE NGCAS PROJECT—ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL FOR EOR AND CO2 STORAGE AT THE FORTIES OILFIELD, OFFSHORE UK;68
8.4.1;INTRODUCTION;68
8.4.2;STUDY METHODOLOGY;69
8.4.3;CONCLUSIONS FROM THE STUDY AS A WHOLE;92
8.4.4;RECOMMENDATIONS;93
8.4.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;93
8.4.6;APPENDIX A: KEY DATA USED IN RISK CALCULATIONS;93
8.4.7;APPENDIX B: RISK CALCULATIONS—PATHWAYS THROUGH UNDERLYING AQUIFER;95
8.4.8;APPENDIX C: RISK CALCULATIONS—PATHWAYS THROUGH CAP ROCK AND OVERBURDEN;98
8.4.9;APPENDIX D: RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH WELL PATHWAYS;100
8.4.10;NOMENCLATURE;104
8.4.11;REFERENCES;104
8.5;Chapter 6. PREDICTING AND MONITORING GEOMECHANICAL EFFECTS OF CO2 INJECTION;106
8.5.1;INTRODUCTION;106
8.5.2;STUDY METHODOLOGY;107
8.5.3;DISCUSSION;118
8.5.4;CONCLUSIONS;119
8.5.5;RECOMMENDATIONS;119
8.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;120
8.5.7;REFERENCES;120
8.6;Chapter 7. GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SUPERCRITICAL CO2 ON SANDSTONES;122
8.6.1;INTRODUCTION;122
8.6.2;CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BRINE AND SUPERCRITICAL CO2;123
8.6.3;SAMPLE DESCRIPTION;123
8.6.4;EXPERIMENTS IN THE TRIAXIAL CELL;126
8.6.5;ANALYTICAL METHODS;127
8.6.6;RESULTS;130
8.6.7;CONCLUSIONS;140
8.6.8;RECOMMENDATIONS;140
8.6.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;140
8.6.10;REFERENCES;141
8.7;Chapter 8. REACTIVE TRANSPORT MODELING OF CAP-ROCK INTEGRITY DURING NATURAL AND ENGINEERED CO2 STORAGE;142
8.7.1;INTRODUCTION;143
8.7.2;METHODOLOGY;144
8.7.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;146
8.7.4;CONCLUSIONS;164
8.7.5;RECOMMENDATIONS;165
8.7.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;166
8.7.7;REFERENCES;166
8.8;Chapter 9. NATURAL GAS STORAGE INDUSTRY EXPERIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: POTENTIAL APPLICATION TO CO2 GEOLOGICAL STORAGE;170
8.8.1;INTRODUCTION;170
8.8.2;STUDY METHODOLOGY;171
8.8.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;172
8.8.4;CONCLUSIONS;179
8.8.5;RECOMMENDATIONS;180
8.8.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;180
8.8.7;REFERENCES;180
8.9;Chapter 10. LEAKAGE OF CO2 THROUGH ABANDONED WELLS: ROLE OF CORROSION OF CEMENT;182
8.9.1;INTRODUCTION;182
8.9.2;SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF WELLS;186
8.9.3;CEMENT DURABILITY;187
8.9.4;EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM;194
8.9.5;MODELING OF ACID ATTACK;197
8.9.6;CONCLUSIONS;200
8.9.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;201
8.9.8;REFERENCES;201
9;SECTION 3: STORAGE OPTIMIZATION;204
9.1;STORAGE OPTIMIZATION PREFACE;206
9.2;Chapter 11. LONG-TERM CO2 STORAGE: USING PETROLEUM INDUSTRY EXPERIENCE;208
9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;208
9.2.2;STUDY METHODOLOGY;210
9.2.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;211
9.2.4;TYPES OF RESERVOIR ROCK;211
9.2.5;CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS;219
9.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;219
9.2.7;REFERENCES;219
9.3;Chapter 12. IN SITU CHARACTERISTICS OF ACID-GAS INJECTION OPERATIONS IN THE ALBERTA BASIN, WESTERN CANADA: DEMONSTRATION OF CO2 GEOLOGICAL STORAGE;222
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;222
9.3.2;REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS;223
9.3.3;OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS;224
9.3.4;IN SITU CHARACTERISTICS;224
9.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;229
9.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;230
9.3.7;REFERENCES;230
9.4;Chapter 13. SIMULATING CO2 STORAGE IN DEEP SALINE AQUIFERS;232
9.4.1;INTRODUCTION;232
9.4.2;EXPERIMENTAL/STUDY METHODOLOGY;233
9.4.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;233
9.4.4;CONCLUSIONS;248
9.4.5;RECOMMENDATIONS;249
9.4.6;NOMENCLATURE;249
9.4.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;249
9.4.8;REFERENCES;250
9.5;Chapter 14. CO2 STORAGE IN COALBEDS: CO2/N2 INJECTION AND OUTCROP SEEPAGE MODELING;252
9.5.1;INTRODUCTION;252
9.5.2;TIFFANY UNIT SIMULATION STUDY;257
9.5.3;EFFECTS OF COALBED PROPERTIES;260
