Tirman Women, Migration, and Conflict

Breaking a Deadly Cycle
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-2825-9
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 253 Seiten

An estimated 35 million people worldwide are displaced by conflict, and most of them are women and children. During their time away from their homes and communities, these women and their children are subjected to a horrifying array of misfortune, including privations of every kind, sexual assaults, disease, imprisonment, unwanted pregnancies, severe psychological trauma, and, upon return or resettlement, social disapproval and isolation. Written by the world's leading scholars and practitioners, this unique collection brings these problems - and potential solutions - into sharp focus. Based on extensive field research and a broad knowledge of other studies of the challenges facing women who are forced from their homes and homelands by conflict, this book offers in-depth understanding and problem-solving ideas. Derived from a project to advise U.N. agencies, it speaks to a broad array of students, scholars, NGOs, policymakers, government officials, and international organizations.

Susan Forbes Martin, Editor, is Donald G. Herzberg Associate Professor of International Migration and Executive Director of the Institute for the Study of International Migration in the School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, and longtime consultant to many agencies on migration issues. John Tirman, Editor, is Executive Director of the Center for International Studies at MIT, where he is also Principal Research Scientist. He is on the steering group of the Inter-University Committee on International Migration.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tirman, John

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;4
1.1; Notes;7
1.2; References;8
2;Acknowledgments;9
4;Contributors;12
5;Acronyms;14
6;Introduction;16
6.1; Overview;16
6.2; Legal Norms Regarding Forced Migrants;18
6.3; The Life Cycle of Forced Migration;20
6.4; Sectoral Concerns and Issues;22
6.4.1; Livelihoods;22
6.4.2; Health and Reproductive Health;24
6.4.3; Mental Health, Trauma and Resiliency;27
6.4.4; Gender and Sexual Based Violence;28
6.4.5; Shelter and Settlement;30
6.4.6; UNFPA's Role;31
6.5; Conclusions;33
6.6; Notes;36
6.7;References;36
7;Legal Aspects of Conflict-Induced Migration by Women;38
7.1; Introduction;38
7.2; Internal Displacement;40
7.2.1; Normative Framework;40
7.2.2; Institutional Framework;43
7.2.3; National Responses;44
7.3; Refugees;46
7.3.1; Factoring Gender into the Refugee Regime;47
7.3.2; The Definition of a Refugee;47
7.3.3; Protection Issues for Refugee Women in Countries of Asylum;49
7.3.4; Repatriation and Resettlement of Refugee Women;51
7.4; Trafficking;51
7.4.1; Trafficking and Conflict-Induced Migration;52
7.5; Conclusion and Recommendations;54
7.5.1; Chronic Displacement;55
7.5.2; Trafficking as a Protection Issue;55
7.5.3; Legal Literacy;55
7.6; Notes;57
7.7;References;58
8;Women, Conflict and Trafficking: Towards a Stronger Normative Framework for Protection;61
8.1; Introduction;61
8.2; Literature Review;62
8.3; Forms of Trafficking in Conflict;63
8.3.1; Abduction by Armed Forces for Sexual Enslavement and Forced Marriage;63
8.3.2; Forced Labor;64
8.3.3; Trafficking of Displaced Populations;65
8.3.4; Post-Conflict Trafficking;65
8.4; Legal Protection of Trafficked Persons;66
8.4.1; International Anti-Trafficking Law;66
8.4.2; International Refugee Law;68
8.4.3; Protection of Internally Displaced Persons;69
8.4.4; International Humanitarian Law;71
8.4.5; International Criminal Law;72
8.5; Conclusion;73
8.6; Notes;73
8.7;References;74
9;Forced Prostitution and Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation Among Women and Girls in Situations of Migration and Conflict: Review and Recommendations for Reproductive Health Care Personnel;76
9.1; Introduction;76
9.2; Definition, Scope, Perpetrators, and Reproductive Health Consequences of Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation and Forced Prostitution;77
