Tobias / Todd Space Radiation Biology and Related Topics

Prepared under the Direction of the American Institute of Biological Sciences for the Office of Information Services, United States Atomic Energy Commission
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7386-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 664 Seiten, Web PDF

Space Radiation Biology and Related Topics provides information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of space radiation biology. This book discusses space radiation hazards as well as the importance of natural radiations in the processes of biogenesis. Organized into 12 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the fundamental aspects of radiobiology. This text then discusses the theoretical treatments of the chronic radiation response and the applicability of some of its features in extended manned space missions. Other chapters review the literature on models for recovery from radiation damage to some cellular systems. This book discusses as well the effects of radiations on mammals, with emphasis on those effects pertinent to the space-flight situation. The final chapter deals with the safety of nuclear power in space and explains the three types of nuclear devices designed for power production in space. This book is a valuable resource for radiologists, radiobiologists, and radiotherapists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tobias, Cornelius A.

Todd, Paul

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Space Radiation Biology and Related Topics;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Dedication;6
6;List of Contributors;14
7;Preface;16
8;Chapter 1. Historical Survey of Space Radiation Biology;18
8.1;1.1 Introduction;18
8.2;1.2 Radiation from beyond the Earth;19
8.3;1.3 Radiation around the Earth;23
8.4;1.4 Particles from the Sun;28
8.5;1.5 Study of Space Radiation Hazards;31
8.6;1.6 Space Radiations in Chemical and Biological Evolution;33
8.7;References;35
9;Chapter 2. Radiation Physics and Evaluation of Current Hazards;38
9.1;2.1 Introduction;39
9.2;2.2 Sources of Radiation;40
9.3;2.3 Interaction of Radiation with Matter;58
9.4;2.4 Dose and Dose-Rate Profiles in Space Flight;61
9.5;2.5 Trapped Particle Dose Profiles;80
9.6;2.6 Active Shielding Concepts;102
9.7;2.7 Planetary Radiation Environments;106
9.8;2.8 Summary;108
9.9;References;109
10;Chapter 2A. Solar Electromagnetic Radiation;118
10.1;2A.1 General Features of Solar Radiation;118
10.2;2A.2 Solar Radio Emissions;123
10.3;2A.3 Solar X-Rays;127
10.4;2A.4 Solar Ultraviolet Radiation;129
10.5;References;130
11;Chapter 3. Particle Irradiation Methods;132
11.1;3.1 Introduction;132
11.2;3.2 Heavy Charged-Particle Properties;135
11.3;3.3 Detectors;138
11.4;3.4 Beam Measurements;141
11.5;3.5 Irradiation Techniques;145
11.6;3.6 Future Accelerator Capabilities;149
11.7;References;154
12;Chapter 4. Cellular Radiation Biology;158
12.1;4.1 Introduction;159
12.2;4.2 Heavy-Particle Irradiation of Molecules of Biological Interest;168
12.3;4.3 Heavy-Particle Irradiation of Viruses;173
12.4;4.4 Heavy-Particle Irradiation of Microorganisms;174
12.5;4.5 Genetic Effects of Heavy Charged Particles;178
12.6;4.6 Effects of Heavy Charged Particles on Mammalian Cells in Vitro;180
12.7;4.7 Summary of Heavy Charged-Particle Effects;192
12.8;4.8 Effects of Radiations of Various LETs on Mammalian Cells in Vivo;195
12.9;4.9 Some Heavy-Ion Experiments with Natural Radiation;198
12.10;4.10 Cellular Effects of Ultraviolet Light;200
12.11;References;204
13;Chapter 5. Radiation and Molecular and Biological Evolution;214
13.1;5.1 Interactions of Radiations with the Earth's Atmosphere;215