9.5.4;OUTCROP SEEPAGE MODELING;269
9.5.5;DISCUSSIONS;272
9.5.6;CONCLUSIONS;277
9.5.7;NOMENCLATURE;277
9.5.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;278
9.5.9;REFERENCES;278
9.6;Chapter 15. CO2 CONDITIONING AND TRANSPORTATION;280
9.6.1;INTRODUCTION;280
9.6.2;EXPERIMENTAL/STUDY METHODOLOGY;281
9.6.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;282
9.6.4;CONCLUSIONS;288
9.6.5;RECOMMENDATIONS;289
9.6.6;NOMENCLATURE;289
9.6.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;290
9.6.8;REFERENCES;290
9.7;Chapter 16. MATERIALS SELECTION FOR CAPTURE, COMPRESSION, TRANSPORT AND INJECTION OF CO2;292
9.7.1;INTRODUCTION;292
9.7.2;EXPERIMENTAL;294
9.7.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;297
9.7.4;CONCLUSIONS;305
9.7.5;RECOMMENDATIONS;306
9.7.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;307
9.7.7;REFERENCES;307
9.8;Chapter 17. IMPACT OF SOx AND NOx IN FLUE GAS ON CO2 SEPARATION, COMPRESSION, AND PIPELINE TRANSMISSION;310
9.8.1;INTRODUCTION;310
9.8.2;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;318
9.8.3;CONCLUSION;331
9.8.4;REFERENCES;333
9.9;Chapter 18. EFFECT OF IMPURITIES ON SUBSURFACE CO2 STORAGE PROCESSES;338
9.9.1;INTRODUCTION;338
9.9.2;EXPERIMENTAL/APPROACH;340
9.9.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;340
9.9.4;CONCLUSIONS;349
9.9.5;RECOMMENDATIONS;350
9.9.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;350
9.9.7;REFERENCES;350
10;SECTION 4: MONITORING AND VERIFICATION;352
10.1;MONITORING AND VERIFICATION PREFACE;354
10.2;Chapter 19. MONITORING OPTIONS FOR CO2 STORAGE;356
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;356
10.2.2;CO2 STORAGE MONITORING TECHNIQUES;357
10.2.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;366
10.2.4;CONCLUSIONS;367
10.2.5;RECOMMENDATIONS;367
10.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;367
10.2.7;REFERENCES;367
10.3;Chapter 20. ATMOSPHERIC CO2 MONITORING SYSTEMS;370
10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;370
10.3.2;EXPERIMENTAL/STUDY METHODOLOGY;371
10.3.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;374
10.3.4;CO2 MONITORING PROGRAMS IN CURRENT SUBSURFACE (EOR) GAS INJECTION PROJECTS;378
10.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;384
10.3.6;RECOMMENDATIONS;384
10.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;384
10.3.8;REFERENCES;385
10.4;Chapter 21. DETECTING LEAKS FROM BELOWGROUND CO2 RESERVOIRS USING EDDY COVARIANCE;386
10.4.1;INTRODUCTION;386
10.4.2;EXPERIMENTAL/STUDY METHODOLOGY;386
10.4.3;LEAK DETECTION;392
10.4.4;LEAK QUANTIFICATION;395
10.4.5;CONCLUSIONS;395
10.4.6;RECOMMENDATIONS;396
10.4.7;NOMENCLATURE;396
10.4.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;396
10.4.9;REFERENCES;397
10.5;Chapter 22. HYPERSPECTRAL GEOBOTANICAL REMOTE SENSING FOR CO2 STORAGE MONITORING;400
10.5.1;INTRODUCTION;400
10.5.2;EXPERIMENTAL/STUDY METHODOLOGY;404
10.5.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;407
10.5.4;CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS;423
10.5.5;NOMENCLATURE;424
10.5.6;REFERENCES;425
10.6;Chapter 23. NON-SEISMIC GEOPHYSICAL APPROACHES TO MONITORING;426
10.6.1;INTRODUCTION;426
10.6.2;CONCLUSIONS;463
10.6.3;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;465
10.6.4;REFERENCES;465
10.7;Chapter 24. THE USE OF NOBLE GAS ISOTOPES FOR MONITORING LEAKAGE OF GEOLOGICALLY STORED CO2;468
10.7.1;INTRODUCTION;468
10.7.2;EXPERIMENTAL/STUDY METHODOLOGY;469
10.7.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;471
10.7.4;CONCLUSIONS;481
10.7.5;RECOMMENDATIONS;482
10.7.6;NOMENCLATURE;482
10.7.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;482
10.7.8;REFERENCES;482
11;SECTION 5: RISK ASSESSMENT;484
11.1;RISK ASSESSMENT PREFACE;486
11.2;Chapter 25. LESSONS LEARNED FROM INDUSTRIAL AND NATURAL ANALOGS FOR HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR GEOLOGIC STORAGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE;488
11.2.1;INTRODUCTION;488
11.2.2;REVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL ANALOGS RELEVANT TO CO2 STORAGE;489
11.2.3;LESSONS LEARNED FROM NATURAL AND INDUSTRIAL ANALOGS;492
