Tichý / Erhart / Kittinger Fundamentals of Piezoelectric Sensorics

Mechanical, Dielectric, and Thermodynamical Properties of Piezoelectric Materials
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-540-68427-5
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 207 Seiten

Presents the fundamental physics of piezoelectric sensors.Only book with this scope Targeted to those engineers, phycisists and chemists who are involved in materials processing, device design and manufacturing.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tichý, Jan

Erhart, Jirí

Kittinger, Erwin

Prívratská, Jana

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;References;11
3.1; Basic Piezoelectricity, Crystal Physics, Domains;11
3.2; Ferroelectricity;11
3.3; Ferroelectric Polymers;11
3.4; Ferroelectric Ceramics;12
3.5; Quartz Crystal Technology;12
3.6; Applications;12
4;1 Principles of Piezoelectricity;13
4.1;1.1 The Direct and the Converse Piezoelectric Effect;13
4.2;1.2 Discovery of Piezoelectricity;16
4.3;1.3 History of the Theory of Piezoelectricity and of Piezoelectric Materials;18
4.4;1.4 Applications of Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectricity;20
4.5;1.5 New Piezoelectric Materials;23
4.6;References;26
5;2 Introduction to Phenomenological Crystal Structure;27
5.1;2.1 Crystal Structure;27
5.1.1;2.1.1 Elements of Symmetry;28
5.1.1.1;2.1.1.1 Point Operations and Symmetry Elements;28
5.1.1.2;2.1.1.2 Space Symmetry Elements and Operations;30
5.1.2;2.1.2 Bravais Lattices;30
5.1.3;2.1.3 Directions and Planes in Crystals;33
5.2;2.2 Introduction to Tensors;33
5.2.1;2.2.1 Orthogonal Transformation;34
5.2.2;2.2.2 Transformation of the Coordinates of a Point;36
5.2.3;2.2.3 Scalars and Vectors;37
5.2.4;2.2.4 Second-Rank Tensors;38
5.2.5;2.2.5 Second-Rank Symmetrical Tensors, the Representation Quadric;39
5.2.6;2.2.6 Higher Rank Tensors;40
6;3 Elastic Properties of Crystals;43
6.1;3.1 The Strained Body;43
6.2;3.2 Stress;51
6.3;3.3 Hookes Law;55
6.4;3.4 Transformation Equations for Elastic Constants;59
6.5;3.5 Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio;60
6.6;3.6 Thermodynamics of Mechanical Deformation;61
6.7;References;65
7;4 Basic Thermodynamics of Piezoelectric Crystals;67
7.1;4.1 Dielectric Properties;67
7.2;4.2 Internal Energy of Elastic Dielectrics;68
7.3;4.3 Linear Constitutive Equations;69
7.4;4.4 Material Coefficients;71
7.5;4.5 Relations Between Different Material Coefficients;76
7.6;References;80
8;5 Piezoelectric Properties;81
8.1;5.1 Four Possibilities of Piezoelectric Effect;84
8.2;5.2 Crystallographic Symmetry Restrictions to Piezoelectricity;85
8.3;5.3 Transformation of Piezoelectric Coefficients;86
8.4;5.4 Pyroelectric Effect;87
8.5;5.5 Hydrostatic Piezoelectric Coefficient;90
8.6;5.6 Ferroelectricity;91
8.6.1;5.6.1 Special Properties of Ferroelectrics;92
8.6.2;5.6.2 Thermodynamic Theory;94
8.6.3;5.6.3 Microphysical Model of Ferroelectricity;102
8.6.4;5.6.4 Antiferroelectricity;108
8.6.5;5.6.5 Ferroics;109
8.7;References;111
9;6 Nonlinear Material Properties;113
9.1;6.1 General Considerations;113
9.2;6.2 Choice of State Variables;114
9.3;6.3 Definition of Third-Order Material Constants;117
9.4;6.4 Experiments on Nonlinear Effects;122
9.4.1;6.4.1 Third Order Permittivity and Electrooptic Effect;122
9.4.2;6.4.2 Piezooptic Effect and Electrostriction;122
9.4.3;6.4.3 Nonlinear Piezoelectricity and Electroelastic Effect;123
9.4.4;6.4.4 Nonlinear Elasticity;125
9.5;6.5 Interrelations Between Different Sets of Third-Order Material Constants;126
9.6;References;127
10;7 Piezoelectric Materials;131
10.1;7.1 Introduction;131
10.2;7.2 Desired Properties of Piezoelectric Materials;131
10.3;7.3 Quartz;133
10.3.1;7.3.1 Coordinate System Choice;134
10.3.2;7.3.2 Quartz's Material Properties;136
10.3.3;7.3.3 Synthetic Quartz Crystals;137
10.3.4;7.3.4 Twinning;139
10.3.5;7.3.5 Suppression of the Secondary Twinning;143
10.3.6;7.3.6 Temperature Dependence of Piezoelectric Coefficients;145
10.3.7;7.3.7 Nonlinear Electromechanical Properties of a-quartz;146
10.3.8;7.3.8 Piezoelectric Properties of ß-quartz;147
10.4;7.4 Crystals Homeotypic to Quartz;148
10.4.1;7.4.1 Gallium Orthophosphate (GaPO4);149
10.4.2;7.4.2 Berlinite (AlPO4);150
10.4.3;7.4.3 Crystals of CGG Group (Langasite, Langanite, Langataite);150
10.5;7.5 Tourmaline;150
10.6;7.6 Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3);154
10.7;7.7 Lithium Tetraborate (Li2B4O7);155
10.8;7.8 Perovskite Structure;156
10.8.1;7.8.1 Barium titanate (BaTiO3);158
10.8.2;7.8.2 Potassium niobate (KNbO3);159
10.8.3;7.8.3 Lead titanate (PbTiO3);159
10.8.4;7.8.4 PZN-PT and PMN-PT Single-Crystals;160
10.9;7.9 Miscellaneous Piezoelectric Crystals;162
10.10;7.10 Piezoelectric Textures;164
10.11;7.11 Piezoelectric Ceramics;164
10.11.1;7.11.1 PZT Ceramics;166
10.11.2;7.11.2 Non-PZT Ceramic Compositions;171
10.12;7.12 Thin Films;173
10.13;7.13 Ferroelectric Polymers;174
10.13.1;7.13.1 PVDF Polymer and Its Blends with TrFE;175
10.14;7.14 Piezoelectric Composites;176
10.14.1;7.14.1 0-3 Composites;182
10.14.2;7.14.2 1-3 Composites;183
10.14.3;7.14.3 2-2 Composites;186
10.14.4;7.14.4 Miscellaneous Composite Structures;187
10.14.5;7.14.5 Materials with Functionally Graded Properties;189
10.15;References;190
11;Appendix;199
12;Index;217