13.2;5.2 Radiation and Chemical Evolution;228
13.3;5.3 Evolution of Genetic Information;235
13.4;5.4 Radiation and the Evolution of Microorganisms;238
13.5;5.5 Space Radiation and Evolutionary Catastrophes;248
13.6;5.6 Radiation and Extraterrestrial Origins of Life;255
13.7;References;261
14;Chapter 6. Magnetic Fields and Their Biological Effects;274
14.1;6.1 Introduction;275
14.2;6.2 Effects Involving Magnetic Fields, Electromotive Forces, and Moving Conductors;279
14.3;6.3 Magnetic Effects on the Physical Chemistry of Biosystems;286
14.4;6.4 Magnetic Field Observations on Organisms;292
14.5;6.5 Conclusions and Future Paths of Inquiry;298
14.6;References;300
15;Chapter 6A. Relevant Principles of Magnetism and Biomagnetics;310
15.1;6A.1 Concept of Magnetism;310
15.2;6A.2 Magnetic Field Definitions;311
15.3;6A.3 Molecular Basis of Magnetism;315
15.4;6A.4 Quantum Energetics (Kauzman, 1957);317
15.5;6A.5 Chemical Bonding (Pullman, 1962);318
15.6;6A.6 Thermodynamics;319
15.7;6A.7 Types of Magnetic Field Interactions with Biological Systems;320
15.8;6A.8 Proposed Molecular Mechanisms;322
15.9;References;327
16;Chapter 7. Results of Radiobiological Experiments on Satellites;330
16.1;7.1 Introduction;330
16.2;7.2 Satellites;331
16.3;7.3 Description of Experiments;334
16.4;7.4 Results of Satellite Experiments;338
16.5;7.5 Future Work;364
16.6;References;366
17;Chapter 8. Mammalian Radiobiology and Space Flight;370
17.1;8.1 Introduction;371
17.2;8.2 Acute Radiation Syndrome;374
17.3;8.3 Acute Central Nervous System Syndrome;378
17.4;8.4 Gastrointestinal Syndrome;379
17.5;8.5 Acute Hematopoietic Syndrome;386
17.6;8.6 Prodromal Response;392
17.7;8.7 General Cellular, Tissue, and Metabolic Effects;393
17.8;8.8 Radiation Effects on Skin;403
17.9;8.9 Effects of Radiation on Functional Performance;416
17.10;8.10 Combined Stresses;424
17.11;References;431
18;Chapter 9. Cireadian Rhythmometry of Mammalian Radiosensitivity;452
18.1;9.1 Introduction;452
18.2;9.2 Pitfalls in Radiobiological Rhythmometry;457
18.3;9.3 Some New Results in Radiobiological Rhythmometry;464
18.4;9.4 Conclusions;483
18.5;References;484
19;Chapter 10. Human Radiation Tolerance;492
19.1;10.1 Introduction;493
19.2;10.2 Acute Radiation Syndrome;495
19.3;10.3 Human Central Nervous System Syndrome;495
19.4;10.4 Human Gastrointestinal Syndrome—Lethality;496
19.5;10.5 Acute Hematopoietic Syndrome;497
19.6;10.6 Prodromal Syndrome (Radiation Sickness);500
19.7;10.7 Other Tissue Radiation Effects in Man;505
19.8;10.8 Quantitation of Human Radiation Tolerances;509
19.9;10.9 Multiple Exposures;517
19.10;10.10 Radiation Policy in Space;529
19.11;References;532
20;Chapter 11. Mathematical Models of Mammalian Radiation Response for Space Applications;540
20.1;11.1 Introduction;540
20.2;11.2 Existing Physiological Recovery Models;542
20.3;11.3 Longevity—Observations and Models;559
20.4;11.4 Radiation Exposure Status;574
20.5;References;578
21;Chapter 11A. Cell Kinetics and Radiation Recovery Models;582
21.1;11 A. 1 Introduction;582
21.2;11A.2 Sacher's Division Delay Model;583
21.3;11A.3 Von Foerster Equation;584
21.4;11A.4 Diffusion Equation Model;588
21.5;11A.5 State Vector Model;590
21.6;11A.6 Monte Carlo Model;595
21.7;11A.7 Age Transfer Model;596
21.8;11A.8 Summary;598
21.9;References;599
22;Chapter 12. Current Topics in Space Radiation Biology;600
22.1;12.1 Introduction;601
22.2;12.2 Artificial Radiation Sources in Space;601
22.3;12.3 Radiation and Weightlessness;607
22.4;12.4 Phosphenes in Space Flight;612
22.5;12.5 Soviet View of Space Radiation Hazards and Policies;617
22.6;12.6 Cosmic Abiogenesis;620
22.7;References;621
23;AUTHOR INDEX;624
24;SUBJECT INDEX;648