11.2.4;RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND EVALUATION;493
11.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;495
11.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;495
11.2.7;REFERENCES;495
11.3;Chapter 26. HUMAN HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE EXPOSURE;498
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION;498
11.3.2;CO2 STORAGE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE;498
11.3.3;GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY OF CARBON DIOXIDE;502
11.3.4;HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY OF CARBON DIOXIDE: NORMAL AND HAZARDOUS EXPOSURE;503
11.3.5;ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CO2 RELEASES;507
11.3.6;INDUSTRIAL SOURCES AND USES OF CO2;514
11.3.7;CARBON DIOXIDE REGULATIONS;518
11.3.8;CONCLUSIONS;520
11.3.9;REFERENCES;524
11.4;Chapter 27. THE REGULATORY CLIMATE GOVERNING THE DISPOSAL OF LIQUID WASTES IN DEEP GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS: A PARADIGM FOR REGULATIONS FOR THE SUBSURFACE STORAGE OF CO2?;528
11.4.1;INTRODUCTION;528
11.4.2;STUDY METHODOLOGY;528
11.4.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;539
11.4.4;CONCLUSIONS;541
11.4.5;RECOMMENDATIONS;541
11.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;542
11.4.7;REFERENCES;542
11.5;Chapter 28. PROSPECTS FOR EARLY DETECTION AND OPTIONS FOR REMEDIATION OF LEAKAGE FROM CO2 STORAGE PROJECTS;544
11.5.1;INTRODUCTION;544
11.5.2;LEAKAGE SCENARIOS AND CONSEQUENCES FOR GEOLOGIC STORAGE PROJECTS;545
11.5.3;POTENTIAL RELEASE RATES FROM LEAKING STORAGE PROJECTS;546
11.5.4;METHODS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF LEAKAGE;549
11.5.5;REVIEW OF THE RESPONSE TO LEAKAGE IN NATURAL GAS STORAGE PROJECTS;549
11.5.6;REMEDIATION OPTIONS FOR LEAKING GEOLOGIC STORAGE PROJECTS;550
11.5.7;CONCLUSIONS;555
11.5.8;RECOMMENDATIONS;556
11.5.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;556
11.5.10;REFERENCES;556
11.6;Chapter 29. MODELING OF NEAR-SURFACE LEAKAGE AND SEEPAGE OF CO2 FOR RISK CHARACTERIZATION;560
11.6.1;INTRODUCTION;560
11.6.2;METHODOLOGY;561
11.6.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;565
11.6.4;CONCLUSIONS;568
11.6.5;RECOMMENDATIONS;570
11.6.6;NOMENCLATURE;570
11.6.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;571
11.6.8;REFERENCES;571
11.7;Chapter 30. IMPACT OF CO2 INJECTIONS ON DEEP SUBSURFACE MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND POTENTIAL RAMIFICATIONS FOR THE SURFACE BIOSPHERE;572
11.7.1;INTRODUCTION;572
11.7.2;BACKGROUND;573
11.7.3;STUDY METHODOLOGY;574
11.7.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;579
11.7.5;CONCLUSIONS;602
11.7.6;RECOMMENDATIONS;603
11.7.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;603
11.7.8;REFERENCES;603
11.8;Chapter 31. FRAMEWORK METHODOLOGY FOR LONG-TERM ASSESSMENT OF THE FATE OF CO2 IN THE WEYBURN FIELD;606
11.8.1;INTRODUCTION;606
11.8.2;SPECIFICS OF THE METHODOLOGY OF LONG-TERM ASSESSMENT;607
11.8.3;SUMMARY;613
11.8.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;616
11.8.5;REFERENCES;616
11.9;Chapter 32. CO2 STORAGE IN COALBEDS: RISK ASSESSMENT OF CO2 AND METHANE LEAKAGE;618
11.9.1;INTRODUCTION;618
11.9.2;NATURAL AND INJECTION-INDUCED LEAKAGE PATHWAYS;619
11.9.3;PROBABILISTIC RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY;632
11.9.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;638
11.9.5;CONCLUSIONS;643
11.9.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;644
11.9.7;REFERENCES;644
11.10;Chapter 33. RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY FOR CO2 STORAGE: THE SCENARIO APPROACH;648
11.10.1;INTRODUCTION;648
11.10.2;STUDY METHODOLOGY;649
11.10.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;659
11.10.4;CONCLUSION;669
11.10.5;RECOMMENDATION;669
11.10.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;670
11.10.7;REFERENCES;670
11.11;Chapter 34. KEY FINDINGS, TECHNOLOGY GAPS AND THE PATH FORWARD;672
11.11.1;INTEGRITY;672
11.11.2;OPTIMIZATION;673
11.11.3;MONITORING;674
11.11.4;RISK ASSESSMENT;674
11.11.5;THE PATH FORWARD;675
12;AUTHOR INDEX;678
13;SUBJECT INDEX;680