9.2.1; Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation;77
9.2.2; Forced Prostitution;77
9.2.3; Perpetrators of Trafficking and Forced Prostitution;78
9.3; Specific Vulnerabilities to Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation and Forced Prostitution in Migration and Conflict Settings;79
9.3.1; Gender-Specific Vulnerability Within Migration and Conflict Situations;80
9.3.1.1; Poverty;80
9.3.1.2; Changes to Familial Structure;81
9.3.1.3; Displacement;82
9.3.2; Sexual Assault, Military Abduction, and Sexual Enslavement-Related Vulnerabilities;82
9.3.3; Vulnerability Due to Political Factors;83
9.3.3.1; Political Instability;83
9.3.3.2; Neighboring Country Policies;83
9.3.4; Absence of Gender-Related Concerns in Post-Conflict Rebuilding Agendas;83
9.4; Reproductive and Sexual Health Consequences of Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation and Forced Prostitution;84
9.4.1; Direct and Indirect Effects of Sexual Violence;84
9.4.2; Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDS;85
9.4.3; Reproductive Ill Health;85
9.4.4; Unwanted Pregnancy and Pregnancy Loss;86
9.4.5; Mental Health;86
9.5; The Role of Reproductive Health Care Providers in Preventing and Responding to Trafficking and Forced Prostitution;86
9.5.1; Measures to Reduce the Risk of Sexual Exploitation;87
9.5.1.1; Emergency Phase;87
9.5.1.2; Stabilization/Repatriation;89
9.5.2; Identifying Women and Girls Who Are at Risk of, or Experiencing, Sexual Exploitation;90
9.5.2.1; Emergency and Post-Emergency Settings: Basics of Identification and Prevention;90
9.5.2.2; Integrating Screening and Support with Standard Reproductive Health Care;91
9.5.2.3; Screening in the Context of Standard Reproductive Health Care;92
9.5.2.4; Ongoing Screening and Support;92
9.5.3; Meeting the Needs of Women and Girls Who Have Experienced Sexual Exploitation;92
9.5.3.1; Meeting Needs in Emergency and Post Emergency Phases;93
9.5.3.2; Meeting Needs during Stabilization, Settlement, and Repatriation;94
9.5.3.3; Trauma Informed Care;94
9.6; Conclusion;95
9.7;References;95
10;Women, Work, and War;100
10.1; Introduction;100
10.2; Impact of Conflict and Displacement on Womens Livelihoods;102
10.3; Negative Coping Strategies;103
10.4; Challenges;104
10.5; Needs;109
10.6; Opportunities;110
10.7; Creative Interventions;113
10.8; Knowledge Gaps;115
10.9; Recommendations;116
10.10; Notes;117
10.11;References;117
11;Women, Migration, Conflict and Risk for HIV;120
11.1; Introduction;120
11.2; Overview of the Global HIV Epidemic Among Women: The Most Marginalized are at Greatest Risk;120
11.2.1; Sub-Saharan Africa;121
11.2.2; East, South and Southeast Asia;121
11.2.3; Eastern Europe and Central Asia;122
11.2.4; Oceania;122
11.2.5; The Caribbean;123
11.2.6; Latin America;123
11.2.7; North America and Western Europe;123
11.2.8; The Middle East and North Africa;124
11.2.9; Summary;124
11.3; Migration and Womens Risk for HIV;125
11.4; Forced Migration and Marginalized Women;125
11.5; Forced Migration and Higher Rates of HIV;126
11.6; Forced Migration, Conflict, and Womens Risk for HIV;128
11.6.1; Lack of Health Infrastructure;129
11.6.2; Use of Rape as a Weapon of War;129
11.6.3; Survival Sex and Sex Trafficking;130
11.6.4; Social Norms and Regulations Related to Sex are Lost in Situations of Chaos;131
11.6.5; High Rates of Intimate Partner Violence in Conflict-Affected Settings;131
11.6.6; Military Members, Including Peace Keepers, Increase STI/HIV Risk;132
11.6.7; Review Summary;132
11.7; Implications for Reproductive and Sexual Health Practice and Policy;133
11.7.1; Practice Implications;133
11.7.2; Policy Implications;135
11.8; Implications for Surveillance and Research;136
11.9;References;137
12;Barriers to Reproductive Health and Access to Other Medical Services in Situations of Conflict and Migration;142
12.1; Introduction;142
12.2; Background to the Field of Reproductive Health in Conflict;143
12.3; The Reality: Barriers Block Delivery and Use of Reproductive Health Care;145
12.3.1; Limited Availability and Quality of Reproductive Health Care as a Barrier to Care;146
12.3.2; Variable Demand for Reproductive Health Services as a Barrier to Care;149
12.3.3; Structure and History of the Humanitarian Field as a Barrier to Care;150
12.3.4; Global Policy and Funding Constraints as a Barrier to Care;151
12.4; Conclusion;153
12.5; Notes;154
12.6;References;154
13;Culturally Competent Responses to the Effects of Armed Conflict on the Well-Being of Refugee Women;157
13.1; Introduction;157
13.2; Vulnerability and Resilience;159
13.3; The Growing Prominence of Medicalized Trauma Programs;160
13.3.1; The Medical Model;161
13.3.2; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder;162
13.4; Alternative Approaches to Address the Effects of Trauma;165
13.4.1; Indigenous Healing Strategies;166
13.4.2; The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Coping with Trauma;167
13.4.3; Human Rights and Truth and Reconciliation Approaches;169
13.4.4; Ethnography and Participatory Action Research;171
13.4.5; Psycho-Social Programs;172
13.5; Summary and Recommendations;174
13.6;References;175
14;Sexual Violence during War and Forced Migration;184
14.1; Introduction;184
14.1.1; Rape as a Weapon of War;184
14.1.2; Legal Framework;186
14.2; Policy Analysis;187
14.2.1; Current understanding;187
14.2.2; Current Practice;190
14.3; Recommendations for Policy, Program, and Research;194
14.3.1; Policy;194
14.3.2; Program;195
14.3.3; Research;197
14.4; Appendix 1: Sexual Violence in Recent Conflicts Case Examples;198
14.4.1; Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC);198
14.4.2; Darfur;199
14.4.3; Sierra Leone;201
14.4.4; Rwanda;202
14.5; Appendix 2: Physical and Psycho-Social Consequences of Mass Rape;203
14.5.1; Physical Consequences;203
14.5.2; Psychosocial Consequences;204
14.5.3; Consequences for the Community;204
14.6; Appendix 3: Program Interventions for Sexual Assault in War;204
14.6.1; International Rescue Committee in Sierra Leone;205
14.6.2; Mèdecins Sans Frontières in South Africa and Burundi;205
14.6.3; International Rescue Committee in Darfur;205
14.6.4; Panzi Hospital in Democratic Republic of Congo;206
14.6.5; Various Initiatives in Darfur;206
14.6.6; International Rescue Committee on the Thai Burma Border;207
14.7;References;207
15;Gendering Space for Forcibly Displaced Women and Children: Concepts, Policies and Guidelines;211
15.1; Introduction;211
15.2; Topicality of the Study, Key Concepts and Policy Issues;212
15.2.1; Shelter and Housing in Forced Displacement -- Overview;212
15.2.2; The Shelter and Housing Sector: The Conceptual Problematic;213
15.2.3; The Housing Nexus;214
15.2.4; Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development;215
15.2.5; A rights-Based Approach to Shelter and Settlement;215
15.3; Shelter and Settlement Inteventions for Women and Families: Experiences, Policies, Practices and Options;216
15.3.1; Risk Factors;217
15.3.2; The Heart of Protection: The Policy of Providing Safe Places and Spaces;218
15.3.2.1; Shelter;219
15.3.2.2; Layout, Site Planning and Services;220
15.3.2.3; Infrastructure, Services and Facilities;220
15.3.2.4; Site Selection and Location;222
15.3.2.5; Communal Shelters;223
15.3.2.6; Land and Property Rights;223
15.3.2.7; Self-Settled and Urban Settled Populations;224
15.3.2.8; The Challenge of Return and Reconstruction;226
15.3.2.9; Participation, Empowerment and Governance;227
15.4; Conclusions;228
15.5; Notes;229
15.6;References;231
16;Addressing the Needs of Displaced Women in Conflict and Post-conflict Situations;238
16.1; Introduction;238
16.2; Challenges;239
16.2.1; Lack of Security;239
16.2.2; Impediments to Access;240
16.2.3; Data Collection;240
16.2.4; Long-Term Sustainability;240
16.3; Opportunities and Innovations;241
16.3.1; Women's Centers and/or Committees;241
16.3.2; New Ways to Address Mental Health;242
16.3.3; Increasing Men's Involvement;242
16.3.4; Multi-Sector Collaboration;243
16.4; Areas Where Opportunities and Challenges Coincide;243
16.4.1; The Legal Environment;243
16.4.2; Practical Tools;244
16.5; Conclusion;244
16.6; Notes;245
16.7;References;245